:i.^^$l^i  *t■»-i;I-^Ai.i.-1 ;  ..i?ti>:i-r?zi^^r^'  .f??<p-  ^:V:/  -gt^^-.vizi^i 


New  Hampshirgjj^onege 

jlGRICULTURE  m  the  MECHjiffi'^'^S. 


Class r. .".  .t;  . . .  jpUPtieATi 

Number J.i  Ip  .^.  Z..!SOjJ^. . 

Volume 
Source . 
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Accession  No. 


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JOHNA.SEAVERNS 


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HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TURF 

A  TREASURY  OF   INFORMATION 
FOR  HORSEMEN 

EMBRACING 


A   Compendium    of    all    Racing    and    Trotting    Rules  ; 

Laws  of  the  States  i]S{  their  Relation  to  Horses 

and  Racing;  A  Glossary  of  Scientific  Terms; 

The  Catch-Words  and  Phrases  used  by 

Great    Drivers,  with 


MISCELLANEOUS    INFORMATION    ABOUT    HORSES, 
TRACKS,  AND  RACING 


BY 

SAMUEL    L.    BOARDMAN 


The  literature  of  the  turf  is  sometliing  almost  sui  generis.  It  abounds  in 
mysterious  technicalities  and  phraseology  intelligible  only  to  the  initiated.— The 
London  Times,  January  26, 1894. 


NEW  YORK 

ORANGE  JUDD   COMPANY 

1895 


C30PY  RIGHT,  1894 

By  SAMUEL  L.  B0ARD:MAN 

ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 


HAST  thou  given  spirit  to  the  horse?  Hast 
thou  clothed  his  neck  with  a  mane?  Canst 
thou  make  him  bound  as  a  locust  ?  The  majesty 
of  his  snorting  is  terrible.  He  panteth  in  the 
valleys  and  exulteth;  he  goeth  on  to  meet  the 
armed  men.  He  mocketh  at  fear,  and  trembleth ; 
nor  turneth  he  back  from  the  sword.  Against 
him  rattleth  the  quiver,  the  glittering  spear  and 
shield.  He  devours  the  ground  with  fierceness 
and  rage,  and  is  impatient  when  the  trumpet 
soundeth.  He  uttereth  among  the  trumpets, 
Ha!  ha!  He  smelleth  the  battle  afar  ofif,  the 
thunder  of  the  captains  and  the  shouting. 

—  Translation  from  the  Book  of  Job, 

By  DR.  THOMAS  SCOTT. 


^^^O 


INTRODUCTION 

The  general  plan  of  the  present  work  was  conceived  by 
the  author  some  four  years  ago,  and  the  task  of  compilation 
begun.  Other  engagements,  however,  soon  demanded  attention 
and  prevented  completion  of  the  work,  which  the  past  year  has 
given  an  opportunity  of  bringing  to  a  close.  Within  its 
pages  he  has  attempted  the  compression  of  what  is  believed  to 
be  the  greatest  body  of  information  about  the  horse  in  his  rela- 
tion to  drivers,  sulkys,  tracks,  riding,  trotting,  racing,  and  the 
laws  pertaining  thereto,  that  has  ever  appeared  in  a  single  vol- 
ume in  this  country.  In  doing  this  his  aim  has  been  to  produce 
a  book  of  reference,  the  usefulness  of  which  will  render  its  pos- 
session material  to  every  intelligent  individual  who  breeds, 
trains,  rides,  cares  for  or  loves  a  horse.  It  is  the  author's  hope 
that  the  execution  of  the  work  will,  in  some  measure  at  least, 
equal  what  he  believes  to  have  been  the  merit  of  its  conception. 

Within  the  past  twenty  years  a  complete  revolution  has 
taken  place  in  the  breeding  and  management  of  horses,  govern- 
ment of  tracks,  appliances  used  on  the  turf,  and  the  rules  of 
racing.  During  the  last  half  of  this  period  the  most  profound 
scientists  in  England,  France,  and  this  country,  have  made 
careful  and  long  continued  studies  on  the  anatomy,  conforma- 
tion, and  external  points  of  the  horse ;  while  years  have  also 
been  devoted  to  an  analysis  of  the  laws  of  motion,  the  study  of 
speed  inheritance,  the  physical  basis  of  the  several  gaits,  and 
the  laws  of  breeding.  Moreover,  all  the  progress  and  extreme 
development  in  these  lines  during  the  period  named,  has  really 
been  crystallized  within  the  past  two  years  into  the  most  won- 
derful form,  as  evinced  by  the  use  of  the  pneumatic  sulky  and 
the  accomplishment  of  phenomenal  speed  on  the  American 
turf.     Yet    with    these    great    changes    no    useful    handbook, 

V 


yi  INTRODUCTION". 

coming  within  reach  of  the  everyday  horseman  at  a  modest 
price,  and  embodying  what  science  has  taught  as  authoritative 
upon  these  subjects,  has  been  published.  A  few  elaborate 
treatises,  beyond  the  range  of  the  practical  horseman  in  scope 
of  information,  and  quite  beyond  his  reach  in  price,  have 
appeared,  of  the  benefits  of  which  he  has  been  unable  to  avail 
himself,  because  by  far  too  scientific  for  his  use,  or  too  expen- 
sive for  his  purse. 

The  present  volume  is  believed  to  do  for  this  class  of  read- 
ers what  no  other  single  book  on  the  horse  and  racing,  has 
ever  attempted  to  accomplish.  Its  range  of  information 
embraces  terms  relating  to  the  horse ;  his  exterior  conforma- 
tion and  uses  as  an  animal  for  riding  and  driving ;  to  the  track 
or  race  course  ;  the  sulky  and  track  vehicles ;  the  harness ;  the 
driver  and  rider;  to  equestrianism;  the  trotting  and  racing 
turf ;  the  racing  and  trotting  rules ;  laws  of  the  States  in  their 
relation  to  horses,  tracks,  and  racing ;  the  phrases  and  catch- 
words of  great  drivers  and  riders ;  terms  used  in  the  veterinary 
art  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the  locomotory  organs  of  the  horse, 
and  to  general  soundness,  vices,  and  faults ;  wdth  the  folk-lore 
of  horses,  old  sayings,  and  useful  general  knowledge  of  an  his- 
torical and  practical  character.  While  numerous  books  are 
ready  at  hand  to  aid  the  student  and  practical  craftsman  in 
the  arts,  sciences,  literature,  the  special  processes  of  mechanics, 
printing,  botany,  gardening,  and  the  textile  arts — the  vast  body 
of  intelligent  horsemen  has  been,  heretofore,  without  any  single 
book,  presenting  in  a  comprehensive  way,  the  historical,  scien- 
tific, legal,  and  practical  features  of  their  business.  In  short, 
this  book  attempts  to  do  for  them,  and  for  the  gigantic  indus- 
try which  they  represent — the  horse-breeding,  racing,  and  trot- 
ting business  of  the  United  States — what  the  numerous  readers' 
handbooks,  dictionaries  of  phrase  and  fable,  dates,  general  allu- 
sions, common  things,  scientific  handbooks  and  trade  glossaries 
do  for  students  of  art  and  literature,  and  skilled  workers  in 
the  arts  and  industries.  The  sources  of  information  have 
embraced  the  entire  range  of  horse  literature  as  represented  in 
the  incomparable  collection  in  possession  of  the  Boston  Public 
Library ;  files  of  sporting  and  tui'f  journals  and  magazines  of 


INTRODUCTION.  Til 

tills  country  and  England;  an  extended  correspondence  with 
well  known  turf  authorities  in  the  United  States,  and  wide  per- 
sonal acquaintance  among  practical  horsemen,  breeders,  and 
trainers. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  to  what  an  extent  the  horse  indus- 
try and  turf  business  of  the  country  has  invented  its  own 
language  —  a  language  expressive,  unique,  and  peculiar ;  one 
which  until  now  has  existed  beyond  the  realm  of  literature, 
because  it  has  had  lodgment  only  in  the  general  practice  and 
rugged  brains  of  trainers,  drivers,  stablemen,  and  others  who 
have  had  to  do  with  horses  all  their  lives.  So  far  as  the  author 
is  aware,  the  present  volume  is  the  first  attempt  to  embody  in 
collected  form  the  technical  vocabulary  of  the  track  and  its 
equipments,  the  fraternity  of  drivers  and  riders,  and  the  large 
body  of  intelligent  gentlemen  practically  interested  in  horses, 
driving,  racing,  and  trotting.  Hence  the  book  has  been  com- 
piled from  original  information  obtained  on  the  turf  and  in  the 
stable,  as  well  as  from  the  horse  literature  of  two  centuries. 

The  author  wishes  to  say  further,  that  the  book  is  not  an 
English  dictionary,  a  book  on  stable  management,  a  cyclopaedia 
about  horses,  a  treatise  on  breeding,  a  trotting  register  or  year- 
book, a  work  on  veterinary  practice,  or  on  the  training  and 
driving  of  horses — and  yet  there  is  something  in  it  under  each 
of  these  different  headings.  In  memoirs  of  horses,  it  includes 
only  the  five  or  six  representative  or  foundation  animals  in 
England  and  America ;  and  no  one  family  or  individual  is 
given  prominence  in  preference  to  another.  It  contains  no 
expression  of  opinion  that  can  by  any  possible  construction 
provoke  controversy  or  lessen  the  value  of  the  facts  presented ; 
nor  does  it  discuss  theories  of  breeding,  training,  or  manage- 
ment. It  floats  no  advertisement  of  breeder,  track  or  vehicle. 
The  terms  pertaining  to  equestrianism  are  not  generally  those 
of  the  schools  devoted  to  fancy  riding,  but  those  of  practical 
horsemanship.  Many  terms  pertaining  to  the  English  turf  are 
included,  because  our  ow^n  turf  history  is  founded  upon  that  of 
the  mother  country,  and  because  the  intelligent  driver  or  eques- 
trian wishes  to  be  well  informed  upon  all  matters  relating  to 
turf   history   and   practices,   whether  in  his  own  country  or 


yiii  INTRODUCTION. 

abroad.  In  consulting  the  book  the  reader  will  generally  under- 
stand in  what  cases  the  subject  matter  refers  to  the  trotting  or 
racing  turf,  without  a  repetition  of  explanation,  or  a  particular 
statement  that  such  fact  pertains  to  the  one  or  the  other.  The 
veterinary  terms  have  been  limited  mainly  to  those  which 
relate  to  the  organs  of  locomotion,  to  age  and  soundness,  with 
such  as  pertain  to  common  ailments,  or  those  most  closely 
related  to  the  horse  as  a  track  and  riding  animal.  In  law,  the 
general  statutes  and  special  acts  of  States  relating  to  horses, 
tracks,  and  racing  are  given,  down  to  the  close  of  the  year  1893. 
The  incidents  and  facts  of  turf  history ;  accounts  of  remarka- 
ble horses,  races,  and  events  ;  interesting  anecdotes  illustrating 
curious  facts;  biographical  notices  of  distinguished  persons, 
and  the  copious  references  to  trotting  and  racing  performances 
of  a  noteworthy  character,  have  all  been  carefully  compiled 
from  trustworthy  sources.  In  brief,  the  book  makes  plain  to 
the  non-professional  reader,  groom,  driver,  rider,  and  horseman, 
the  accurate  meaning  of  scientific  terms  relating  to  the  horse, 
usually  given  in  technical  books  only,  in  the  language  of  science, 
thus  educating  them  in  a  practical  but  thoroughly  correct  man- 
ner, in  the  sciences  upon  which  so  much  of  a  true  understand- 
ing of  their  business  and  its  successful  prosecution  is  founded. 
Few  duplications  or  cross  references  have  been  used.  Where  a 
choice  has  existed  the  preferable  term  alone  has  been  defined, 
or  that  which  a  person  consulting  the  book  would  be  most 
likely  to  first  refer  to ;  while  cross  references  not  only  take  up 
space  to  no  purpose,  but  are  usually  very  unsatisfactory  to  who- 
soever wishes  to  consult  such  a  book.  Owing  to  its  alphabeti- 
cal arrangement,  the  book  is  its  own  index ;  hence,  as  the  title 
indicates,  it  is  a  handbook  of  reference  for  facts  under  special 
headings,  rather  than  a  work  to  be  read  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  a  general  view  of  the  subjects  which  it  embraces. 

Especially  is  the  work  useful  as  a  compendium  of  the  turf 
rules  of  the  United  States,  because  the  widest  publicity  that 
can  be  given  these  rules  not  only  enlightens  horsemen  and 
members  of  associations  and  societies,  but  also  the  spectators 
who  attend  fairs  and  patronize  the  races.  Such  persons  are 
much  better  satisfied  when  they  see  a  decision  made  or  penalty 


IXTRODUCTIOX.  IX 

imposed,  if  they  know  the  rule  and  reason  for  it.  They  can 
see  there  is  fair  play  and  no  choice  between  stoga  boots  and 
patent  leather  when  they  understand  the  rules  and  see  them 
enforced  without  fear  or  favor,  and  when  they  can  so  understand 
them,  they  enjoy  the  races  better.  The  national  rules  have 
elevated  the  trotting  sport  of  America  to  a  high  standard,  and 
fostered  a  breeding  interest  which  is  represented  by  millions. 
Every  penalty  imposed  on  man  or  horse  for  fraud  or  misde- 
meanor of  any  kind,  by  one  member  or  association,  is  equally 
recognized  by  each  and  every  other  member.  Thus  the  power 
to  enforce  rectitude  and  good  behavior  upon  the  turf  all  over 
the  country  is  absolute. 

It  is  evident  that  a  work  of  this  kind,  which  is  believed  to 
be  unique,  and  which  must  be  compiled  without  having  the 
advantage  of  any  similar  work  upon  which  it  might  be  based, 
and  from  which  materials  might  be  drawn,  must  of  necessity 
be  more  or  less  incomplete.  The  field  covered  has  been  indefi- 
nitely large,  and  the  aim  has  constantly  been  to  keep  the  book 
within  reasonable  size,  consistent  with  adequate  treatment  of 
subjects.  To  this  end,  while  it  is  hoped  no  important  omis- 
sions will  be  found,  insignificant  terms,  those  of  obvious  mean- 
ing and  simple  facts  known  by  practical  horsemen,  have 
generally  been  excluded.  For  the  purpose  of  making  future 
editions  more  complete,  the  author  will  be  thankful  to  any  one 
for  facts,  information,  phrases  and  words  which  will  contribute 
to  this  end. 

The  author  desires  to  express  his  gratitude  to  the  many 
friends  and  correspondents  who  have  aided  him  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  this  work.  Thanks  are  especially  due  to  M.  M.  Morse, 
Secretary  of  the  National  Trotting  Association,  Hartford, 
Conn.;  J.  H.  Steiner,  Secretary  of  the  American  Trotting  Asso- 
ciation, and  of  the  American  Trotting  Register  Association, 
Chicago,  111.;  E.  C.  Hopper,  Secretary  of  the  American  Turf 
Congress,  Covington,  Ky.;  I.  B.  Nail,  Secretary  of  the  National 
Saddle  Horse  Breeders'  Association,  Louisville,  Ky.;  Sanders 
D.  Bruce,  editor-  of  the  Turf,  Field,  and  Farm,  New  York; 
Simon  W.  Parlin,  and  J.  W.  Thompson,  editors  of  the  American 
Horse  Breeder,  Boston,  Mass.;  W.  B.  Fasig,  New  York ;  Charles 


INTRODUCTION. 


E.  Walker,  South  Framingham,  Mass.;  C.  W.  Williams,  Inde- 
pendence, Iowa;  Dr.  George  H.  Bailey,  V.  S.,  Deering,  Maine; 
C.  B.  Tillinghast,  State  Librarian,  Boston,  Mass.;  Arthur  M. 
Knapp,  keeper  of  Bates  Hall,  Boston  Public  Library,  Boston, 
Mass.;  L.  D.  Carver,  State  Librarian,  Augusta,  Maine*^;  and  the 
editors  of  the  Spirit  of  The  Times,  New  York,  and  Wallace's 
Monthly,  and  The  Horseman,  Chicago,  111.  Acknowledgements 
are  also  due  to  the  publishers  of  copyrighted  books,  quoted  in 
the  work,  for  permission  to  make  extracts  from  the  same. 


HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TURF 


EXPLANATIONS 

The  abbreviations  used  in  the  following  pages  are  :  Eng.  for  terms 
relating  to  the  English  turl  ;  Eq.  for  those  pertaining  to  equestrianism; 
Law.  for  legal  terms  and  information. 


Abdallah.  One  of  the  foundation  sires  of  the  Ameri- 
can trotter.  He  was  bred  by  John  Treadwell,  Salisbury  Place, 
L.  I.,  N.  Y.,  and  foaled  in  1823 ;  by  Mambrino,  by  imported 
Messenger,  dam  Amazonia.  Imported  Messenger  was  foaled 
in  1780,  by  Mambrino,  dam  by  Turf,  and  tracing  back  through 
the  Byerly  Turk  to  a  natural  Barb  mare.  The  dam  of  Mam- 
brino was  by  imported  Sour  Crout,  second  dam  by  imported 
Whirligig,  third  dam  old  Slammerkin,  a  race  mare  by  im- 
ported AYildair.  Wildair's  get  was  so  highly  esteemed  in 
England  that  those  interested  in  racing  stock  in  that  country 
sent  over  here,  bought  him  and  took  him  back  to  England 
again.  He  was  by  Cade,  by  the  Godolphin  Arabian.  Of 
Abdallah's  dam  but  little  is  definitely  known.  It  is  supposed 
that  her  sire  was  a  descendent  of  imported  Messenger.  In- 
deed, it  is  stated  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Wallace,  (American  Trotting 
Register,  I,  60),  that  she  was  purchased  near  Philadelphia  by 
Mr.  B.  T.  Kissam,  a  dry  goods  jobber  of  New  York,  when  on 
a  trip  to  that  city,  and  she  was  represented  to  him  to  be  by  a 
son  of  imported  Messenger.  She  is  described  as  a  chestnut  in 
color,  15.3  hands  high,  and  rather  coarse  in  quality  and  ill  in 
shape.  Abdallah  has  been  best  described,  probably,  by  the 
late  Mr.  B.  T.  Kissam,  who  knew  the  horse  well.  His  descrip- 
tion, which  applies  to  him  in  his  four  years  old  form,  is  :  "  He 
had  a  long,  clean  head ;  ear  long  and  tapering ;  eyes  lively,  and 
of  medium  size ;  neck  light,  and  set  low  on  the  withers  ;  up  car- 
riage, and  when  in  action  head  carried  perpendicularly ;  shoul- 
ders upright ;  deep  in  girth ;  full  chested ;  fore  legs  very  wide 
apart,  causing  him  to  stand  with  his  toes  in ;  light  bone, 
especially  below  the  knees  and  hocks ;  knees  a  little  forward, 
flat-ribbed  and  short  in  flank;  roached  back;  hips  and  loins 

11 


12  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  ' 

medium  breadth;  peaked  from  hips  to  setting  on  of  the  tail, 
which  was  very  thin-haired;  long  from  hip  to  hock;  rather 
thin  quarters  and  short  fetlocks."  Mr.  Kissam  omits  to  say, 
however,  that  his  color  was  blood  bay,  and  that  he  had  a  star 
in  forehead,  with  left  hind-foot  white  above  the  ankle.  He 
stood  15.3  hands  high.  He  was  never  broken  to  harness, 
being  ridden  under  th  3  saddle.  He  was  kept  at  the  farm  of 
his  breeder  in  1828  and  1829 ;  at  Flatbush  and  Gravesend, 
N.  Y.,  1830 ;  near  Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  1831 ;  at  different  places  on 
Long  Island  and  in  New  Jersey  till  1839;  at  Lexington,  Ky., 
1840  ;  at  Union  Course,  L.  I.,  1841  and  1842  ;  at  Goshen,  N.  Y., 
1843;  at  Freehold,  X.  J.,  1844  and  1845;  at  Chester,  N.  Y., 
1846-48;  at  the  Bull's  Head,  :N'.  Y.,  1849;  at  Union  Course, 
N.  Y.,  1850;  and  at  Patchogue,  L.  L,  1851.  He  died  of  neg- 
lect and  starvation  upon  a  sandy  beach  on  Long  Island,  in 
November,  1854.  Abdallah  got  more  fast  trotters  than  any 
horse  of  his  time.  The  records  show  that  at  least  twenty-two 
of  his  sons  and  daughters  started  in  races,  and  twenty  of  the 
number  were  race  winners.  Three  of  his  get  are  found  in  the 
2:30  list,  viz.:  Sir  AValter,  2:27;  O'Blennis,  2:30;  Frank  For- 
rester, 2:30.  He  seems  to  have  transmitted  the  tendency  to 
trot  with  much  greater  uniformity  through  his  daughters  than 
through  his  sons.  His  daughters  are  credited  with  producing 
eight  trotters  that  are  found  in  the  2:30  list,  including  Gold- 
smith Maid,  2:14;  and  the  records  show  that  thirty-two  stal- 
lions out  of  daughters  of  Abdallah  have  got  2:30  performers. 

Abdomen.  The  cavity  which  occupies  the  rear  part  of 
the  trunk  or  body  of  the  horse ;  the  exterior  part  of  which  is 
known  as  the  flank. 

Abductor.  One  of  the  great  locomotive  muscles  of  the 
horse,  the  function  of  which  is  to  draw  away  a  limb  from  the 
axis  of  the  body ;  to  extend. 

Abing"doii  Mile.  A  famous  old  English  race-course, 
the  length  of  which  was  seven  furlongs,  211  yards. 

Abrasion.  An  abraded  spot  or  place;  applied  chiefly 
to  a  fretting  or  rut^bing  of  the  skin,  by  which  the  underlying 
tissues  are  exposed.  Even  though  slight,  and  requiring  but 
little  care,  abrasions  are,  until  perfectly  healed,  an  unsoundness. 

Action.  The  manner  of  moving;  an  exertion  of  power 
or  force ;  the  real  relation  of  a  cause  to  its  effect.  Action 
takes  its  direction  from  the  hips,  and  power  is  invariably  resi- 
dent when  a  horse  has  a  long  and  somewhat  oblique,  rather 
than  horizontal  quarter.  The  stifle  should  never  be  lower 
than  the  elbows,  as  contributors  to  leverage  and  power  in  the 
hock. 


HANDBOOK    OF  THE    TUKF.  13 

Action-controlling'  Power.  That  quality  of  instinct 
in  the  horse  which  governs  the  movements  in  a  balanced  form, 
without  loss  of  muscular  exertion. 

Added  Money.  jVIoney  added  to  a  regular  purse  or 
stake  as  an  extra  inducement  for  entries.  It  is  given  by  the 
track  or  association  in  a  larger  or  smaller  sum ;  as  in  a  sweep- 
stakes, the  horses  put  in  $25  each,  and  the  track  adds  f  100. 

Adductor.  The  function  of  drawing  towards;  the 
name  of  several  muscles  of  locomotion  which  draw  certain 
parts  to,  or  toward,  one  common  center  or  median  line ;  the 
opposite  of  abductor. 

Against  Time.  A  performance  against  the  watch ;  a 
trial  of  speed.  All  performances  against  time  are  required  to 
be  made  at  a  regular  meeting  of  a  track,  society  or  association 
in  membership  with  the  National  or  American  trotting  asso- 
ciation, in  strict  accord  with  the  rules  of  the  trotting  turf,  and 
under  the  conduct  of  judges  and  timers  regularly  appointed. 
No  animal  can  start  in  such  race  pending  a  heat  or  trial  by 
another  animal,  nor  until  the  residt  of  such  heat  or  trial  has 
been  announced.  There  shall  be  three  judges  and  three  timers, 
and  no  performance  shall  take  place  earlier  than  10  o'clock 
A.  M.  If  a  performance  against  time  takes  place  at  a  post- 
poned or  continued  meeting,  such  postponement  must  have 
been  made  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  trotting  turf. 
The  horse  starting  must  start  to  equal  or  exceed  a  specified 
time,  and  a  losing  performance  shall  not  constitute  a  record  or 
bar.  All  entries  for  such  performance  must  be  duly  made 
with  the  official  secretary,  appear  in  the  printed  program 
of  the  day,  or  posted  legibly  at  the  judges  stand.  A  reg- 
ular meeting  means  a  meeting  advertised  in  at  least  one  new^s- 
paper  not  less  than  one  week  before  the  commencement  of  the 
race,  at  w^hich  time  no  less  than  two  regular  events,  (purse  or 
stake),  are  advertised  for  each  day,  one  of  which  must  take 
place.  A  match  race  is  not  considered  a  regular  event.  No 
"matches  against  time"  are  allowed  by  the  trotting  rules. 

Ag-e  of  the  Horse.  Modern  science  has  divided  the 
age  of  the  horse  as  determined  by  the  dentition  into  five  gen- 
eral periods.  They  are :  1,  the  eruption  of  the  incisors  of  the 
first  dentition,  or  from  birth  to  about  eight  to  ten  months  old ; 
2,  the  leveling,  progressive  use  and  falling  out  of  the  incisors 
of  the  first  dentition,  or  from  about  one  year  to  about  two 
years  old ;  3,  the  eruption  of  the  permanent  or  adult  teeth,  or 
from  the  age  of  two,  or  two  and  a  half  years,  to  between  five 
and  six  years  old ;  4,  the  leveling  of  the  permanent  incisors,  or 


14  HANDBOOK   OE   THE  TURF. 

from  about  six  to  about  eight  years  old ;  5,  the  wearing  away 
of  the  crowns,  or  from  about  nine  to  after  nineteen  years  old. 
In  order  to  ascertain  the  age  of  the  horse,  it  is  necessary  to 
observe  some  structural  part  of  the  animal,  which  is  liable  to 
little  change  and  may  be  easily  examined ;  hence  the  teeth  are 
the  only  organs  that  can  furnish  a  guide  to  age,  and  they  can 
generally  be  trusted  with  a  considerable  degree  of  certainty. 
The  incisors  of  the  lower  jaw  are  the  ones  examined  for  the 
age  of  the  animal,  as  it  is  seldom  that  much  importance  is 
attached  to  the  appearance  of  the  tushes.  The  pincher  teeth 
or  middle  incisors,  generally  appear  when  the  foal  is  from  six 
to  eight  days  old,  the  upper  teeth  api^earing  first.  At  four 
months  there  are  four  teeth  in  the  upper  and  f  3ur  in  the  lower 
jaw,  and  at  about  eight  to  ten  months  old  the  corner  incisors 
and  intermediate  teeth  are  entirely  through  the  gums.  At 
about  two  and  a  half  years  of  age,  the  dental  arch  is  complete. 
The  central  nippers  of  the  lower  jaw  are  the  first  permanent 
teeth,  the  middle  and  corner  nippers  being  temporary,  the  for- 
mer, or  permanent  teeth,  being  much  larger  than  the  latter. 
At  about  three  and  a  half  years  of  age,  the  middle  nippers  give 
place  to  a  permanent  pair,  and  from  a  year  later  to  five  years 
of  age  the  corner  nippers  are  replaced  by  permanent  ones.  At 
this  age  the  horse  has  what  is  termed  a  "  full  mouth ; "  or  in 
other  words  all  the  permanent  nippers  are  in  place.  From 
this  age  up,  the  spots  or  marks  in  the  center  of  the  teeth,  the 
dentine,  must  be  the  chief  guide  in  determining  the  age.  At 
five  years  of  age  the  central  nippers  are  somewhat  worn,  leav- 
ing a  small  black  spot  in  the  center,  but  their  shape,  which  is 
oval,  has  not  yet  changed.  The  marks  of  the  middle  nippers 
are  not  so  large  as  formerly.  At  six  years  of  age  the  central 
nippers  have  but  a  very  small  spot  of  dentine  in  their  center, 
the  middle  pair  have  lost  much  of  theirs,  and  the  corner  pair, 
while  showing  less  than  two  years  previous,  are  yet  quite  full. 
In  the  male  the  tushes  are  fully  up,  but  are  showing  no  appear- 
ance of  wear.  At  from  six  to  seven  years  of  age  the  teeth 
show  more  wear,  although  they  have  changed  but  little ;  the 
center  marks  being  less  distinct,  and  the  corner  nipper  smaller. 
At  eight  years  of  age  the  teeth  are  quite  oval  in  form,  their 
character,  however,  is  not  much  changed.  After  this  age  they 
begin  to  become  triangular  in  form,  particularly  that  of  the 
central  incisors,  or  nippers.  At  nine  years  of  age  the  central 
marks  have  nearly  disappeared,  only  a  small  black  speck 
remaining ;  the  central  incisors  are  slightly  triangular  in  form, 
and  the  tusks  are  more  rounded  at  the  points.  The  wear  of 
the  corner  nippers  is  much  indicated.     At  ten  years  of  age  the 


HAN^DBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  15 

central  pair  of  nippers  is  markedly  triangular  in  shape;  the 
marks  in  the  center  are  nearly  obliterated,  the  teeth  are  longer 
and  project  forward  more  than  in  the  case  of  younger  horses. 
At  eleven  years  of  age  all  the  teeth  become  more  triangular  in 
form,  they  increase  in  length,  project  forward,  and  the  tusks 
are  greatly  rounded  at  the  points.  These  characteristics  have 
increased  at  twelve  years  of  age,  and  the  front  corner  nippers 
are  worn  away  even  with  the  middle  pair — the  w^ear  being  less  on 
the  back  portion.  From  thirteen  to  nineteen  years  of  age  the 
same  general  characteristics  appear,  the  shape  of  the  teeth  be- 
comes more  triangular,  the  nippers  are  longer  and  project  forward 
in  an  increased  degree,  and  the  tushes  are  round  at  the  points. 

If  a  horse's  moiitli  ]>iesents  exactly  the  characters  which  indicate  a 
certain  number  of  years  of  growtli,  we  say  tliat  it  "  is  —  years  ;  "  if 
it  has  not  quite  Jittained  tlie  age,  it  is  described  as  "rising  — 
years;"  if  it  has  passed  tlie  period  and  has  not  yet  attained  tlie 
marlcings  of  another  year,  it  is  counted  as"— years  off."— Age  of 
tlie  Domestic  Animals,  Rush  S.  Huidlioper,  M.  D. 

By  the  teeth,  only,  in  my  judgment,  can  the  age  be  known  certainly  f 
and  by  them,  certainly,  only  until  the  ninth  year.— Horse  and  Horse- 
manship ot  the  United  States,  Henry  William  Herbert. 

Ag-e  of  the  Horse.  Buffon  says  that  the  duration  of 
the  life  of  the  horse  is,  as  in  all  other  species  of  domestic 
animals,  proportionate  to  the  duration  of  their  period  of 
growth  or  increase.  The  period  of  increase  of  the  horse  con- 
tinues throughout  four  years,  and  he  can  live  six  or  seven 
times  as  long ;  that  is  to  say  twenty-five  or  thirty  years.  The 
life  of  mares  is  ordinarily  longer  than  that  of  horses.  At 
ten  years  of  age,  if  a  horse  is  sound  and  free  from  objection- 
able habits,  he  is  a  safer  purchase  than  one  five  years  of  age. 
The  older  horse  is  less  liable  to  sudden  or  acute  attacks  of  dis- 
ease such  as  colic,  etc.,  and  if  properly  cared  for,  is  good  for 
many  years  of  reasonable  service. 

Albertus  Magnus  mentions  that  in  his  time,  1193-1280,  there  was  an 
instance  of  a  charger  proving  serviceable  at  the  advanced  age  of 
sixty  ;  and  Augustus  Nephus  says  there  was  a  horse  in  the  stable  of 
Fei-dinand  the  First,  1503-1564,  that  had  attained  the  extraordinary 
age  of  seventy  years.  Tliis  is  the  oldest  horse  which  I  have  ever 
heard  of,  and,  in  all  i:>robability,  the  only  one  on  record  whicli  had 
reached  that  age.— Authentic  Anecdotes  and  Sketches  of  Horses, 
Capt.  Thomas  Brown,  London,  1830. 

Ag-e  of  Trotters.  Records  show  that  the  trotter  and 
pacer  are  longer  on  the  turf  than  the  thoroughbred  race-horse. 
Forty-one  horses  have  trotted  in  2:30  or  better  at  fifteen  years 
of  age ;  eleven  at  sixteen  years  of  age ;  sixteen  at  seventeen 
years  of  age ;  seven  at  eighteen  years  of  age ;  one  at  nineteen 
years  of  age,  and  one  at  twenty-one  years  of  age.  At 
seventeen  years  of  age  Goldsmith  Maid  trotted  a  mile  in  2:14. 

Age,  Rule  of.  The  National,  American  and  Racing 
rules  provide  that  the  age  of  a  horse  shall  be  reckoned  from 
the  first  day  of  January  of  the  year  of  foaling. 


16  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

Ag'ed.  In  trotting  and  running  parlance,  any  horse  over 
six  years  of  age. 

Agistor,  Agister.  An  officer  of  the  royal  forests  of 
England  having  the  care  of  horses  and  cattle  agistered,  and  of 
collecting  the  money  for  the  same;  one  who  receives  and 
pastures  horses  and  cattle  for  hire ;  a  law  term  used  in  describ- 
ing a  lien  on  horses. 

Aids  in  Riding.  [Eq.]  The  hand  and  the  heel  are 
denominated  aids  of  the  rider. 

Air  Pump.  An  apparatus  for  the  compression  or  trans- 
mission of  air.  In  the  common  form  the  air  is  given  motion 
by  means  of  a  cylinder  and  piston.  With  the  use  of  the 
pneumatic  sulky  the  air  pump  has  become  a  necessity  wilh 
every  driver  for  inflating  the  rubber  tires  of  the  sulky. 

Alfalfa.  The  Spanish  name  of  lucerne,  Medicago  sativa. 
It  is  largely  used  in  California  as  a  forage  for  horses,  and 
while  it  does  very  well  for  brood  mares  and  youngsters,  it  is 
regarded  as  a  washy  grass  and  affects  the  kidneys  of  horses  in 
training  most  unfavorably. 

Alix.  Bay  mare,  15.3  hands  high,  white  in  the  face  and 
one  white  hind  ankle.  Bred  by  Daniel  Hayes,  Muscatine, 
Iowa,  and  foaled  in  1888.  By  Patronage,  4148,  by  Pancoast, 
1439 ;  dam,  Atlanta,  by  Attorney,  1005,  second  dam  Flint,  by 
General  Hatch,  139,  third  dam  Dolly  by  a  son  of  imported 
Gleucoe.  Holding  the  World's  records  to  the  close  of  1893, 
for  one  mile  by  a  mare  in  a  race,  Washington  Park,  Chicago, 
September  14,  1893,  2:07|;  for  one  mile  by  a  four  year  old 
filly,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  November  5,  1892,  2:10;  for  fastest 
first  heat  in  a  race,  Chicago,  111.,  September  14,  1893,  2:07|; 
fastest  fifth  heat  in  a  race,  Columbus,  Ohio,  August  25,  1893, 
2:09f,  and  fastest  ninth  heat  in  a  race,  Chicago,  111.,  Sei3tember 
16,  1893,  2:09f. 

All  Abroad.  When  a  horse  jumps  cross-legged  at  the 
start,  or  is  in  some  other  way  out  of  form,  especially  in  a  run- 
ning race,  so  that  he  is  a  long  time  in  recovering,  and  it  is 
evident  the  heat  is  lost  to  him  at  the  start,  he  is  said  to  be 
"  all  abroad." 

Allowance.  A  favor  granted  a  horse,  by  the  rules,  on 
account  of  age,  sex,  or  other  condition.  While  penalties  are 
obligatory,  allowances  are  optional;  but  if  claimed,  the  claim 
should  be  stated  when  the  entry  is  made.  In  all  heat  races  of 
the  Turf  Congress,  an  allowance  of  five  pounds  is  made  from 
the  scale  of  weights ;  and  in  all  races  excepting  handicaps  and 
those  in  which  the  conditions  are  absolute,  fillies  and  geldings 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  17 

two  years  old  are  allowed  three  pounds,  and  mares  and  geld- 
ings three  years  old  and  upward  are  allowed  five  pounds  before 
the  first  of  September  of  eac/i  year,  and  three  pounds  after 
that  date.  In  a  race  exclusively  for  three-year-olds,  for  in- 
stance, the  weight  to  be  carried  is  122  pounds.  Now,  if  a 
horse  was  entered  that  had  won  two  races,  he  would  carry  127 
pounds;  or,  in  other  words,  cany  a  five  pound  penalty;  but  if 
another  horse  should  enter  that  had  not  won  a  race,  it  would 
carry  115  pounds  only,  or  receive  an  allowance  of  seven  pounds. 
Amble.  The  j>ace ;  said  to  be  the  first  natural  gait  of 
young  colts.  In  amblingv  the  horse  moves  two  legs  on  the 
same  side  at  the  same  time,  and  Doth  feet  strike  as  one;  then 
the  limbs  on  the  other  side  advance  and  strike  as  one,  the 
strokes — one,  two — completing  the  revolution.  In  England, 
in  the  time  of  Edward  II,  (1807-1327),  horses  were  taught  to 
amble  or  pace  by  the  use  of  trammels  made  of  strong  listing, 
or  irons,  which  ^\ere  attached  like  chains  and  fetters,  to  con- 
trol the  gait. 

Some  horses  are  amblers  first,  and  afterwards  learn  to  trot,  and  travel 
equally  well  in  both  paces;  indeed,  considering  the  small  propor- 
tion of  horses  that  fall  into  this  pace,  and  the  record  made  by  them 
on  the  turf,  it  may  be  thought  to  'have  no  disadvantage  over  the 
regular  trot.  It  would  seem  to  give  great  advantage  to  a  short- 
bodied  horse,  as  there  is  no  danger  ot  overreaching. — The  Horse  in 
Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

American  Derby.  Names  of  several  events  in  the 
United  States,  which  have  been  maintained  with  greater  or 
less  regularity  for  the  past  thirty  years.  The  first  Derby  ever 
run  in  this  country  was  at  Patterson,  N.  J.,  in  1801.  In  1863 
the  Kentucky  Derby  was  established  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  but  it 
was  not  run  till  1864,  the  event  taking  place  at  Louisville. 
The  following  is  the  list  of  American  Derbys :  American, 
Chicago,  111. ;  Arkansas,  Little  Rock,  Ark. ;  Brooklyn,  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y. ;  Cony  Island,  Sheepshead  Bay,  N.  Y. ;  Kentucky, 
Louisville,  Ky. ;  Latimer,  Covington,  Ky. ;  Twin  City,  St.  Paul, 
Minn. ;  Tennessee,  Memphis,  Tenn.  But  one  American  Derby 
was  run  in  1893 — that  at  Washington  Park,  Chicago,  111. 

American  Eclipse.  A  famous  horse  in  the  stud  and 
upon  the  turf.  Bred  by  Gen.  Nathaniel  Coles,  Dosoris,  L.  I., 
N.  Y.  Foaled  May  25,  1811.  Chestnut;  15^  hands  high, 
with  star  in  forehead,  near  hind  foot  white ;  heavy-set,  and 
full  of  bone  and  muscle.  By  Duroc,  by  imported  Diomed; 
dam.  Miller's  Damsel,  by  imported  Messenger,  by  Mambrino, 
out  of  an  imported  mare  by  Pot-8-os,  son  of  the  famous  Eng- 
lish Eclipse.  He  was  trained  at  three  years  old.  Winner  of 
the  great  sectional  match  between  the  North  and  South, 
2 


18  HAKDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

against  Henry,  run  over  the  Union  Course,  Long  Island,  N.  Y., 
May  27,  182:1,  for  -^20,000  a  side.  The  first  heat  (four  mile 
race)  was  won  by  Henry  in  7:37| ;  the  second  and  third  heats 
were  won  by  Eclipse  in  7:49  and  8:24  respectively.  Henry 
carried  108  pounds.  Eclipse  126  pounds.  The  measurements 
of  Eclipse  w^ere :  Head  23|  inches;  neck  25  in.;  from  point 
of  shoulder  to  point  of  buttocks  65|  in.;  girth  74  in.;  around 
the  arm  21^  in.;  below  the  knee  7|  in.;  around  the  tibia  18| 
in.:  the  hock  16f  in.;  from  hip  to  point  of  hock  37.^  in.;  same 
around  the  flank  as  the  girth  74  in.;  same  height  at  hip  as  at 
the  withers  61  in.  He  died  in  Shelby  County,  Ky.,  August, 
1847,  in  the  34th  year  of  his  age. 

American  Newmarket.  Monmouth,  N.  J.,  has  been 
called  the  American  Newmarket. 

American  Phenomenon.  An  American  bred  horse 
was  so  called,  although  his  name  was  Tom  Thumb.  After 
defeating  all  comers  at  home  he  was  taken  to  England,  and  it 
is  recorded  that  on  February  2,  1829,  on  Sudbury  Common,  he 
trotted  one  hundred  miles  in  ten  hours  and  seven  minutes. 
This  performance  was  to  a  match-cart,  or  gig,  built  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  by  a  Mr.  Gould,  and  was  probably  the  first  sulky  built 
in  this  country.  It  weighed  160  pounds,  and  was  regarded 
too  frail  for  safety. 

American  Stud  Book,  (Bruce's).  The  first  volume  of 
the  American  Stud  Book,  edited  by  Mr.  Sanders  D.  Bruce, 
New  York,  was  published  in  1873,  and  the  second  the  same 
year;  Yol.  Ill  in  1878;  Yol.  lY  in  1884;  Yol.  Y  in  1888; 
Yol.  YI  in  1894.  "I  have  not  attempted,"  says  Mr.  Bruce, 
"to  fix  any  definite  standard  of  what  constitutes  a  thorough- 
bred. It  is  the  custom  to  call  those  thoroughbred  having  five 
uncontaminated  crosses  to  a  thoroughbred;  but  none  are, 
strictly  speaking,  thoroughbred  that  do  not  trace,  without  con- 
taminating blood,  to  Oriental  origin.  Many  animals  are  reg- 
istered in  the  sixth  volume  which  connot  be  traced  the  requi- 
site number  of  (five)  crosses,  but  public  form  and  producing 
excellence  justifies  their  registration."  The  pedigrees  of  the 
animals  are  arranged  alphabetically,  the  produce  of  mares  are 
indexed,  and  there  is  also  an  index  to  sires,  the  mares  appear- 
ing under  their  sires.  More  than  thirty  thousand  animals, 
young  and  old,  are  recorded. 

American  Trotting  Association.  The  American 
Trotting  Association  was  organized  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  March  2, 
1887,  and  duly  incorporated  according  to  the  laws  of  that 
State,  March  9,  1887,  its  object  being  "to  improve  the  breed 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  19 

of  horses  by  promoting  the  interests  of  the  American  trotting 
turf."  It  is  managed  by  a  board  of  five  directors,  (the  presi- 
dent and  secretary  being  ex  officio  members) ;  and  holds  bien- 
nial meetings  or  congresses  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  May.  It 
has  a  board  of  review,  board  of  appeals,  has  authority  to 
impose  fines  and  penalties,  announce  decisions  and  administer 
oaths.  In  189o  it  had  eight  hundred  and  six  members — a 
member  being  a  track,  society  or  association. 

Aiiieriean  Trotting  Reg-ister,  (Wallace's).  Mr. 
John  11.  Wallace  published  the  first  volume  of  his  American 
Stud  Book,  (devoted  to  running  pedigrees),  in  18G7;  and  the 
first  volume  of  the  the  American  Trotting  Register  in  1872. 
With  the  publication  of  Vol.  IV,  in  1882,  the  pedigrees  of 
stallions  first  began  to  be  numbered  consecutively,  and,  to  the 
end  of  Vol.  XII,  (1893),  they  had  reached  No.  23,499.  Stand- 
ard bred  mares  and  geldings  are  registered  alphabetically,  and 
non-standard  animals  are  also  included,  (registered  alphabet- 
ically). Pedigrees  of  pacers  were  first  included  in  Vol.  X,  for 
1892,  and  the  work  now  embraces  trotters  and  pacers.  The 
twelve  volumes  published  register  more  than  one  hundred 
thousand  pedigrees.  TuOlished  at  Chicago,  111.,  by  the  Amer- 
ican Trotting  Register  Association. 

American  Turf  Cong-ress  is  composed  of  the  nine 
jockey  clubs  in  the  United  States,  and  the  Americo-Mexican 
Blood  Horse  Association  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  S.  A. ;  and  has 
for  its  object  "  the  improvement  of  the  breed,  and  the  devel- 
opment of  horses  through  the  promotion  of  the  interests  of 
the  American  running  turf;  the  prevention,  detection  and 
punishment  of  fraud  thereon,  and  the  adoption  of  regulations 
and  rules,  to  be  known  as  the  American  Racing  Rules,  for  the 
uniform  government  of  racing." 

American  Year  of  the  English  Derby.  The  year 
18S1.  The  year  in  which  the  Derby  and  the  St.  Leger  were 
won  by  the  American  horse  Iroquois ;  the  same  year  in  which 
the  French  Derby — the  Grand  Prix  of  Paris — was  won  by  the 
American  horse  Foxhall.     See  Iroquois  and  Foxhall. 

Ankle-cutter.  A  horse  that  from  faulty  conformation, 
strikes  his  ankles,  or  inside  of  the  fetlock  joint,  when  in 
motion,  inflicting  a  wound,  is  called  an  "  ankle-cutter." 

Anterior.  Situated  to  the  front ;  the  head  ;  opposite  of 
posterior.  Thus  the  term  anterior  extremity  means  the  fore- 
leg. The  head  is  anterior  to  the  neck,  and  the  neck  in  turn  is 
anterior  to  the  back. 

Appeals.     Rules  of  the  American  Trotting  Association 


20  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

allow  appeals  to  be  taken  in  cases  of  suspension  imposed  by 
the  judges  of  a  race  or  an  officer  acting  for  the  member ;  and 
all  decisions  and  rulings  of  the  judges  of  any  race,  and  of  the 
members  and  proprietors  of  the  Association,  may  be  appealed 
to  the  Board  of  Review  or  Board  of  Appeals,  and  become  sub- 
ject to  review  upon  the  facts  and  questions  involving  the  proper 
application  and  interpretation  of  the  rules  of  the  Association. 

Appeals.  Under  the  by-laws  of  the  American  Trotting 
Association,  appeals  from  the  decision  of  the_  judges,  members 
or  officers  of  members,  lie  to  the  Board  of  Review  for  that  State, 
unless  the  appellant  shall  in  his  notice  of  appeal  signify  his 
desire  for  it  to  go  to  the  Board  of  Appeals,  in  which  case  it  shall 
go  direct  to  such  Board ;  or  unless  all  parties  reside  west  of  the 
continental  divide,  in  which  event  the  case  shall  go  to  the 
Board  of  Review  unless  the  parties  otherwise  agree.  All 
appeals  must  be  taken  within  ten  days  from  the  date  of  the 
decision  appealed  from,  or  if  from  a  decision  made  at  a  meet- 
ing of  a  member,  must  be  taken  before  the  close  of  the  meeting. 
Appeals  must  be  filed  with  the  secretary  of  the  Association, 
accompanied  with  a  fee  of  $5,  and  also  all  written  evidence  in 
the  case,  at  least  ten  days  prior  to  the  meeting  of  the  Board  to 
which  the  case  goes.  A  fine  of  |100  is  imposed  provided  all  the 
terms  and  rules  pertaining  to  appeals  are  not  complied  with. 

Appeals,  Board  of.  The  Board  of  Appeals  of  the 
National  Trotting  Association  consists  of  fifteen  members,  three 
from  each  of  the  official  districts  of  the  Association,  viz.:  East- 
ern— comprising  the  New  England  States  and  foreign  countries ; 
Atlantic — com23rising  the  States  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Delaware,  Virginia,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  and  the  District  of 
Columbia;  Central  —  comprising  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana, 
West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and 
all  States  south  of  the  southern  border  of  Virginia  and  Ken- 
tucky ;  Western — comprising  the  States  of  Illinois,  Wisconsin, 
Minnesota,  Michigan,  Iowa,  and  Texas,  and  all  the  Western 
States  and  Territories  not  included  by  name  in  other  districts ; 
Pacific  —  California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Washington,  Montana, 
Colorado,  and  Idaho.  Upon  this  Board  is  "  conferred  the  man- 
agement, direction,  and  control  of  all  the  business  and  affairs 
of  the  Association."  It  has  "power  to  settle  all  disputes 
between  members,  to  hear  all  complaints,  to  determine  with 
whom  its  corporators  shall  do  business,  review  and  regulate  the 
manner  of  reviewing  all  decisions  of  the  individual  corporators, 
or  of  the  judges  of  a  race  on  the  track  or  course  of  any  corpo- 
rators, enforce  the  rules  and  by-laws  and  exercise  all  the  power 
of  the  Association."     In  the  American  Trotting   Association 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TUllF.  21 

the  Board  of  Directors  constitutes  the  Board  of  Appeals.  It 
has  jurisdiction  of  all  appeals  as  well  as  original  jurisdiction 
to  prevent  and  punish  all  frauds,  abuses  and  violations  of  the 
by-laws,  rules,  and  regulations  of  the  Association  in  any  man- 
ner relating  to  the  course,  by  fine,  suspension,  or  expulsion  of 
the  offender,  but  no  fine  shall  exceed  $1,000.  It  has  also  the 
power  to  relieve  horses  from  erroneous  records  and  correct  the 
same,  and  generally  has  "  the  power  to  do  justice  and  prevent 
injustice  in  all  cases  not  specially  provided  for. 

Apple  Tree.  The  quarter-pole  or  half-mile  pole  is  called 
the  apple  tree  by  drivers.  To  "  go  out  round  the  apple  tree," 
is  to  spin  the  horse  round  the  course ;  to  give  him  an  exercise. 

Arabian.  The  Arabian  is  one  of  the  three  great  classes 
of  Oriental  horses,  the  two  others  being  the  Turkish  and  Barb. 
The  true  Arabian  is  now  bred  in  great  purity  by  the  Sultan  of 
Turkey,  and  w^hile  he  is  found  in  various  degrees  of  excellence 
in  the  region  from  Damascus  to  the  Euphrates,  rather  than  on 
the  isthmus  of  Arabia,  he  is  an  animal  which  few  Europeans 
have  ever  seen.  A  sub-race,  somewhat  larger  than  the  Arabian, 
known  as  the  Turk  or  Turkish  horse,  is  found  in  Asia  Minor 
and  in  portions  of  European  Turkey.  In  Northern  Africa  is 
found  the  third  branch  of  the  family,  and  from  his  home  in 
the  Barbary  States  is  known  as  the  Barb.  For  several  centu- 
ries, and  indeed  still,  it  has  been  found  in  the  greatest  perfec- 
tion among  the  Moors.  Pure  Arabians  range  from  fourteen  to 
fifteen  hands  high,  and  they  very  rarely  exceed  this  standard, 
being  rather  smaU,  compact,  possessed  of  great  powers  of  endur- 
ance, and  capable  of  going  long  journeys  and  continuing  longer 
without  food  or  water  than  the  more  artificially  reared  horses 
of  more  civilized  nations.  They  are  docile,  spirited,  sagacious, 
attached  to  their  masters,  active,  intelligent,  noble. 

Arab  of  the  Cloak.  In  the  district  of  the  Nejd  on 
the  border  of  the  desert  in  Central  Arabia,  is  a  family  of 
horses  of  great  renown  descended  from  a  mare  of  which  this 
tradition  exists  :  Her  owner  was  once  flying  from  the  enemy, 
and,  being  nearly  overtaken,  he  cast  off  his  cloak  in  order  to 
relieve  his  mare  of  that  unnecessary  burden.  But  when,  having 
distanced  his  pursuers,  he  halted  and  looked  around,  what  was 
his  surprise  to  find  that  his  cloak  had  lodged  on  the  mare's 
outstretched  tail  and  still  hung  there.  Ever  since,  the  heroine 
of  this  incident  has  figured  in  the  unwritten  pedigrees  of  the 
desert,  as  "the  Arab  of  the  cloak."  All  Arabian  horses  carry 
their  tails  high,  and,  next  to  the  head  and  its  adjustment,  the 
tail  is  the  feature  which  the  Arabs  consider  of  highest  import- 
ance in  selecting  a  horse. 


22  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Arm.  The  humerus  or  true  arm  consists  of  a  single 
bone  situated  between  the  scapula  or  shoulder-joint  and  the 
bone  of  the  forearm  or  elbow  joint,  in  an  oblique  direction 
downward  and  backwards. 

Ann-cutting".  An  injury  to  the  forearm  which  fre- 
quently takes  place  in  consequence  of  excessive  knee  action, 
upright  jDasterns,  and  a  lofty  carriage  of  the  head,  especially  in 
cases  where  the  horse  has  sufficient  speed  to  trot  quarters  in 
thirty-five  seconds. 

Arrears.  That  which  is  behind  in  payment.  By  the 
rules  of  the  American  Turf  Congress,  arrears  include  all  sums 
due  for  entrance  money,  subscriptions,  stakes,  forfeits,  fines, 
purchase  money  in  races  w^ith  selling  conditions,  and  any 
default  incident  to  the  rules.  A  horse  cannot  become  a  starter 
in  any  race  until  all  arrears  of  whatever  nature  have  been 
duly  paid. 

Articulation.  A  word  meaning  the  act  of  putting 
together  so  as  to  form  a  joint  or  joints;  the  junction  of  bones. 
A  term  much  used  in  veterinary  language  for  a  union  of  two 
bones ;  a  joint. 

Artificial  Oaits.  The  acquired  gaits  of  the  horse,  as 
distinguished  from  the  natural  gaits.  They  are  :  the  amble  or 
pace,  broken  amble,  running  walk  or  fox-trot,  racing  gallop, 
and  their  various  modifications. 

Artist  of  the  Pigskin.     A  jockey. 

Ascot  Heath.     Seat   of   the    Ascot    races,    Winkfield, 

Berks,  England,  six  miles  from  Winsor,  which  were  begun  by 

the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  uncle  to  George  III.,  about  1727. 

It  was  here  that  the  first  recorded  "bonus  of  £1000  was  added  to  a  stake, 
to  wit,  the  Alexandra  Plate,  a  race  of  three  miles  for  four-year-olds 
and  upwards,  which  was  inaugurated  by  the  success  of  the  cele- 
brated mare  Fille  de  I'Air,  the  proi)erty  of  Count  de  Lagrange. 
Since  that  time  the  wealtii  and  the  liberality  of  the  Eoyal  meeting 
liave  increased 7>a/'i  2>«^ss/t,  till  in  these  days  so  great  is  the  value  of 
the  prizes,  so  great  the  prestige  which  attaches,  to  the  winning 
thereof,  that  all  which  is  most  excellent  in  liorseliesh,  most 
ambitious  in  ownership,  is  annually  attracted  to  that  favored  spot. 
The  Badminton  Library  :     Racing,  The  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire. 

Assistant  Starter.  Under  the  American  racing  rules 
the  starter,  with  the  approval  of  the  officers  of  the  course,  may 
appoint  assistant  starters,  but  should  they  strike  a  horse  at  the 
post,  or  use  ungentlemanly  language  towards  the  jockeys,  the 
judges  have  power  to  impose  a  fine. 

Asterisk.  (*)  The  asterisk  or  star,  in  the  American 
Trotting  Register,  denotes  that  the  performances  were  made 
against  time,  to  distinguish  them  from  race  records.  In  Ches- 
ter's Trotting  and  Pacing  Record  it  denotes  that  the  time  made 
was  over  a  short  track,  and  is  a  bar,  not  a  record. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  23 

Asthma.  Is  closely  allied  to  heaves  or  broken  wind, 
but  is  less  continuous  and  more  paroxysmal.  It  is  generally 
believed  to  be  due  to  spasm  of  the  small  circular  muscles  that 
surround  the  bronchial  tubes,  and  its  continued  existence  leads 
to  a  paralysis  of  them.     It  is  legal  unsoundness. 

Assuiiiert  Names.  The  American  racing  rules  allow 
persons  to  subscribe  or  enter  under  an  assumed  name,  but  their 
real  and  full  names  must  be  registered  with  the  clerk  of  the 
course,  and  such  persons  cannot  enter  or  subscribe  in  any  other, 
until  they  resume  their  own  names  or  register  another 
assumed  name.  The  real  or  assumed  name  of  any  person  who 
runs,  or,  within  twenty  years,  has  run  horses  in  the  United 
States,  shall  not  be  registered. 

Atavism.  Taking  back.  The  return  to  an  early  or 
original  type  by  its  modified  descendants;  reversion,  through 
the  influence  of  heredity,  to  ancestral  characters ;  resemblance 
to  some  remote  ancestor,  exhibited  by  an  animal  or  individual. 

Attention.  Station ;  the  attitude  of  a  horse  when 
awaiting  command.  In  this  position  he  has  his  head  and 
neck  raised;  ears  pricked  forward;  the  profile  of  his  face  at 
an  angle  of  about  45  deg.  to  the  ground,  and  at  about  a  right 
angle  to  the  upper  line  of  the  neck — the  crest ;  the  weight  pro- 
portionately distributed  on  all  four  limbs ;  and,  as  a  rule,  the 
fore  foot  of  one  side  not  so  far  advanced  as  its  fellow,  and  its 
hind  foot  more  to  the  front  than  the  other  hind  foot. 

Aubin.     [Eng.]  A  moderate  gallop  or  canter. 

Averag'e  Time.  If  the  timers  of  a  race  catch  the  time 
of  a  heat  which  is  found  to  vary  in  comparison,  the  average 
time  taken  is  that  which  is  usually  hung  out. 

Axle.  The  arm  or  spindle  on  which  a  wheel  revolves, 
or  which  forms  the  axis  of  the  wheel  and  revolves  with  it. 
The  axle  of  a  sulky,  carriage  or  wagon  wheel,  is  the  round  arm 
of  the  axle-bar  or  axletree  which  is  inserted  in  the  nave  or  hub 
of  the  wheel,  but  the  name  is  frequently  applied  to  the  com- 
plete axletree.  Burgess,  in  his  work  on  Coach  Building,  says 
the  commonest  kind  of  an  oil  axle  is  called  the  mail,  because 
the  peculiar  mode  of  fastening  was  first  used  in  the  mail 
coaches.  Axle-bar — The  bar  of  an  axletree.  Axle-box — The 
box  which  contains  the  bearings  for  the  arm  of  an  axle ;  the 
bushing  or  metal  lining  of  the  hub  which  forms  the  rotatory 
bearing  of  the  axle  of  a  sulky  or  carriage.  Axle-socket. — A 
section  of  seamless  steel  tubing  in  the  ends  of  which  are  fitted 
brass  bushings  made  of  interior  dimensions  of  different  sizes 
to  fit  any  make  or  size  of  axle,  and  to  which  is  attached  the 


24  HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TURF. 

upper  ends  of  the  wheel-forks  used  in  changing  an  axle  of  the 
high  wheel  sulky  to  a  sulky  receiving  the  pneumatic  w^heel. 
Axletree — A  bar  or  beam  fixed  crosswise  under  the  body  of  a 
vehicle,  having  rounded  axles  at  the  ends  for  a  pair  of  wheels 
to  revolve  upon. 


Baby.  A  pet  term  used  in  describing  a  young  colt. 
Train  and  educate  the  colts  early — to  halter,  to  bit,  to  harness ; 
handle  them,  teach  them,  let  them  become  accustomed  to  your 
presence.  Baby  trotter — A  term  applied  to  a  colt  under  two 
years  old  accustomed  to  the  training  track. 

Back.  That  portion  of  the  spinal  column  to  which  the 
ribs  are  attached.  Bounded  in  front  by  the  withers ;  behind 
by  the  loins ;  on  each  side  by  the  ribs. 

Back.     The  walk  extended  backw^ards. 

Back  End.  [Eng.]  The  last  two  months  of  the  racing 
season.  A  "back  ender"  is  a  horse  which  appears  on  the  race 
course  at  the  end  of  the  season. 

Backing".  Gibbing.  A  disagi-eeable  form  of  restive- 
ness,  and  when  so  fixed  as  to  have  become  a  habit  is  a  serious 
vice. 

Back  Sinews.  The  flexor  tendons  or  cords  wiiich  form 
the  posterior  line  of  the  limb  between  the  knee  and  the  fetlock 
of  the  fore  leg,  and  between  the  hock  and  the  fetlock  of  the 
hind  leg. 

Back  Strap.  The  back  band  of  a  harness  extending 
from  the  saddle  to  the  crupper.  With  the  surcingle  and  bridle, 
it  is  used  in  giving  the  colt  his  first  lessons  in  education. 

Back  Stretch.  That  part  of  a  race  track  which  is 
opposite  to  the  home  stretch ;  the  back  side  of  an  oval  course ; 
the  place  where  patrol  judges  are  stationed  during  a  heat  or 
race. 

Badminton.  The  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  K.  G., 
at  Cheltenham,  Wiltshire,  England;  and  name  given  to  the 
volumes  of  the  Library  of  Sports  and  Pastimes,  including  Rac- 
ing, Riding,  Driving,  edited  by  him. 

Baked;  Burnt;  Grain  Burnt.  A  horse  that  does 
not  sweat-out  easily  and  freely  after  sufficient  exercise,  is  said 
to  be  "  baked  "  or  "  burnt."  It  is  very  rarely  a  constitutional 
defect,  and  is  generally  due  to  having  been  overfed  with  grain. 

Balance ;  Balanced  Action.  The  harmonious  action 
of  the  front  and  hind  limbs  of  the  horse ;  to  go  smooth.  It 
seems  to  be  one  of  the  mechanical  peculiarities  of  rapid  trot- 


26  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

ting  action,  that  the  hind  stroke  should  overreach  the  front 
stride.  This  is  the  prolific  cause  of  the  manifold  interferences 
between  the  hind  and  front  ]3airs  of  limbs  and  feet.  It  is 
plain,  however,  that  if  the  body  is  balanced  and  the  action 
equally  balanced,  then  no  interference  can  take  place.  But  it 
is  a  difficult  matter  to  accomplish,  because  the  individuality  of 
each  animal  is  so  unlike.  Some  horses  are  long,  low  striders ; 
some  are  high,  short  striders ;  some  require  heavy,  some  light 
shoes;  some  require  bar,  some  open  shoes;  some,  shoes  that 
are  concave  on  the  ground  surface ;  some,  flat  shoes ;  some,  roll- 
ing-motion shoes  to  quicken  the  action  in  front;  some  need 
toe-weight  shoes  to  lengthen  the  stride ;  some  long  toes,  others 
short  ones.  These  are  peculiarities  which  must  be  determined 
by  the  owner  and  driver.  By  balancing  the  hoofs  is  not  meant 
to  make  them  of  precisely  the  same  size,  as  very  often,  espe- 
cially in  case  of  the  front  feet,  one,  usually  the  off  one,  is  the 
larger.  But  the  foot  is  balanced  when,  taking  the  center  of 
the  cleft  of  the  frog  as  the  base  line,  the  outer  margin  of  the 
wall,  at  points  equidistant  from  the  leveled  heels,  measures 
precisely  alike  on  both  sides. 

Balk ;  Balking- ;  Balky.  A  check  or  defeat ;  to  stop 
short  and  obstinately  refuse  to  move ;  a  vice. 

Ball.  A  horse  or  nag,  originally  white-faced;  used 
appellatively  like  dun,  bayard. 

Ball.  A  dose  of  medicine;  a  form  in  which  certain 
kinds  of  medicines  are  administered.  They  are  cylindrical  in 
shape,  two  inches  in  length  and  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  are  generally  wrapped  in  tissue  paper  when 
administered.  It  is  the  best  form  in  which  to  administer 
medicine  when  it  is  extremely  disagreeable,  when  the  dose  is 
not  too  large,  when  the  horse  is  hard  to  drench,  and  when  the 
medicine  is  intended  to  act  slowly. 

Ball  Bearing's.  Practically  perfect  spheres,  rolled- 
forged  from  tool  steel,  hardened  and  burnished  for  the  axle- 
bearings  of  sulkies.  The  sizes  chiefly  used  are  4-16,  5-16  and 
3-8  of  an  inch.  From  twenty  to  twenty-four  are  placed  in  the 
cone  of  each  hub. 

it  is  the  ball  bearing  itself  that  is  most  instrnnieTital  in  reducing  the 
friction,  and,  consequently,  the  power  required  to  propel  the  vehi- 
cle; but  tlie  pneumatic  tire  also  contributes  very  materially  to  the 
general  result,  inasmuch  as,  to  a  great  extent,  "it  makes  a  rougli 
road  smooth  by  equalizing  small  obstructions  with  mucli  less  con- 
cussion than  tlie  ordinary  wlieel.  The  tires  and  non-friction  bear- 
ings have  brouglit  a  great  revolution  in  the  sulky  and  in  speed. 

Balling-up.  The  filling  of  the  shoe  with  snow,  damp 
earth  or  mud. 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE   TURF.  27 

Bandages.  Strips  of  linen,  cotton  or  flannel  used  to 
swathe  the  legs  of  the  horse.  They  should  be  from  three  to 
four  inches  wide,  and  of  sufficient  length  to  wrap  the  leg  round 
from  the  lower  part  of  the  fetlock  to  the  under  part  of  the 
knee  or  hock,  the  folds  overlapping,  and  be  provided  with  two 
strings  sewn  on  to  one  end,  by  which  the  folds  may  be  tied 
and  secured  in  their  places.  It  is  quite  an  art  to  put  on  band- 
ages properly,  especially  where  a  horse  has  to  take  his  work  in 
them.  First  have  the  bandage  rolled  up  smoothly,  and  com- 
mence a  little  below  the  knee,  or  hock,  winding  it  carefully  so 
that  there  are  no  creases,  till  you  reach  the  coronet ;  then  go 
back  with  another  fold,  till  you  come  back  above  the  place 
where  you  commence,  and  tie  v^ith  the  same  care,  keeping  the 
strings  flat  as  they  cross  over  each  other,  and  fasten.  It  is  a 
good  plan  to  have  oiled  silk  or  rubber  material  for  wrapping 
outside  the  bandages  used  for  applying  liniment,  to  prevent 
them  from  drying  up.  The  purposes  served  by  bandages  are  : 
To  support  the  legs,  their  tendons,  blood  vessels  and  synovial 
vessels ;  to  dry  and  keep  the  legs  warm ;  to  protect  them  from 
injury,  and  by  means  of  which  to  apply  lotions  and  hot  and 
cold  water. 

Bar.  An  obstruction ;  to  exclude.  Time  taken  on  any 
track  is  a  bar,  whether  made  on  a  short  track  or  one  full 
measurement,  or  whether  on  a  free  or  an  association  track. 
Time  made  under  the  saddle,  or  on  snow  or  ice,  is  a  bar  for 
races  of  the  same  character  only ;  but  time  made  to  wagon  is  a 
bar  or  record,  as  the  case  may  be,  in  races  of  every  character. 
If  it  should  appear,  upon  investigation,  that  any  record  was 
fraudulently  obtained,  it  is  not  a  record,  but  a  bar.  If  a  race 
takes  place  upon  a  track  where  no  purses  or  prizes  are  con- 
tested for,  and  where  no  admission  is  taken  at  the  gate,  time 
made  is  a  bar,  provided  judges  are  appointed  and  time  made 
is  announced.  If  there  are  no  judges  and  no  time  announced, 
time  made  is  not  a  record.  In  making  entries,  time  previously 
made  is  a  bar  to  admission  in  a  class  slower  than  the  one  in 
which  the  horse  is  to  be  entered. 

Bar.  Except.  The  word  bar  is  used  instead  of  the  com- 
mon compound  form,  "debar."  When  a  bookmaker  says  "ten 
to  one  bar  one,"  he  means  that  he  will  lay  ten  to  one  against 
any  horse,  bar  (that  is,  except)  one. 

Bar  Bit.  The  plain,  straight  mouth-piece  of  a  bridle, 
connecting  the  checks.  Used  with  straight  or  curved  bars  on 
the  Liverpool  slide  principle,  and  operated  on  the  jointless 
Pelham  plan,  but  differs  in  construction.     It  is  said  that  the 


2S  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

bar,  where  the  guards  i^ass  through  the  end  of  it,  slips  up  and 
down,  having  a  play  of  about  half  an  inch,  which  eases  the 
mouth  when  the  reins  are  slackened,  by  letting  the  bit  slip 
down  from  the  pressure  on  the  corners  of  the  mouth. 

Bars  of  the  Hoof.  The  portions  of  the  wall  of  the 
hoof  which  are  turned  inward  at  the  heels,  and  run  more  or 
less  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  frog,  along  the  inner  border  of 
the  sole. 

Bars  of  the  Mouth.  The  continuations  of  the  two 
bones  of  the  lower  jaw,  on  each  side,  between  the  back,  or 
corner  teeth,  and  the  tushes.     It  is  on  these  that  the  bit  rests. 

Bars  of  the  Tree.  The  narrow  front  portions  or  side- 
pieces  connecting  the  j)omel  and  cantle  of  a  saddle. 

Bar  Plate.  While  the  American  racing  rules  do  not 
allow  a  horse  to  start  in  a  race  in  ordinary  or  training  shoes, 
and  while  they  give  the  judges  authority  to  rule  off  a  horse  if 
started  in  shoes,  they  do  allow  bar  plates  to  be  used,  with  the 
consent  of  the  judges. 

Bar  Shoes.  [Law].  If  bar  shoes  are  required  to 
enable  a  horse  to  do  his  ordinary  work,  it  is  regarded  as  an 
unsoundness. 

Barb.  The  horse  of  the  Barbary  States — Tunis,  Tripoli, 
Fez,  Algiers  and  Morocco,  all  lying  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa  to  the  west  of  Egypt.  The  Barb  is  not  as  tall  as  the 
Arabian,  seldom  standing  more  than  14.2  hands  high;  but  in 
other  respects  is  acknowledged  to  be  superior  to  the  Arabian 
in  all  points  of  external  conformation.  The  barb  blood 
brought  into  Spain  during  the  Moorish  wars  so  improved  the 
Spanish  horses  that  for  several  centuries  they  were  considered 
the  best  riding  horses  of  Europe. 

Barrel.  The  body  of  the  horse ;  the  space  between  the 
back  and  the  stomach.  A  large,  barrel-shaped  body  is  evi- 
dence of  a  horse's  possession  of  good  health  and  high  powers 
of  endurance ;  it  is,  therefore,  a  sign  that  he  is  sound. 

I  would  regard  roundness  of  barrel  behind  the  girths ;  deptli  of  body, 
(as  compared  to  length  of  body),  in  the  center  of  tlie  back,  and 
being  well  ribbed  up,  as  the  great  signs,  in  conformation,  of  a 
horse  hav^ing  good  breatliing  power.— The  Points  of  the  Horse, 
M.  Horace  Hayes,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S. 

Bay.  The  best,  most  desirable  and  most  fashionable 
color  of  the  horse.  Such  a  color  indicates  the  best  blood,  the 
highest  breeding.  Bay,  black  from  the  knees  and  hocks  to 
the  feet,  no  white  markings,  is  almost  invariably  the  first 
choice  of  the  purchaser.  The  color  is  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  that  of  dried  bay  leaves. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  29 

Bearing?  Rein.  The  check-rein  ;  the  rein  by  which  tlie 
head  of  the  horse  is  held  in  place,  and  by  which  it  is  partially 
controlled. 

Beaten.     To  lose  in  a  race.     "  When  you  are  beaten,  stop 

riding,"  says  Sidney  in  the  Book  of  the  Horse;  "don't  punish 

your  horse  to  win  second  or  third  jilace." 

One  of  John  Turner's  strong  points  is  that  when  he  is  beaten  and  he 
knows  it,  he  stops  punislung  liis  horse  right  there,  and  instead  of 
wearing  hini  out  trying  to  do  something  impossible,  saves  liim  for 
another  day.— Life  "with  tlie  Trotters,  Jolin  Sphin. 

Beauty.     Gracefulness,  pleasing  proportions  ;  an  outline 

which  delights  the  eye. 

Beauty  of  form  is  never  lost  sight  of  in  the  constrnetion  of  the  horse; 
and  even  great  sacrifices  of  mechanical  power  are  made  to  maintain 
graceful  lines,  and  that  general  contour  of  form  that  gave  to  him 
his  matchless  beauty —  beauty  so  great  that  to  the  eye  of  a  super- 
ficial observer  it  is  difflc\dt  to  decide  whetlier  it  is  subordinate  to 
strength  or  conversely.  Both  are  developed  in  a  perfect  horse  to 
such  a  degree  that  he  has  been  a  favorite  theme  of  poets  and  paint- 
ers since  aesthetic  culture  has  had  a  place  in  the  history  of  our  race. 
—The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  I).  B.  Stillnian. 

Bedding".  Litter :  the  material  of  which  a  bed  is  made 
for  a  horse,  in  his  stall  or  box.  Wheat  and  rye  straw  are  the 
best  materials  for  bedding.  They  are  better  than  oat  straw, 
because  stronger,  tougher,  and  more  easily  spread.  '  From  eight 
to  ten  potinds  of  straw  per  day  furnishes  a  good  bed.  Sawdust 
answers  very  well  for  a  bedding  in  summer,  but  in  winter 
should  only  be  used  when  covered  on  top  with  a  layer  of  straw. 
Sawdust  is  also  used  in  cases  where  horses  have  the  bad  habit 
of  eating  the  straw  used  as  bedding.  In  town  stables  peat- 
moss, or  moss-litter  is  largely  used.  It  is  a  powerful  deodorizer 
and  absorbent,  makes  a  soft,  elastic  bed,  and  is  not  eaten,  as  a 
rule,  even  by  the  most  inveterate  bedding-eating  horse.  Its  use 
keeps  the  feet  soft,  and  it  is  said  that  horses  bedded  with  it 
never  require  to  have  their  feet  "  stopped."  It  is  found  abund- 
antly in  countries  on  the  European  continent,  whence  it  is 
imported  to  England  and  this  country. 

Bell.  The  trotting  rules  require  that  the  bell  from  the 
judges'  stand  shall  be  rung  ten  minutes  previous  to  the  time 
announced  for  the  race  or  heat  to  take  place.  If  the  word  is 
not  given,  all  the  horses  in  a  heat  shall  immediately  turn  at 
the  tap  of  the  bell,  when  scoring,  and  jog  back  for  a  fresh  start. 

Bell.  In  the  time  of  James  I.,  of  England,  1603-1625, 
the  race  courses  were  called  bell  courses,  the  prize  being  a 
silver  bell.  The  winner  was  said  to  bear  or  carry  the  bell. 
The  first  bells  awarded  as  prizes  for  goodness  in  horses  in 
Britain  were  wooden,  trimmed  with  flowers,  and  were  given  to 
the  winners  in  the  train-scents,  so  called  from  the  body  of  some 
animal  which   had  previously  been  drawn   across  hedge   and 


30  HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF. 

ditch.  The  scent  being  certain  and  strong,  the  hounds  would 
run  upon  it  with  terrible  speed,  and  the  matched  horses  fol- 
lowed them.  These  wooden  bells  were  replaced  by  silver  ones, 
and  were  given  "  to  him  who  should  run  the  best  and  fleetest 
on  horseback  on  Shrove  Tuesday."  Hence  the  phrase  <'  bear- 
ing away  the  bell."  In  1607  this  silver  bell  was  replaced  by  a 
small,  golden  bell.  In  1-552  there  was  an  arrangement  for  an 
annual  horse  race  at  Haddington,  Scotland,  the  prize  being  a 
silver  bell.  These  silver  bells  were  subsequently  replaced  by 
plates,  called  king's  plates,  donated  by  the  king,  of  the  value  of 
one  hundred  guineas. 

Belly.  The  abdomen ;  the  large  cavity  which  contains 
the  stomach,  liver,  spleen,  intestines,  kidneys,  bladder,  etc.,  of 
the  horse  ;  the  underneath  portion  of  the  body  which  is  not 
covered  by  bone. 

Bellies  of  the  Tree.  The  broad  boards  of  the  saddle 
on  which  the  rider  sits. 

Bent  Before.  When  the  fore  legs  of  the  horse  are  bent 
forward  at  the  knee,  he  is  said  to  be  "  bent  before."  This  may 
proceed  from  overwork  or  from  pain  in  the  feet,  resulting  from 
contraction,  inflammation,  etc.,  but  it  more  frequently  proceeds 
from  flat  feet.  In  such  cases  the  animal  is  unsound.  When 
the  profile  of  the  fore  legs  has  a  deviation  of  anything  more 
than  the  very  slightest,  it  is  a  blemish. 

Bet.  To  pledge  as  a  forfeit  to  another  who  makes  a 
similar  pledge  in  return,  on  a  future  contingency ;  a  stake ; 
a  wager. 

Betting"  Round.  Laying  fairly  and  equally  against 
nearly  all  the  horses  in  a  race  so  that  no  great  risk  can  be 
taken. 

Bezoar  Stones.  Calculi  concretions ;  hair-balls.  For- 
eign bodies  or  substances  found  in  the  stomach  and  bowels  of 
the  horse  and  other  domestic  animals.  They  are  sometimes 
round,  solid  concretions,  the  size  of  a  turkey's  egg,  of  a  lime- 
stone nature,  composed  of  a  number  of  concentric  coats  or 
laminae,  each  adhering,  but,  when  broken,  peeling  off  in  distinct 
pieces.  Their  outsides  are  generally  jjolished  and  perfectly 
smooth.  They  originate  from  some  matter  taken  into  the 
stomach  which  the  animal  has  not  been  able  to  digest.  What 
are  known  as  triple  -  phosphate  calculi  are  very  common  in 
horses,  especially  if  they  are  fed  much  on  shorts.  Dr.  Noah 
Cressy  of  Connecticut  took  a  mixed  calculi  from  a  horse  in 
Vermont,  which  caused  its  death,  that  weighed  thirteen  ounces, 
measured  four  inches  in  diameter,  and  was  so  large  that  it 
could  not  pass  the  bowels. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUKF.  31 

B.  h.  These  letters,  in  a  summary  of  a  race,  following 
or  preceding  the  name  of   the    animal,  denote  "bay  horse." 

Big'-g'aitecl.  A  term  used  to  describe  a  long-striding 
horse,  one  which  has  a  sweeping  gait,  going  wide  apart  behind, 
and  moving  strong  but  easy  with  every  step. 

Bike.  Used,  for  short,  to  distinguish  the  pneumatic 
sulky  from  the  high  wheel  sulky ;  contraction  for  bicycle. 

Billets.  The  ends  of  the  reins  or  of  the  check-pieces  of 
the  bridle,  which  buckle  on  to  the  bit. 

Bishopiiig.  The  method  employed  by  gyps  and  unprin-' 
cipled  dealers  to  change  the  appearance  of  the  incisors  of  the 
lower  jaw,  to  make  the  horse  seem  younger  than  it  really  is — a 
method  which  can  only  deceive  buyers  who  are  ignorant  of  the 
horse's  mouth.  The  art  consists  in  giving  to  the  tables  or  sur- 
face of  the  teeth  an  artificial  cup  of  a  dark  color.  The  teeth 
are  first  filed  even,  and  a  new  cup  is  made  by  the  aid  of  a  grav- 
ing instrument,  which  is  blackened  by  the  point  of  a  white-hot 
iron  or  the  use  of  nitrate  of  silver.  The  trick  is  seldom 
effected  in  a  natural  manner,  for  the  mark  is  of  a  brownish  hue 
rather  than  black,  and,  moreover,  a  ring  toi  a  lighter  color 
encircles  it,  occasioned  by  the  heat  of  the  instrument  employed. 
The  tushes  are  generally  filed  down  to  point  them  and  make 
them  appear  fresh  and  small,  like  those  of  a  horse  five  years  of 
age,  as  this  is  the  age  "  bishopers  "  all  try  to  imitate  —  but  the 
work  may  be  detected  by  the  unnatural  shape  and  roughened 
surface. 

A  cant  term  made  use  of  by  farriers'  jockies,  by  which  they  mean  the 
unfair  practices  wliich  are  made  nse  of  to  conceal  the  age  of  an  old 
horse  or  the  ill  properties  of  a  bad  one. — A  Dictionary  of  Farriery, 
J.  Hunter,  London,  1796. 

This  name  is  derived  from  the  name  of  an  English  body-snatching  mis- 
creant. Bishop,  who  used  to  sell  the  teetli  of  his  murdered  or 
exhumed  corpses  to  dentists  for  the  refitting  ujo  old  mouths. — Tricks 
and  Traps  of  Horse  Dealers,  Henry  AVilliam  Herbert. 

Bit.  The  metal  part  of  a  bridle  which  is  inserted  in 
the  mouth  of  a  horse,  with  the  appendages,  rings,  side-pieces, 
etc.,  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened.  The  bit  rests  against  the 
bars  of  the  lower  jaw,  those  parts  of  the  jaw  where  there  are 
no  teeth — that  is,  between  the  corner  incisors  and  the  tusks. 
They  are  used  for  controlling  the  horse  according  to  his  own 
peculiar  disposition  and  the  service  required  of  him.  As  a 
general  rule,  horses  requiring  bits  of  extraordinary  severity  or 
power  are  either  naturally  vicious,  or  were  spoiled  when  being 
educated  to  the  bit.  Bits  may  be  described  under  two  classes : 
Standard,  or  those  for  general  use;  and  special,  or  those  for 
particular  horses  and  purposes.  The  former  embrace  those  for 
road,  driving,  coach  and  park  uses ;  and  the  latter  those  used 


32  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  . 

in  handling,  training  or  driving  trotting  and  racing  horses. 
The  first  class  is  much  the  smaller,  comprising  those  standard 
bits  which  have  been  used  unchanged  for  more  than  a  quarter 
of  a  century,  and  are  still  so  well  adapted  to  their  purposes  as 
to  be  incapable  of  improvement.  The  second  class  is  charac- 
terized by  great  variety.  As  has  been  said,  doubtless  with 
much  truth,  that  nearly  every  horse  on  the  course  or  turf 
requires  a  different  bit,  it  will  readily  be  seen  how  the  various 
forms  and  peculiarities  of  bit  now  in  use,  have  an  excuse  for 
their  being.  A  great  driver  uses  a  bit  of  some  novel  form  for 
a  great  horse,  and  it  at  once  becomes  adopted  by  other  drivers, 
and  upon  horses  of  supposed  similar  peculiarities  of  mouth  or 
disposition.  This  is  one  reason  for  the  increase  in  the  number 
of  bits  of  diverse  patterns.  Again,  different  bits  are  required 
for  hard  or  tender  mouths,  for  tongue  lollers,  for  side  pullers, 
for  horses  having  peculiar  dispositions  or  odd  ways  of  going- 
special  to  their  own  individuality,  and  this  calls  for  bits  of 
different  form  or  bearing,  designed  for  the  particular  service  the 
horse  is  performing.  Under  these  two  classes,  only  the  lead- 
ing bits,  those  best  known  and  most  popular  among  the  great 
trainers,  drivers  and  riders,  are  named,  with  a  brief  description 
of  their  characteristics.  I.  Bnr.  Straight  bar  with  guards ; 
Bridoon  or  Avatering,  a  plain  jointed  bar  with  small  side  rings ; 
Bridoon,  with  half  guards;  Bridoon,  with  double  joint  and 
half  guards;  Carriage,  with  bar  for  curb  and  bearing  rein; 
Carriage  bit  and  bridoon,  with  arched  bar  for  the  play  of  the 
tongue;  Cavalry  or  military,  a  powerful,  severe  bit,  has  an 
arched  bar  and  single  rein;  Cavalry  (U.  S.  Army)  bit  and 
bridoon,  has  two  bits,  a  curb,  two  reins;  Common  snaffle, 
straight  bar  and  single  jointed;  Double-jointed  snaffle  for 
hard  pullers;  Double-barred  snaffle,  similar  in  action  to  the 
double  pantogTaph ;  Expansion  snaffle,  opening  in  the  center  of 
the  bar;  Liverpool  with  straight  or  curved  bar  and  sliding 
attachment;  Mexican  ring,  a  severe,  cruel  bit,  the  ring  hard 
and  unyielding,  pressing  on  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  the  bar  hav- 
ing two  or  three  tags  similar  to  a  mouthing  bit ;  Mouthing,  a 
jointed  bar  having  three  tags,  and  also  a  straight  bar  with  from 
six  to  ten  pendants  or  tags ;  Plain  snaffle,  stiff  or  jointed  bar 
with  guards  or  half  guards;  Plain  jointed  snaffle,  with  crest 
strap;  Pelham,  a  plain  or  jointed  bar,  the  joint  more  of  a 
hinge  than  a  loop ;  Pantograph  snaffle,  a  double  barred  bit,  the 
joints  unequal,  making  a  double  converging  action ;  Shifting, 
the  bar  having  a  shifting  motion  across  the  mouth  from  side 
to  side,  as  one  or  the  other  rein  is  drawn,  and  acting  like  a 
gag ;  Wire  snaffle,  of  twisted  wire,  thin,  sharp  and  rough.     II. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TURF.  33 

1:  Driving — Allertoii,  a  steel  jointed  snaffle,  rubber  covered; 
Allie  Wilkes,  rawhide  covered  with  pork  rind,  for  a  tender 
mouth;  Adjustable  curb,  curb  overdraw;  Axtel,  rawhide, 
covered  with  leather ;  Baldwin,  a  straight  bar  with  half  guards 
for  pullers  and  side  pullers;  Britt,  bar  bit  for  pullers;  Case's 
easy  check,  with  chin  rest;  Cribbing  bit;  Cribbing  and  wind 
sucking,  for  preventing  wind  sucking  and  cribbing ;  Crit  Davis, 
overcheck,  with  loop  bar  to  prevent  lugging;  Colby,  leather, 
with  adjustable  nose  band;  Colt  mouthing;  Chain,  a  plain 
chain  mouth-bit  with  rings ;  Dexter,  jointed  bar,  or  stiff,  plain 
I'ing  W' ith  no  cheek-piece ;  Double-bar,  overcheck,  to  prevent  lug- 
ging; Dan  Mace  snaffle;  Ellis'  all-leather,  overcheck;  Fair- 
banks check,  leather  covered ;  Four-ring ;  Furlong,  for  pullers ; 
Flexible,  rubber  track,  a  wrought  chain,  rubber  covered; 
Golden,  plain  bar,  half  guards ;  Hanscom,  flexible  mouth-bit, 
leather  covered;  Henry  check,  plain  bar;  Hercules  rubber,  a 
double  jointed  snaffle,  rubber  covered,  with  half  guards; 
Imperial,  for  tongue  lolling;  J.  I.  C,  wath  double  bar,  half 
guards ;  Leather,  leather  covering  a  w^rought  chain ;  Lever  over- 
check,  to  prevent  pulling;  Lindsey  humane,  with  chain  rest 
and  overdraw  check  attachment ;  Magic  safety,  adjustable  bar 
with  rings ;  Miles'  sensible  controlling,  for  tongue  lollers ; 
Merriam's  pulley;  Ne  Plus  Ultra,  a  double  arched  bar; 
Nodine,  rubber  covered,  with  half  guards ;  Perfection,  jointed 
snaffle  and  double  bar,  for  pullers  and  tongue  lollers;  Plain 
overcheck,  plain  or  jointed,  with  rings;  Racine,  double  bar; 
Rockwell;  Rowley  Spring,  rubber  covered;  Prof.  Sanborn's 
controlling,  jointed  bar,  wdth  ball,  and  inside  rings  for  nose 
band ;  Squires'  Hercules,  a  double-jointed  snaffle ;  Springsteen, 
a  hinge-bar,  with  extra  rings  for  overcheck,  the  hinge  not 
allowing  the  check-pieces  to  come  close  together;  Sloat's 
automatic  curb;  Squires'  humane  driving;  Stalkers'  breaking; 
Tongue  lolling,  a  stiff  bar  with  center  pad,  rubber  covered; 
Victor,  jointed  snaffle  for  side  pullers ;  W.,  mouth  bit  for  pul- 
lers; Wilson,  four-ring,  with  plain  joint,  or  middle  joint; 
Woodmansee,  for  pullers.  2  :  Riding — Burgess'  combination, 
a  double  jointed  bit  with  half  guards ;  Dan  Mace,  hand  forged 
steel,  plain  bar;  Daniels'  English  steel  port;  English  riding 
bridoon ;  Frost's  rubber  covered ;  Kentucky  racking,  curved 
cheek;  Norton  bit;  Pelham,  jointed  bar;  Rockwell,  jointed 
snaffle;  WHiitman  riding;  Wilson,  single  or  double  joint, 
buckle  overchecks,  and  cheeks  with  small  rings.  3 :  Coach 
hits — Balloon  check,  sliding  mouth;  Buxton,  sliding  mouth, 
loose  cheek;  Duke's  bend;  Hanoverian,  both  stiff  and  loose 
check,  Avrought  bar,  two  loops ;  Liverpool,  sliding  mouth ;  Pul- 
3      ■ 


34  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUEF. 


ley  bridoon.  4 :  Gig  hit — Squirrel-tail  style,  stationary  cheek. 
5:  Miscellaneous — Burton's  drenching  bit  for  administering 
medicines ;  Green's  operating  bit,  having  an  adjustable  double- 
bar,  with  sliding  side-pieces  fastened  by  set-screws,  to  hold  the 
jaws  open  while  performing  operations. 

The  bit  has  a  wide  field  in  botli  its  general  use  and  in  its  individual 
operations,  wliich,  in  tlie  saddle  horse's  mouth,  is  or  should  be 
magical.  Every  horse  we  see  employed,  has  a  bit  in  his  mouth; 
every  race  is  lost  and  won  with  the  bit,  and  under  its  management 
millions  of  dollars  a  year  change  hands.  It  plays  its  part  in  all  the 
equine  feats,  interests  and  operations  in  every  land,  whether 
civilized  or  barbaric,  in  both  peace  and  war,  and  in  the  truck,  cart, 
car  and  agricultiiral  interests  it  plays  its  most  humble,  yet  impor- 
tant part.  While  in  war.  a  nation  might  as  well  lay  dow"^!)  its  arms 
as  to  relinquish  the  bit.— The  Bridle  Bits,  Col.  J.  C.  Battersby. 

Bit  and  Bridoon.  A  double  bridle.  The  bridle  has 
two  distinct  bits — the  curb  bit  and  the  bridoon  bit.  If  one  bit 
or  rein  should  break  there  is  one  of  each  left.  Each  bit  has  a 
separate  headstall,  and  to  each  bit  there  is  a  separate  rein.  A 
martingale  is  used  with  this  bridle,  and  so  looped  on  the  over- 
lapping girth  that  both  girths  shall  fit  tight  to  the  horse.  A 
perfect  bit  for  pleasure  riding.  The  bridoon  rein  on  which  the 
martingale  hangs  is  less  than  an  inch  wide,  but  its  strength 
corresponds  with  the  power  used  wdth  it  in  holding  the  horse 
up  while  riding  in  ordinary,  lifting  him  at  the  leap,  or  in  bear- 
ing the  strain  of  the  martingale  if  necessarily  short.  Col. 
Battersby  says  of  it  that  "  for  use  on  the  road  or  in  the  park,  it 
is  the  embodiment  of  perfection,  and  can  never  be  improved 
upon  or  surpassed." 

Bitting"  Rig".  The  bitting  rig  for  gentling  and  educat- 
ing young  colts  consists  of  bridle,  saddle  or  surcingle,  and 
crupper.  The  bit  should  be  the  plain,  jointed  snaifle,  and  the 
bridle  will  have  the  ordinary  side  check. 

Bitting,  Good.  The  characteristics  of  good  bitting  are 
lightness,  accuracy,  easy  motion  and  a  total  absence  of  stiff- 
ness, constraint  or  painful  action.  If  these  be  attained  as  the 
result  of  careful  handling  and  correct  education,  ready  obedi- 
ence to  the  rider's  hand  and  heel  will  be  the  result. 

Blanket.     See  Clothing. 

Blaze.  A  white  spot  on  the  face  of  a  horse  of  dark 
color. 

Blemish.  A  defect;  any  mark  or  imperfection  which 
impairs  beauty  or  diminishes  value.  Among  the  blemishes  in 
the  exterior  of  the  horse  are :  Enlargements  upon  the  limbs 
which  do  not  impede  the  horse  in  his  work,  like  curby  hocks ; 
roach  back;  scars  from  wounds  or  sores;  bald  places  on  the 
skin,  and  the  profile  of  the  fore  legs  when  they  have  a  devia- 
tion forward  of  anything  more  than  the  very  slightest. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUEF.  35 

Blind.  A  hood  so  constructed  that  it  will  cover  the  eyes 
of  a  horse  if  he  attempts  to  run ;  a  piece  of  horse  clothing. 

Blind  Bridle.  A  bridle  having  blinders  or  side-pieces 
to  protect  the  horse's  eyes. 

Blinkers.      Blinders,    blinds,    blinkers,    winl«3rs;     the 

leather  flaps  placed  at  the  sides  of  a  horse's  head,  and  attached 

to  the  bridle  or  headstall,  to  prevent  him  from  seeing  sidewise 

or  backward. 

For  the  bugsry,  cart,  ear,  stage,  wagon,  truck  and  general  business 
lioi'se  they  are  unnecessary.  In  tlie  (uiiriage  or  park  horse,  wanted 
for  shower  fashion,  tliey  may  be  used,  as  tliey  admit  of  crest  or 
ornament,  and  set  off  the  horse  and  liarness  in  fine  style. — The 
Bridle  Bits,  Col.  J.  C.  Battersby. 

Blindness  in  a  horse  constitutes  an  unsoundness. 

Bl'k.  c,  bl'k  h.,  or  bl'k  m.,  in  a  summary  of  a  race,  pre- 
ceding the  name  of  the  horse,  indicate  black  colt,  black  horse 
and  black  mare,  respectively. 

Blood.  The  use  of  this  word,  or  term,  signifies  more  or 
less  of  pure  descent  from  animals  of  the  English  stud-book,  or 
from  high-cast  Arabs,  or  the  great  sires  of  the  American  bred 
trotting  and  running  horse. 

Blood  and  Bog-  Spavins  usually  produce  lameness, 
and  both  constitute  unsoundness. 

Blood  Lines.     Explained  by  the  quotation  : 

The  brood  mares  at  tlie  Browne  farm  are  standard  under  the  highest 
rule  that  has  yet  been  formulated.  They  are  either  the  possessors 
of  records  of  2:30  or  better  tliemselves,  have  produced  a  2:30  trotter, 
or  are  out  of  mares  to  wliich  the  same  distinction  attaclies;  and 
when  it  is  said  that  every  one  of  them— 100  per  cent.— comes  under 
tills  head,  the  high  standard  of  the  form  in  regard  to  blood  lines  is 
seen.— Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Blow  ;  Blow  Ont.  Labored  breathing ;  to  let  a  horse 
get  his  wind  after  a  heat.  Occasionally  a  horse  will  do  it  in 
five  minutes,  they  are  good  ones ;  others  will  be  from  a  half 
to  three-quarters  of  an  hour.  Some  horses,  those  of  strong, 
perfect  wind,  show  no  labored  respiration  after  a  heat.  Charles 
Marvin  says  of  one  he  drove  :  "  She  cooled  out  to  please  me 
and  did  not  blow  in  the  least." 

Blue  Bull.  The  great  pacing  sire  of  trotters  ;  the  phe- 
nomenon of  trotting-horse  history.  He  was  bred  by  Elijah 
Stone,  Stone's  Crossing,  Johnson  County,  Indiana.  Foaled  in 
Switzerland  County,  Ind.,  in  1854.  By  Pruden's  Blue  Bull,  by 
Herring's  Blue  Bull;  dam  Queen,  by  Young  Selim,  second 
dam  unknown.  "A  plebeian  of  the  plebeians."  He  w^as  chest- 
nut in  color,  and  stood  a  trifle  over  15  hands  high.  He  died, 
the  property  of  James  Wilson,  Rushville,  Ind.,  eluly  11,  1880. 
He  was  wonderfully  fast  at  the   pacing  gait,  and  even  after 


36  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

having  been  crippled,  could  show  gi'eat  flights  of  speed — pac- 
ing quarters  in  oO  seconds.  He  stands  second  only  to  the 
greatest  of  trotting  sires,  although  it  is  not  known  that  he 
could  trot  a  step,  nor  that  he  inherited  a  drop  of  trotting 
blood.  For  many  years  he  figured  as  the  sire  of  more  trotters 
than  any  horse  that  ever  lived,  and  it  was  only  during  1887, 
three  years  before  his  death,  that  he  yielded  the  honor  to 
George  Wilkes. 

Blue  Grrass.  The  Poa  pratensis  of  botanists,  otherwise 
known  as  June  gi-ass,  green  meadow  grass,  common  spear 
grass,  smooth-stalked  meadow  grass.  It  accommodates  itself 
to  a  wide  range  of  climate,  soil  and  other  conditions,  and  is 
found  in  Great  Britain,  Asia  and  Australia.  Prof.  W.  J.  Beal, 
of  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  says,  in  his  "  Grasses  of 
North  America,"  that  "  frequent  experiments  and  careful  study 
by  botanists,  prove  that  the  Kentucky  blue  grass  and  June 
grass  of  the  Northern  States  are  identical — one  and  the  same. 
It  stands  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  cultivated  grasses,  and 
repeated  analyses  show  it  to  be  nearly  twice  as  nutritious, 
weight  for  weight,  as  timothy ;  but  it  attains  its  highest  lux- 
uriance and  perfection  as  a  pasture  grass.  It  requires  about 
three  years  to  become  well  established,  but  makes  a  firm  sod 
and  bears  close  and  heavy  grazing." 

Blue  Orass  Region ;  Blue  Grass  Trotters.  Ap- 
plied to  the  State  of  Kentucky,  and  to  Kentucky  horses. 

Blue  Ribbon  of  the  Turf .  The  English  Derby.  The 
highest  honor  within  the  bestowal  of  the  Crown  of  England 
is  the  Knighthood  of  the  Garter,  and  the  insignia  of  the  Gar- 
ter is  a  blue  ribbon.  Noblemen  and  wealthy  or  influential 
commoners  have  striven  their  utmost  to  obtain  this  crowning 
honor ;  but  none  of  them  have  used  more  energy,  skill  or  dar- 
ing than  has  been  applied  during  the  last  thirty  years  to  the 
winning  of  the  greatest  honors  of  the  turf.  Admiral  Rous, 
who  was  president  of  the  Jockey  Club  from  1848  to  1860,  is 
credited  with  applying  the  name  "  blue  ribbon  "  to  the  winner 
of  the  Derby,  and  the  name  was  accepted.  Mr.  Louis  Henry 
Curzon's  history  of  the  Derby,  published  in  London  in  1890, 
under  the  title,  "  The  Blue  Ribbon  of  the  Turf,"  was  printed 
with  blue  ink. 

ACter  the  Derby  Day,  in  1848,  Avhicli  was  Avon  by  Surplice,  formerly 
owned  by  L(")rd  Charles  Bentinck,  Lord  Beaconsfield— Mr.  Benjamin 
D'Israeli — made  celebrated  the  "superb  groan"  that  esciaped  ihe 
lips  of  Lord  Charles  on  hearing  of  the  victory  of  this  colt— whicii 
lie  had  formerly  owned  and  then  so  ruefully  regretted  having 
parted  with,  so  long  had  he  been  eager  to  win  the  Derby,  whicii 
honor  he  never  obtained.  Beaeonstield  was  endeavoring  to  sym- 
pathize with  Lord  Bentinck  on  his  sorrow,  in  the  library  of 'the 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUUF.  37 


House  of  Commons,  and  the  lattei*  moaned  out :  "  You  do  not  know 
what  the  Derby  is."  "Yes  1  do,"  iei)lied  Beaoonsliekl,  "  it  is  the 
blue  ribbon  of  the  turf."— Tlie  Blue  Ribbon  of  the  Turf,  Louis  Henry 
Curzon. 

Body-wash.  A  preparation  used  as  a  body-bath  for 
the  trotter  alter  he  has  been  given  work.  The  forniuhi  gen- 
erally used  is:  Compound  soap  liniment,  sixteen  ounces; 
liquid  ammonia,  two  ounces ;  tincture  cantharides,  tw^o  ounces ; 
tincture  opium,  two  ounces ;  mix  and  add  about  two  ounces  of 
this  preparation  to  one  pint  of  water  and  one  pint  of  Pond's 
Extract  of  Witch-hazel.  After  the  horse  has  come  in  from 
work,  scrape  quickly,  wash  as  above,  rub  the  loins  and  muscles 
of  the  shoulders,  and  put  on  his  clothing  according  to  the 
weather. 

Bolt.  To  swallow  hurriedly  without  chewing.  AVhere 
horses  are  addicted  to  this  habit,  Dr.  James  Law  recommends 
that  they  be  given  a  little  hay,  to  appease  hunger,  before  being 
fed  grain. 

Bolt.  To  spring  aside  or  away,  suddenly.  A  horse 
that  bores  to  one  side,  or  out  of  the  line  the  rider  wishes  to 
take,  is  called  a  bolter.  By  the  racing  rules,  if  a  horse  bolts 
or  leaves  the  course,  he  must  turn  back  and  run  the  course 
from  the  point  at  which  he  left  it.  When  bolting  results  from 
defective  vision,  or  a  rush  of  blood  to  the  head,  it  renders  the 
horse  unsound. 

Bones.  The  total  number  of  bones  entering  into  the 
skeleton  of  the  horse  is  189,  viz. :  In  the  vertebral  column, 
44 ;  head,  28  ;  thorax,  37.  In  the  following  parts  of  the  skel- 
eton, which  are  called  the  double  regions,  the  bones  are  the 
same  in  number  on  each  side,  and  in  the  enumeration  the 
total  number  is  given,  viz. :  Shoulder,  2  ;  arm,  2  ;  forearm,  4  ; 
fore  foot,  32  ;  pelvis,  2  ;  thigh,  2  ;  leg,  6. 

Bone  Spavin  in  the  hock  is  unsoundness,  and  a  breach 
of  warranty,  though  not  producing  lameness  at  the  time,  or 
even  for  years  after. 

Book-maker.  One  who  makes  a  book  on  a  race,  or 
other  contingent  event.  In  betting,  there  are  two  parties — 
one  called  "  layers,"  as  the  book-makers  are  termed,  and  the 
others  called  "bookers,"  or  "bookies,"  in  which  class  may  be 
included  owners  of  horses,  as  well  as  the  public.  The  backer 
takes  the  odds  which  the  book-maker  lays  against  a  horse,  the 
former  speculating  upon  the  success  of  the  animal,  the  latter 
upon  its  defeat.  Taking  the  case  of  Cremorne,  for  the  Derby 
of  1872,  just  before  the  race,  the  book-maker  would  have  laid 
three  to  one,  or,  perhaps,  $5,000  to  $1,500   against  him,  by 


38  HAN"DBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

which  transaction,  if  the  horse  won,  as  he  did,  the  backer 
would  win  -f 5,000  for  risking  $1,500,  and  the  book-maker  lose 
the  ^5,000  which  he  risked  to  win  the  smaller  sum. 

Past  Epsom's  spring,  again  we  try 

Our  luck  wiMi  bookies  and  witli  horses 

On  yet  another  field,  wliere  lie 
Tlie  mysteries  of  the  Guineas'  courses. 

— Bird  'o  Freedom. 

Boots.  Protective  coverings  for  the  hoof  and  leg  of  the 
horse,  designed  to  guard  them  against  injury  from  cutting, 
overreaching,  or  interfering  when  in  motion.  From  the  plain, 
simple  quarter  boot  or  scalper  of  1870,  to  the  more  than  two 
hundred  patterns  of  artistically  made  and  ingeniously  contrived 
combination  boots  of  the  present  day,  the  evolution  has  been 
rapid,  varied,  and  remarkable ;  and  the  universality  of  their 
use  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  one  single  house  in 
Boston  alone,  sells  more  than  $10,000  worth  annually  of  the 
various  patterns.  Boots  are  used  on  both  the  racing  and  trot- 
ting ttirf,  and  no  stable  is  complete  without  an  outfit  sufficient 
for  every  horse  and  for  all  emergencies.  Among  the  leading 
types  are  :  Ankle  ;  ankle  and  shin ;  ankle  and  speedy  cut ;  ankle 
with  heel  extension ;  arm ;  arm  and  knee  ;  calking ;  coronet ; 
double  shin  ;  double  shin  and  ankle  ;  elbow  ;  elastic  compress  ; 
elastic  kn tickler ;  heel ;  hinged  knee,  shin,  and  ankle  ;  hock ; 
hoof  and  speedy  cut ;  knee  ;  knee,  shin,  and  ankle  ;  knee  and 
arm;  loaded,  or  weighted;  passing;  pastern;  quarter;  ring; 
running ;  scalping ;  shin  ;  shin,  ankle,  and  speedy  cut ;  soaking ; 
swivel ;  toe  ;  toe  and  speedy  cut.  Under  each  of  these  leading 
forms  are  numerous  ingenious  combinations  adapted  for 
horses  of  peculiar  conformation  or  erratic  gait  which  cannot  be 
well  described.  They  are  made  of  French  calfskin,  felt.  Ker- 
sey, cording,  elastic  shirring,  and  buckskin,  according  to  the 
ditt'erent  purposes  for  which  they  are  used.  Boots  are  very 
necessary  for  colts  when  thej^  are  being  gaited,  and  when  the 
gait  is  established  they  may  for  a  time  be  left  off  with  safety ; 
although  very  few  trotters  are  able  to  dispense  with  them 
entirely,  while  many  of  them  could  not  be  used  on  the  turf  at 
all  except  for  these  appliances. 

No  liorse  or  colt  will  fall  to  liitching  and  hobbling  if  l)e  is  properly  pro- 
tected with  boots,  unless  he  is  sore  or  over-hurried.  Because 
we  boot  a  colt  is  no  reason  for  supposing  tliat  we  Iviiow  he  will 
strike  himself.  They  are  used  as  a  safeguard — as  a  precaution 
against  possible  accidents  and  injuries  that  may  come  to  the  tmest- 
gaited  and  most  honest  of  horses;  and  it  gives  the  horse  confidence 
to  strike  out  fearlessly.  No  judicious  or  experienced  trainer  will 
ever  attempt  to  work  "colts  witliout  first  iiroperly  booting  them. — 
Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

A  horse  may  go  for  a  njonlh  or  a  year  and  never  Idt  himself,  and  then 
some  day  he  may  step  in  a  hole  or  some  other  accident  befall  him, 
and  for  "the  want  of  a  boot  in  the  proper  place  ixiin  him  as  a  race 
horse.    No  horse  should  ever  he  driven  without  shin  boots  on  the 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  39 

hind  legs.  Very  few,  if  any,  horses  can  go  witliont  scalpers.  I 
think  it  absolutely  necessary  tliat  a  horse  should  have  quarter 
boots.  Some  horses  wear  knee  and  arm  boots,  a  few  wear  elbow 
boots,  and  still  others  have  to  wear  what  is  called  a  brisket  x^ad ; 
and  if  a  horse  shows  a  disposition  to  liit  himself  in  any  i)lace  the 
lirst  thinjr  1o  do  is  to  have  him  properly  booted.  After  ii  horse  has 
hurt  himself  a  few  times  he  ^ets  tinud  and  won't  try  to  extend  him- 
self.—Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 
Boots  are  absolutely  necessary  with  horses  that  habitually  interfere, 
and  with  colts  whose  peculiarities  in  this  respect  an?  unknown, 
and  with  all  horses  doing  strong  work.  They  should  l)e  worn  up  to 
the  time  they  start  for  a  race.  It  may  also  be  sometimes  necessary 
to  put  them  on  in  the  stable  in  case  of  horses  that  are  restive  when 
being  groonu'd,  ajit  to  throw  their  legs  about,  paw,  and  otherwise 
incur  tlie  risk  of  accident.  They  must  tit  the  leg,  and  the  buckles 
imist  not  be  drawn  too  tightly  so  as  to  impede  the  circulation  or 
fray  the  skin.  They  should  be"  always  kept  clean  and  dry.— How  to 
Train  the  Racehorse,  Col.  R.  ^yarbul•tou. 

Boring".  A  habit  with  some  horses  of  carrying  the  head 
too  low,  or  too  far  out  to  one  side,  at  the  same  time  boring  on 
the  bit  as  though  they  would  drive  the  fore  feet  into  the 
ground.  It  is  inveterate  with  some  horses.  To  overcome  the 
habit,  hold  both  curb-reins  and  the  left  snaffle-rein  in  the  left 
hand,  in  the  proper  position ;  then  with  the  right  snaffle-rein 
only  in  the  right  hand,  draw  it  upward  so  as  to  press  the  snaffle 
against  the  corner  of  the  mouth  on  one  side.  This  has  an 
eifect  that  an  upward  pressure  on  both  snaffle-reins  entirely 
fails  to  produce,  and  is  said  to  be  effectual  in  overcoming  this 
bad  habit ;  which  habit  occasionally  leads  to  the  disqualifica- 
tion of  a  horse  for  the  course. 

Boston.  A  famous  American  race  horse.  Bred  by  John 
Wickham  of  Richmond,  Va.  Foaled  in  Henrico  County,  Va., 
in  1833.  He  was  chestnut  in  color,  stood  15.2  hands  high; 
was  short-limbed,  with  a  flat  barrel,  his  neck  and  head  were 
unsightly,  and  his  hips  ragged.  By  Timoleon,  by  Sir  Archy, 
by  English  Diomed ;  dam  by  Florizel,  by  English  Diomed ; 
second  dam  by  imported  Alderman.  Between  1836  and  1841 
he  started  forty-five  times  ;  won  forty,  lost  five ;  total  winnings 
$51,200.  Defeated  by  the  chestnut  mare,  Fashion,  at  Union 
Course,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  May  10,  1842,  in  four-mile  heats 
for  $20,000  a  side  ;  time  7:321 ;   7:45. 

Botfly;  Gadfly.  (Gastrophilus  egui).  A  dipterous  insect. 
The  fly  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  shoulder,  base  of  the  neck  and 
inner  parts  of  the  fore  legs,  especially  about  the  knees,  as  in 
these  situations  the  horse  will  have  no  difficulty  in  reaching 
the  ova  with  its  tongue.  In  a  little  less  than  three  weeks  from 
the  time  of  the  deposition  of  the  eggs  the  larvse  have  made 
their  escape,  having  been  hatched  by  the  warmth  and  moisture 
of  the  tongue.  As  maggots  tliey  are  transferred  to  the  mouth 
and  ultimately  to  the  stomach  along  with  food  and  drink  where 


40  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

they  firmly  adhere  to  the  cuticular  portion  of  the  stomach  by 
means  of  two  large  cephalic  hooks.  After  the  bots  have 
attained  perfect  growth,  they  A^ohmtarily  yield  their  hold  and 
allow  themselves  to  be  carried  along  the  alimentary  canal  until 
they  escape  with  the  faeces.  They  sooner  or  later  fall  to  the 
ground  and  bury  themselves  under  the  surface  to  undergo  trans- 
formation into  the  pupa  state,  w^here,  after  a  pei-iod  of  six  or 
seven  weeks  they  emerge  from  their  pupal  cocoons  as  perfect 
insects.  Bots  usually  pass  about  eight  months  of  their  life- 
time in  the  digestive  organs  of  the  horse. 

JBottoiii.  Native  strength ;  stamina ;  courage  ;  powder  of 
endurance.  Of  a  horse  possessing  great  courage  and  staying 
quality,  it  is  said  that  he  has  "  great  bottom ;"  "  good  bottom." 

Bow  Leg'g'ed.  A  defective  conformation,  usually  notice- 
able in  the  hind  legs,  whereby  the  feet  are  so  shaped  that  the 
greater  strain  comes  upon  the  outside,  the  hocks  bowing 
outwardly. 

Box ;  Box-stall ;  Loose  Stall.  A  room  into  w  hich  a 
horse  is  turned  loose.  The  average  size  is  14  by  16  feet, 
although  14  by  18  is  preferred  by  some.  They  are  generally 
without  any  manger  or  feed  rack  for  the  hay,  wdth  an  iron  feed 
box  fastened  to  one  corner.  Many,  how^ever,  prefer  that  the 
feed  box  should  be  entirely  detached  from  the  stall,  and  be 
removed  as  soon  as  the  horse  is  done  eating.  The  hay  is  placed 
on  the  floor  in  one  corner  of  the  room,  and  thus  there  are  no 
projections,  boxes,  mangers,  racks,  or  sharp  angles  upon  which 
a  spirited  horse  may  injure  himself.  In  such  a  room  the  horse 
is  not  confined  by  halter,  has  perfect  liberty  of  movement,  and 
the  liability  of  injury  is  reduced  to  a  minimum. 

Boxes.  Metal  tubes  fitted  to  the  arms  of  the  axletree, 
fixed  firm  in  the  hub  or  nave  of  a  sulky  or  carriage  wheel  to 
contain  oil. 

Brace.  The  iron  part  supporting  and  connecting  the 
axle  of  a  bicycle  sulky  to  the  shaft  or  thill,  where  the  same 
has  been  changed  over  from  the  high  wheel  sulky. 

Bran  Masli.  Given  as  a  conditioner,  j)eriodically,  and 
according  to  the  best -judgment  of  the  trainer  regarding  the 
characteristics  of  his  horses,  bran  or  shorts,  made  in  mashes 
with  boiling  water  poured  upon  it  and  allow^ed  to  cool,  is  the 
best  laxative.  Thus  prepared,  it  is  not  wdthout  nutritive 
qualities.  By  the  action  of  the  boiling  water  a  mucilage  is 
formed  which  cannot  be  created  in  the  stomach  of  the  animal. 
Its  laxative  action  is  caused ,  by  the  mechanical  friction  of  the 
grains  on  the  mucous  membrane.     It  should  not  be  given  dry 


HAN^DBOOK   OF   THE   TTRF.  41 

or   mixed   with   oats,  or   moistened    with  cold   water.     It   is 
hardly  necessary  to  state  that  it  should  be  fresh  and  sweet. 

Break.  To  change  from  one  gait  to  another;  to  dis- 
unite the  diagonal  beats.  In  doing  tliis  the  horse  endeavors  to 
accelerate  his  speed  by  longer  strides  without  passing  into  the 
gallop,  which  he  would  do  if  not  held  back  or  if  the  urging  by 
whip  or  voice  were  continued.  Also,  a  common  but  wrong 
word  used  to  designate  the  early  training  or  education  of  the 
colt;  to  break  a  colt  is  to  accustom  it  to  the  harness  and 
vehicle ;  to  subdue,  to  train,  to  educate. 

Breaking".  The  act  of  changing  gaits  at  speed.  In 
breaking,  a  horse  usually  gives  some  sign  to  the  driver,  either 
by  a  wobble,  jerk  or  instantaneous  change,  that  he  is  to  break, 
and  by  understanding  this  peculiarity  of  the  horse,  the  driver 
can  generally  save  the  break,  provided  the  horse  is  under  good 
control.  In  the  early  days,  before  the  wholesome  discipline  of 
the  trotting  rules  came  into  force,  horses  were  taught  to  break 
in  order  to  gain,  but  now  such  a  manner  of  training  is  obsolete 
— it  is  the  square,  steady  trotter  that  wins  and  always  has  the 
protection  of  the  track  and  judges.  The  National  and  Ameri- 
can rules  provide  that  a  horse  in  breaking  must  be  immedi- 
ately pulled  to  his  gait,  and  if  this  is  not  done,  the  driver  is 
liable  to  lose  the  heat  even  though  he  come  out  ahead,  and  the 
next  best  horse  given  the  heat.  Repeated  breaks,  running  or 
going  in  a  mixed  gait,  while  another  horse  is  trotting,  is  liable 
to  result  in  punishment  to  such  horse.  A  horse  breaking  four 
times  in  one  heat  is  regarded  as  "repeatedly  breaking."  If  a 
driver,  iii  the  opinion  of  the  judges,  allows  his  horse  to  make 
repeated  breaks  for  the  purpose  of  fraudulently  losing  a  heat, 
he  is  liable  to  severe  penalty.  The  judges  must  call  out  by 
colors,  letters  or  numbers,  and  the  clerk  or  assistant  shall 
record  the  breaks  made  by  each  horse  in  each  heat. 

I  for  one  believe  that  the  time  will  come  when  no  horse  will  be  entitled 
to  a  heat  it  he  makes  a  break  in  it,  ami  I  would  vote  for  that  now. — 
Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Break-and-Catcli.  The  art  of  driving  in  a  way  to 
make  the  horse  catch  quickly  after  a  break,  is  one  of  supreme 
importance  to  the  driver.  The  methods,  however,  will  vary 
with  horses  of  different  dispositions,  and  the  driver  shoitld  find 
out  by  careful  study,  the  best  way  in  which  a  horse  can  be 
brought  to  his  gait.  In  whatever  manner  it  is  done,  after 
ascertaining  that  which  is  best,  do  it  exactly  the  same  every 
time,  using  the  same  rein,  the  same  pull  or  catch  of  bit,  and 
the  same  word.  There  are  many  good  reasons  why  the  horse 
should  be  taught  to  catch  on  the  inside  rein,  or  near  side. 


42  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Break  Away.  A  horse  that  gets  control  of  his  driver, 
and  jumps  and  runs  at  the  score  or  when  getting  the  word,  is 
said  to  "  break  aw^ay." 

Break  Down.  A  strain  of  the  suspensory  ligament; 
the  severest  form  of  injury  which  this  sinew  can  endure.  The 
structure  lies  betw^een  the  shank-bone  and  the  back  tendons 
and  extends  from  the  back  of  the  lower  part  of  the  knee  to  the 
sesamoids,  or  small  bones  which  form  the  pulley  foi-  the  tendons 
behind  the  fetlock.  The  seat  of  the  sprain  or  break  may  be 
at  any  part,  but  is  usually  in  the  lower  third  of  the  shank, 
where  it  divides  into  an  inner  and  an  outer  branch.  The 
sprain  may  cause  but  a  slight  swelling,  or  the  ligament  may  be 
completely  torn  across,  the  fetlock  descending  to  the  ground 
and  the  toe  turning  up.  In  the  case  of  severe  injuries  of  this 
nature  the  limb  is  spoiled  for  life,  and  no  art  can  ever  replace 
the  structures  which  have  been  disorganized. 

Breastplate.  The  wide  strap  of  the  harness  which 
goes  round  the  breast  of  the  horse,  to  which  the  tug  or  trace  is 
buckled,  and  by  which  the  sulky  or  carriage  is  drawn. 

Breeching'.  That  part  of  the  harness  which  goes  round 
the  hind  legs  or  breech,  from  one  side  to  the  other,  to  prevent 
the  carriage  or  sulky  from  pressing  against  the  horse,  and  to 
back  it  W'hen  required. 

Breeching  Straps.  Straps  attached  to  the  breeching 
at  that  point  on  each  side  where  the  hip  straps  are  connected 
wdth  it,  extending  to  the  hold-back  irons  of  the  shafts. 

Breed.  A  race  or  progeny  from  the  same  line  of 
ancestry  having  an  alliance  by  some  distinguishing  qualities 
in  common,  which  are  transmitted  by  heredity. 

Breeder.  According  to  turf  rulings  the  breeder  is  the 
man  who  owns  or  controls  the  mare  when  she  is  bred  to  the 
horse;  not  the  person  who  owns  the  dam  when  the  colt  is 
foaled. 

Breeders*  Certificate.  A  ^^Titing  given  by  a  breeder 
to  the  purchaser  of  a  horse,  containing  a  copy  of  his  pedigree 
as  given  in  the  stud  book  or  trotting  register,  certifying  that 
the  horse  is  the  one  described;  or  containing  a  pedigree  and 
certificate  that  such  horse  is  eligible  to  registry.' 

Breeders'  Record.  A  term  formerly  much  used  to 
describe  the  results  of  a  private  trial  of  speed.  It  has  no 
meaning,  or  significance,  or  value.  There  is  no  such  thing 
recognized  as  a  breeders'  record. 

Breeding".  The  rearing  of  live  stock  of  any  class,  partic- 
ularly by  combining  or  crossing  one  strain  of  a  species  or 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF.  43 

variety  with  another,  with  the  object  of  improving  the  breed. 
Scientific  breeding*  consists  in  throwing  the  strength  of  all  the 
inherited  tendencies  into  one  channel,  concentrating  all  the 
ruling  forces  on  one  objective  point,  and  thus  reaching  a 
certain  result.  In  breeding  for  the  turf,  we  should  couple  a 
sire  and  dam  of  trotting  inheritance  and  that  are  trotters  them- 
selves ;  or  those  combining  purity  of  blood  and  the  racing 
lineage,  with  the  true  conformation  for  speed.  These  are  the 
requisite  qualities,  and  we  should  be  able  to  judge  of  the  merits 
of  the  prospective  offspring,  according  to  the  trotting  or  racing 
merits  of  the  sire  and  dam,  the  grandsire  and  grandam,  and 
so  on  backward,  the  chances  of  success  being  in  proportion  to 
the  strength  and  unity  of  the  inheritance.  Offspring  from 
such  unions  will  be  colts  that  trot  naturally,  that  can  be 
developed  rapidly  with  little  help  from  artificial  aids ;  and  also 
those  that  make  the  highest  winners  on  the  racing  turf. 

Br.  g".  An  abbreviation  for  "  brown  gelding,"  when 
used  before  or  after  the  name  of  a  horse  in  a  list  of  entries  or 
in  the  summary  of  a  race.  Also  used  with  a  c,  m,  or  ^,  to 
denote  a  colt,  mare  or  horse  of  the  same  color. 

Bridle.  That  part  of  the  harness  which  is  fitted  to  the 
horse's  head,  and  by  which  it  is  controlled.  Its  pieces  are : 
Crownpiece,  which  passes  over  the  horse's  poll;  cheek-pieces, 
which  connect  the  crownpiece  with  the  bit;  throat-latch,  a 
part  of  the  crownpiece  which  serves  to  prevent  the  bridle  from 
slipping  over  the  horse's  head,  by  passing  under  the  throat; 
forehead  band,  browband  or  front,  which  goes  across  the 
horse's  forehead;  headstall,  the  name  given  to  the  foregoing 
leather  work,  when  in  a  collected  form,  and  to  which  is 
attached  the  snaffle,  the  bit  and  bridoon,  the  Chifney  bit,  (an 
English  bit  very  severe  in  its  action,)  or  the  Pelham ;  lipstrap, 
which  serves  to  keep  the  curbchain  in  its  place ;  reins,  con- 
nected to  the  rings  of  the  curb  or  snaffle ;  billets,  the  ends  of 
the  reins  or  of  the  cheek-pieces  of  the  bridle,  which  buckle  on 
the  bit ;  loops  or  keepers,  which  serve,  when  buckles  are  used, 
to  retain  the  ends  of  the  billets ;  stops,  used  with  reins  which 
have  buckles,  to  prevent  the  martingale  rings  catching  on  the 
buckles;  bridoon  head,  the  headstall  of  the  snaffle  or  double 
bridle — it  has  neither  throat  latch  nor  forehead  band. 

Bridle  Hand.  The  left  hand  is  called  the  bridle  hand 
in  contradistinction  to  the  right  hand,  which  is  termed  the 
whip  hand. 

Bridoon ;  Bradoon.  A  light  snaffle  or  bit  ox  a  bridle 
used  in  addition  to  the  principal  bit,  and  with  a  separate  rein. 


44  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Brings  Home.  Riders  and  drivers  carrying  weights 
during  a  heat  must  bring  home  with  them  the  weights  wliich 
have  been  approved  or  announced  correct. 

Brisket.     The  lower  part  of  the  horse's  chest. 

Broken-back.  Horses  that  are  broken-backed,  or 
"  chinked  in  the  chine,"  are  unsound. 

Broken  Wind.     Heaves.     An  unsoundness. 

Bronchitis.  Inflammation  of  the  large  air  tubes  within 
the  lungs.     An  unsoundness. 

Brusli.  A  fast  spurt  of  speed ;  a  fast  clip ;  an  effort  of 
extreme  movement ;  a  short  work — usually  half  a  mile  ;  to  go 
a  short  distance  at  a  high  rate  of  speed. 

It  is  not  well  to  biaisli  the  horse  always  over  the  same  ground,  for  he 
will  then  learn  to  stop  at  certain  places  on  the  track. — Training  the 
Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

At  the  end  of  every  mile  I  would  brush  him  a  hundred  yards  or  so,  as 
fast  as  he  could  go.— Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Brushy   Horse.     A  brushy  horse  is  one  capable  of  a 

high  rate  of  speed  for  a  short  distance  only ;  a  quarter  horse. 

Arab  and  J.  Q.  were  two  very  brushy  horses.— Life  with  the  Trotters, 
John  Splau. 

Buck  and  Fly.  [Eq.]  The  bucking  leap  is  similar  to 
that  of  a  deer,  and  obtaining  its  name  from  thence.  The  fore 
legs  and  hind  quarters  are  gathered  in  under  the  body,  and 
the  horse  springs  from  all  fotir  legs  at  the  same  moment.  The 
fore  legs  are  tucked  close  under  the  body,  w^hile  the  hind 
limbs  are  thrown  out  as  far  behind  as  possible.  In  the  flying 
leap  the  chief  object  of  the  rider  is  to  maintain  firm  hold  with 
his  legs  and  thighs,  and  to  lean  sufficiently  backward  the 
instant  the  spring  is  felt,  remaining  in  that  position  until  the 
horse  has  firmly  landed  with  his  hind  feet. 

Bucltin^;  Buck- jumping".  [Eq.]  A  bucking  horse, 
with  the  quickness  of  thought,  throws  his  head  down  between 
his  fore  legs,  arches  his  back  at  the  same  instant,  bounds  in 
the  air  with  all  four  feet  together,  either  forward,  to  one  side, 
or  even  backward,  till  he  dislodges  his  rider,  breaks  the  girths, 
gets  through  the  saddle,  or  tires  himself  out.  Buckers  are 
generally  quiet  to  mount,  but  the  moment  they  feel  the  weight 
of  the  rider  in  the  saddle  will  do  their  best  to  throw  him. 
The  instant  the  rider  feels  the  horse  arching  his  back,  prepar- 
atory to  bucking,  he  should  pull  him  quickly  round  to  one 
side  or  the  other ;  or  put  into  the  horse's  mouth,  in  addition 
to  the  riding  bit,  a  racing  snaffle,  having  a  strong  rein  knotted 
close  to  his  neck,  the  slack  end  to  be  held  in  hand.  This  wall 
not  annoy  the  horse  unless  he  tries  to  get  his  head  down, 
when  it  will  generally  be  effectual  in  stopping  it. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  45 

Buckle.  A  metallic  clasp,  with  one  or  more  movable 
tongues  within  the  clasp,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  together 
two  straps,  or  belts,  or  the  ends  of  the  same  piece  of  leather, 
upon  a  harness. 

Buck  Knees.     Knees  inclining  towards  each  other. 

Bug-g'y.  [Eng.]  A  light,  one-horse,  two-wheeled  vehicle, 
without  a  top  or  hood.  In  the  United  States  the  word  is  aj)- 
plied  to  a  light,  one-horse,  four-wheeled  carriage,  with  one 
seat,  and  either  witli  or  without  a  top. 

Buttock,  Point  of.  The  bony  prominence  M^hich  is 
the  rearmost  point  of  the  pelvis.  It  is  a  few  inches  below  the 
root  of  the  tail. 

Buttresses.  The  points  of  the  wall  of  the  hoof,  on 
each  side  near  the  heel,  where  it  suddenly  bends  inward  and 
forward. 


Cade.  To  bring  up,  or  nourish  by  hand,  or  ^^ith  tender- 
ness; domesticated.  The  name  of  a  great  stallion  by  the 
Godolphin  Arabian,  out  of  Roxana;  foaled  in  1734.  He  was 
so  called  from  the  fact  that  he  was  brought  up  on  cow's  milk, 
his  dam  dying  when  he  was  ten  days  old.  Roxana  was  by 
Devonshire  Childers,  owned  by  Lord  Godolphin. 

Cadence.  That  motion  of  the  gallop  in  which  the  fore 
feet  and  hind  feet  strike  the  ground  with  equal  force,  the 
neck  and  tail  being  perfectly  supple. 

Cadg'er.     A  knavish  horse-dealer. 

Calk ;  Calkin.     A  spur  projecting  downward  from  the 

horseshoe,  serving  to  prevent  slipping.     See  Shoeing. 

Calks  are  delrinieiital  niuler  any  eircuinstanoes,  and  slioiild  always  be 
avoided  if  possible.— Prof.  D.D.  Slade,  Harvard  University. 

Canipaig'ning.  Taking  horses  through  a  circuit,  or 
from  one  place  to  another,  and  entering  them  for  purses  at  the 
various  races. 

Canker.  A  stubborn  inflammation  of  the  frog,  by 
some  attributed  to  a  parasitic  fungus.     It  is  an  unsoundness. 

Canon  Bone.  One  of  the  complete  metacarpal,  or 
metatarsal  bones  in  the  legs  of  the  horse.  The  former,  in  the 
fore  leg,  extends  from  the  carpus,  or  so-called  knee,  to  the  fet- 
lock joint;  and  the  latter  in  the  hind  leg  from  the  tarsus,  or 
so-called  hock,  to  the  fetlock  joint.  A  line  dividing  the  canon 
from  the  fetlock  is  one  drawn  across  the  leg  immediately 
above  the  prominence  caused  by  the  fetlock  joint. 

Canter.  A  gait  of  transition  which  the  trotter  assumes 
temporarily,  and  in  which  he  gallops  on  one  of  his  legs,  fore 
or  hind,  while  he  continues  to  trot  on  the  others. 

Canterbury  Gallop.  The  hand-gallop  of  an  ambling 
horse,  commonly  called  a  canter.  Said  to  be  derived  from  the 
monks  riding  to  Canterbury  on  easy  ambling  horses. 

Cantle.     The  hind  part  of  the  saddle. 

Capped  Hock.  A  serious  distention  of  the  synovial 
cavities,  or  bursse,  which  are  placed  between  the  skin  and  the 
bone  of  the  hock,  to  aid  the  gliding  of  the  one  over  the  other ; 
the  sprain  of  the  tendon  on  the  point  of  the  hock.  Arising 
from  either  cause  it  is  an  unsoundness. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  47 

Car.  The  large  increase  in  the  business  of  campaigning 
during  the  past  ten  years,  at  once  created  a  great  demand  for 
suitable  cars  in  which  to  safely  and  comfortably  transport  val- 
uable horses  long  distances.  This  demand  raih-oad  companies 
were  unable  to  meet,  hence  several  private  corporations  began 
the  building  of  special  cars  for  campaigning  purposes,  the  first 
of  which  were  constructed  about  1883.  The  business  has  so 
increased  that  there  are  now  a  number  of  companies  buil  ling 
and  operating  palace  horse  cars,  independent  of  railroad  com- 
panies, which  are  equipped  for  service  in  either  freight  or  pas- 
senger trains,  and  are  handled  by  all  railroad  and  express  com- 
panies on  mileage  rates.  These  cars  are,  as  a  rule,  forty-four 
feet  long,  not  including  the  platforms.  While  they  differ 
somewhat  in  interior  arrangement,  it  may  be  said  that  they 
are  fitted  for  twelve,  sixteen  or  eighteen  horses.  In  some 
there  are  four  sections,  of  three  stalls  each ;  in  others  four  sec- 
tions, of  four  stalls  each — the  stalls  extending  lengthwise  or 
crosswise  of  the  car,  or  in  a  diagonal  crosswise  manner,  accord- 
ing to  the  different  pattern  of  car.  In  most  cars  the  stall  par- 
titions are  adjustable,  and  can  be  changed  to  accommodate 
large  or  smaller  horses — be  made  in  narrow  stalls  (twenty-six 
inches  wide),  or  a  room,  as  desired.  The  cars  are  well  lighted 
and  thoroughly  ventilated,  the  windows  being  fitted  with  out- 
side screens  and  inside  shutters.  They  are  provided  with 
water  tanks,  mangers,  provender  and  hay  compartments,  stor- 
age boxes  for  carrying  dunnage  of  all  kinds,  apartments  for 
attendants,  and  other  conveniences.  They  are  so  thoroughly 
built,  equipped  with  so  many  of  the  best  appliances  in  car 
construction,  and  ride  so  easily,  that  they  may  be  well  called 
palace  cars.  Most  companies  rent  these  cars  for  a  fixed  rate 
per  mile  on  runs  of  three  hundred  to  two  thousand  miles,  or 
lease  them  at  a  fixed  rate  per  month  for  a  shorter  or  longer 
time. 

Carpus.  The  so-called  knee  of  the  horse,  corresponding 
to  the  wrist  joint  in  man.  Below  the  carpal  and  tarsal  bones, 
(the  knee  and  hock),  the  fore  and  hind  limbs  of  the  horse  are 
almost  an  exact  duplicate  of  each  other. 

Carriag"e.  The  general  style,  action  and  bearing  of  a 
horse  when  in  motion ;  as  a  horse  of  fine  carriage ;  he  has  a 
proud  carriage ;  an  elegant  way  of  going ;  graceful  movement. 

Carriage  Bit-ancl-Bridoon.  A  double  bit  of  varying 
degrees  of  power  in  itself.  The  degree  of  severity  of  the  curb 
is  regulated  to  suit  the  particular  mouth,  by  buckling  the  reins 
to  the  upper  or  lower  slot  in  the  guards,  as  the  need  may  be. 


48  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 


When  the  bridoon  is  used  with  this  bit  the  check-rein  is  put  on  the 
bridoon,  and  thus  the  bit  is  relieved  of  contrary  action.  Tliis  bri- 
doon bit  is  used  on  the  carriage  liorse  witli  a  clieck-rein  only,  and 
is  not  nsed  in  any  way  in  guiding  the  liorse;  its  chief  use  being  to 
give  the  horse  a  stylish  carriage  and  handsome  appearance. — The 
Bridle  Bits,  Col.  J.  C.  Battersby. 

Cart;  Break-cart;  Track-cart.  A  vehicle  espe- 
cially adapted  for  educating  the  colt  to  the  use  of  the  shafts 
and  a  carriage.  Its  peculiar  features  are :  Wide  seat,  rear 
foot-platform,  shafts  of  extra  length,  (usually  three  feet  longer 
than  the  shafts  of  the  standard  sulky),  and  heavier  construc- 
tion— their  weight  being  usually  160  pounds.  They  vary 
somewhat  in  design  and  make  from  different  houses.  A  track 
cart  is  a  combined  speed  and  road  cart,  weighing  generally 
about  85  pounds. 

Cartilag"e.  A  non-vascular  animaC  tissue ;  gristle. 
When  these  tissues  become  ossified,  which  indicates  a  conver- 
sion into  a  hardened  structure  of  the  cartilages  naturally 
developed  upon  the  rings  of  the  coffinbone,  it  constitutes 
unsoundness. 

Catch.  To  catch  a  horse  after  a  break ;  to  bring  him  to 
his  gait.  Almost  every  driver  has  a  different  way  of  bringing 
a  horse  to  his  trot  after  a  break,  according  to  the  disposition  of 
the  horse  and  the  way  he  has  been  trained ;  but  all  agree  that 
a  dead  pull  on  both  reins  will  not  do  it.  Almost  invariably  the 
horse  will  jump  to  his  gait  when  a  twist  or  sudden  pull  is  made 
on  one  rein.  Sometimes  it  is  done  with  the  off  rein,  sometimes 
with  the  near  one.  A  particular  w^ord  or  sound  should  also  be 
used  when  this  pull  is  given  the  rein,  that  the  horse  may  know 
what  it  means. 

Always  try  to  teach  a  horse  to  catch  on  the  inside  rein,  for  if  you  are 
going  round  the  turn  in  the  lead  and  someone  trailing,  and  he 
should  break,  obliging  yon  to  pull  your  horse  on  the  outside  rein, 
your  opponent  might  slip  tiirongh  between  you  and  the  fence  and 
beat  you  the  heat,  where  he  would  not  be  able  to  go  round  you  and 
doit.  Then  loo,  if  you  are  head-and-head  with  a  man  he  might, 
when  your  horse  broke,  crowd  you  in  so  close  that  you  would  be 
Tuiable  to  pull  him  to  the  outside  without  running  into  him,  whereas, 
if  he  caught  on  the  left  rein  you  would  have  no  trouble. — Life  with 
the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 
Catcli  Driver.     A  driver  put  up  at  random,  when  from 

any  cause,  the  judges  take  out  a  driver,  and  put  another  in  his 

place. 

Catch  Weig'hts  is   where  the    driver   or   rider   is    not 

obliged  to  weigh  out  or  weigh  in.     Generally,  in  a  race  or  heat 

at  catch  weights  there  is  no  distance  except  for  foul  driving. 
Cauterizing'.     The  act  of  searing  or  burning  some  part 

of  the  horse's  body  by  the  application  of  the  firing  iron.     See 

Firing  Irox. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  49 


For  injured  tendons,  soft  liocks,  ring-bones,  sido-bones,  and  ailments 
tliut  strong  blisters  have  lailed  to  cure,  cauterization  should  be 
promptly  resorted  to;  and  fur  strain  or  injury  to  almost  any  ])artof 
the  legs' below  the  elbow  or  stille,  firing  sliould  be  done  before  a 
blister  is  applied.— The  Horseman. 

Cavalry  Bit.  Tlie  regulation  cavalry  bridle,  as  used  in 
the  United  States  army,  has  tM'o  bits,  a  curb,  two  reins,  and  one 
headstall.  Col.  Battersby,  in  his  work  on  the  Bridle  Bits,  says 
the  bridoon,  or  watering  bit,  has  no  gtiards,  and  is  used  with 
the  curb  bit  as  an  auxiliary  when  the  horse  is  mounted,  but  is 
used  alone  in  going  out  to  water.  The  bridoon  has  rings  and  a 
single  loop-joint  between  the  bars,  the  same  as  the  snaffle.  It 
has  four  distinct  uses :  1.  That  of  a  watering  bit.  2.  For 
easing  the  mouth  from  the  curb  bit.  3.  For  certain  uses  of 
weapons  in  action,  especially  the  sword.     4.  For  leaping. 

Cavasson ;  Cavezon.  A  noseband  of  iron,  wood,  or 
leather.  It  may  either  have  a  separate  headpiece,  similar  to 
the  bridoon  head  of  a  double  bridle,  or  have  cheek-pieces  which 
fasten  on  to  the  buckles  to  which  the  crown  j^iece  of  the  bridle 
is  attached.  It  can  be  raised  or  lowered  as  required,  and  may 
be  used  with  either  snaffle  or  curb.  A  noseband  or  cavasson 
should  not  be  attached  to  the  headstall  of  a  curb,  as  it  might 
then  interfere  with  the  action  of  that  bit. 

Caveat  Emptor.  A  legal  term  much  used  in  cases 
regarding  the  purchase,  sale,  and  warranty  of  horses.  It  means : 
Let  the  purchaser  beware. 

Cavort;  Curvet.  To  cavort  about.  Said  of  a  nervous, 
restless  horse  that  is  given  to  prancing  and  cantering  about, 
especially  when  he  is  being  led. 

Cement.  The  external  covering  or  tissue  of  the  teeth. 
It  is  placed  upon  the  enamel  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  tooth, 
and  fills  more  or  less  completely  the  cup  of  each.  It  is  gener- 
ally thicker  in  the  lower  than  in  the  upper  teeth,  and  in  very  old 
mouths  is  often  formed  in  excess,  furnishing  a  new  wearing  sur- 
face to  replace  the  teeth  which  have  been  destroyed  by  use; 
hence  it  has  great  importance  in  determining  the  age  of  the 
horse.  Its  structure  and  composition  is  almost  exactly  that  of 
ordinary  bone. 

Center  of  Motion.  The  center  of  motion  in  the  ante- 
rior extremity  of  the  horse,  is  in  the  scaj)ula  or  shoulder,  which 
is  as  high  a  bony  base  as  could  be  reached. 

"While  there  is  no  bony  connection  between  the  anterior  extremity  of 
the  horse  and  its  trunk,  therefore  no  fixed  point  of  resistance  and 
reaction,  as  in  the  posterior  extremities,  the  center  of  motion  is 
attained  equally  well,  and  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  how  it  could, 
serve  its  different  relations  to  the  trunk  any  better.    The  scapula, 


50  HANDBOOK   or   THE   TURF. 


if  not  anatomically  so,  is  mechanically  a,  joint,  and  corresponds  to 
the  hip  joint  of  the  jiosterior  extremity,  the  shoulder  to  the  stifle 
and  the  elbow  to  the  liock.  In  this  view  tliere  is  no  reversal  in  the 
joints  but  the  same  meelianieal  relation.  The  freedom  of  motion 
at  its  center  in  tlie  limb  is  less  than  in  the  corresponding  joint  in  tlie 
posterior  extremity,  but  there  is  all  that  is  required  ;  it  is  j^laced  con- 
siderably higher  tlian  in  the  latter,  in  order  that  more  motion  should 
not  be  required  ;  and  the  restriction  at  that  point  is  compensated  for 
by  the  superior  flexibility  of  the  lower  joints.  The  total  result  is 
that  the  stride  of  one  limb  is  just  equal  to  that  of  the  other. — The 
Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stiilman. 

Cli.  f.     In    a  summary    or  list  of  entries  indicating  a 

chestnut  filly. 

Clialleiig"e.     An  invitation  to  a  contest  of  speed. 

A  challenge  may  be  hedged  around  with  conditions,  so  that  its  non- 
acceptance  is  no  acknowledgment  of  the  superiority  of  the  chal- 
lenger.—John  H.  Wallace. 

Cliampion.  The  first  among  all  contestants ;  holding 
the  highest  rank  or  record;  that  which  is  unexcelled  or 
unbeaten.  Applied  to  the  greatest  performers  in  the  stallion, 
gelding,  filly,  and  other  classes  of  trotters  and  runners.  See 
Stallions,  Trotting,  and  Avorld's  record  under  different  time 
made,  as  Two-ten. 

Chang-e  a  Horse.  [Eq.]  To  change  hands ;  to  turn  or 
bear  the  horse's  head  from  one  hand  to  the  other,  from  the  left 
to  the  right,  or  from  the  right  to  the  left. 

Cliaiig"e  of  Color.  The  disguising  of  a  horse  in  any 
way,  or  painting  him  for  the  purpose  of  concealing  his  identity 
that  he  may  represent  another  or  different  horse  is  a  fraud 
subject  to  fine  and  expulsion  by  the  racing  and  trotting  rules. 
The  laws  of  many  States  have  also  made  it  a  misdemeanor, 
punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment.     See  Law. 

Cliang"e  of  Name.  After  starting  in  a  public  race  the 
name  of  a  horse  cannot  be  changed  without  obtaining  a  record 
thereof  from  the  secretary  of  the  American  Association,  and 
paying  a  fee  of  $50.  For  a  violation  of  this  rule  a  fine  of  $100 
may  be  imposed.  If  a  horse  has  ever  trotted  in  a  public  race, 
the  last  name  under  M'hich  it  trotted  shall  be  given  with  the 
new  entry ;  and  if  the  name  has  been  changed  within  one  year, 
each  former  name  must  be  given ;  and  if  any  horse  has  ever 
trotted  a  public  race  without  a  name,  such  fact  must  be  stated 
when  the  entry  is  made,  that  the  animal  may  be  fully  identified. 

Cliannels.  The  small,  shoal  grooves  made  in  the  surface 
of  a  track  by  a  dressing  harrow  or  float. 

Chant  a  Horse.  To  advertise  a  horse  by  qualities 
which  on  examination  or  trial  are  found  wanting. 

Cliarlier  Shoe  ;  Charlier  Tip.  An  extremely  narrow 
and  very  light  steel  quarter  shoe  or  tip,  invented  by  M.  Charlier, 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  51 

an  eminent  veterinary  surgeon  of  Paris,  France.  In  preparing 
the  foot  for  the  shoe  and  sole,  frog  and  bars  are  left  absolutely 
untouched,  and  a  groove  is  cut,  or  counter-sunk  into  the  wall, 
not  high  enough  to  reach  above  the  sole  level,  and  less  than  the 
thickness  of  the  wall  in  depth.  Into  this  narrow  groove  the 
shoe  or  tip  is  sunk  and  nailed  by  from  four  to  six  conical- 
headed  nails,  the  heads  of  which  are  counter-sunk  in  the  shoe. 
By  this  system  of  shoeing  the  frog,  bars,  and  a  jvn-tion  of  the 
sole  come  to  the  ground  the  same  as  if  the  foot  were  uiishod, 
and  all  participate  in  weight-bearing. 

Cliarmed  Circle.  The  2:30  class  of  trotters.  To  obtain 
this  record  is  said  to  get  "within  the  charmed  circle." 

Chaser.  [Eng.]  A  steeple-chase  runner.  He  must  be  a 
thoroughbred ;  sound  in  wind  and  limb ;  of  a  generous,  gamy 
disposition  ;  well  schooled,  and  well  trained.  He  should  possess 
good  sloping  shoulders ;  not  overloaded,  but  with  plenty  of 
liberty  when  he  moves.  A  horse  with  bad  shoulders  may  be 
able  to  gallop  up  hill,  but  he  cannot  gallop  down  hill  if  defec- 
tive in  this  respect.  His  propelling  power  behind  must  be 
great.  He  must  have  a  powerful  back  and  loins,  with  strong 
quarters ;  muscular,  sound  thighs,  plenty  of  length  from  the 
hip  to  the  hock ;  good  ribs ;  deep  through  the  heart,  compact, 
and  not  too  long  in  the  back. 

Check-rein;  Bearing-rein.  A  short  rein  fastened 
from  the  bit  of  a  headstall  or  bridle  to  the  saddle  of  the  har- 
ness to  keep  the  horse's  head  in  a  particular  line. 

Very  few  horses  require  to  be  checked  alike.— Horse  Portraiture,  Joseph 
Cairn  Simpson. 

Probably,  if  those  who  have  to  do  with  the  harnessing  of  horses  were 
better  acquainted  with  the  admirable  mechanical  apparatus  for 
liolding  up  tl\e  head  in  a  natural  and  unstrained  position,  they 
would  think  it  less  necessary  to  supplement  the  cervical  ligament 
by  an  external  contrivance  for  effecting  the  same  object;  which, 
however,  not  being  elastic,  never  allows  the  head,  even  momenta- 
rily, to  be  altered  in  position;  Avhicli  is  generally  fixed  so  tightly 
as  to  interfere  greatly  with  the  natural  graceful  curve  of  the  neck, 
one  of  the  horse's  chief  beauties  ;  and  which,  being  attached  at  one 
end  through  the  tender  corners  of  the  mouth,  must,  if  short  enough 
to  effect  the  ob.iect  for  which  it  is  used,  be  a  continual  source  of 
pain  or  irritation  to  the  animal.  — The  Horse,  William  Henry 
Flower,  C.  B. 

Cheekpieces.  Those  parts  of  the  bridle  which  connect 
the  crownpiece  with  the  bit. 

Chest.  The  cavity  which  occupies  nearly  the  third  part 
of  the  trunk,  in  which  the  lungs  and  heart  of  the  horse  are 
situated.     It  is  divided  from  the  abdomen  by  the  diaphragm. 

Chestnuts;  Castors;  Kerhs.  Horny  growths  above 
and  on  the  inside  of  the  knees  in  the  front  legs,  and  on  the 
level  of  the  hock  in  the  hind  legs.     M.  Chauveau  says  they  are 


52  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF. 

composed  of  a  mass  of  epithelial  cells  arranged  in  tubes  lilie 
the  horn  of  the  hoof.  Dr.  George  Fleming  says  :  "  In  fine  bred 
horses  this  horny  production  is  much  less  developed  than  in 
the  coarser  breeds,  and  is  always  smaller  in  the  hind  legs." 
Dr.  W.  H.  Flower  regards  them  of  the  nature  of  epidermal 
glands.  Some  other  authors  make  the  distinction  that  these 
growths  are  chestnuts  on  the  fore  legs  and  kerbs  on  the  hind 
legs,  the  latter  being  alwa5'S  smaller  than  the  former.  In 
grooming  the  outside  flakes  are  habitually  pulled  off  either  wdth 
the  comb  or  by  hand. 

Cliin-gTOOve.  The  smooth  and  rounded  under  part  of  the 
lower  jaw,  in  which  the  curb  chain  should  lie  naturally,  without 
pinching,  when  the  rein  is  held  lightly.  The  headstall  should, 
in  all  cases,  be  of  just  sufficient  length  to  allow  the  bit  to  lie 
exactly  opposite  the  chin-groove. 

Chinked  in  the  Chine.  A  term  used  to  describe  what 
is  called  a  ''  broken  backed  "  horse.     It  is  legal  unsoundness. 

Chromos.     Pool  tickets. 

Chronograph.  A  split-second  watch  ;  a  timer  for  track 
use  in  catching  the  time  made  by  a  horse  in  a  heat  or  race ;  an 
instrument  for  measuring  or  recording  the  exact  instant  in 
which  an  event  takes  place.  Applied  to  various  kinds  of 
w^atches  so  contrived  that  when  a  button  is  pressed  the  second 
hand  stops,  or  one  of  the  two  second  hands  stops,  or  the  second 
hand  leaves  a  dot  of  ink  upon  the  dial. 

Chute.  A  straight,  or  nearly  straight,  extension  of  the 
home  stretch  of  a  running  course ;  the  track  beyond  the  finish. 

Cinch.  [Local:  Western  United  States.]  A  saddle 
girth  made  of  leather,  canvas,  or  woven  horsehair.  The  ends 
of  this  tough  cordage  terminate  in  long,  narrow  strips  of  leather, 
called  in  Spanish,  latigos — thongs  —  which  connect  the  cinches 
with  the  saddle,  and  are  run  through  an  iron  ring  and  then  tied 
by  a  series  of  complicated  turns  and  knots. 

Cipher  ;  [O].  In  Chester's  Trotting  and  Pacing  Record, 
and  in  the  summary  of  a  race,  a  sign  that  the  horse  whose 
name  it  follows  made  a  dead  heat;  as,  for  example,  (3.0),  sig- 
nifies third  heat  dead. 

Circuit.  A  tour ;  a  journey  from  place  to  place  for  the 
purpose  of  attending  race  meetings.  A  union  of  two  or  more 
associations  for  the  purpose  of  holding  race  or  trotting  meetings 
at  different  places  and  on  different  dates. 

Circumduct.  To  move  a  limb  around  an  imaginary 
axis  in  such  manner  that  it  describes  a  conical  figure ;  the 
motion  given  to  the  fore  foot  and  leg  of  a  liorse  that  paddles. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  53 

Class.  The  ranking  together;  a  determination  of  the 
particiihxr  purse  in  which  a  horse  may  be  entered,  according  to 
the  record  he  has  made ;  in  racing,  class  is  determined  by  the 
ability  of  the  horse  to  go  fast  for  a  distance  and  carry  weight. 
In  some  States  the  definition  of  class  has  been  established 
by  legisl-ative  enactment,  as  in  Ohio,  where  the  law  says : 
"  Class  is  deterndned  by  the  public  performance  of  a  horse  in 
any  former  contest  or  trial  of  speed,  as  proved  by  the  printed 
rules  of  any  society  or  association  under  which  the  proposed 
contest  is  advertised  to  be  conducted."  Other  States  have  laws 
exactly  similar  to  this.     See  Law. 

Classic  Races.  A  term  applied  by  universal  consent 
throughout  the  turf  world,  to  the  five  great  races  of  the  Eng- 
lish turf,  viz.:  The  Derby,  founded  in  1780 ;  the  Oaks,  origi- 
nated in  1779,  for  fillys  only;  the  St.  Leger,  founded  in  1776, 
in  compliment  to  Lieut.-Gen.  Anthony  St.  Leger  of  Park  Hill, 
England;  the  One  Thousand,  and  the  Two  Thousand  Guineas, 
established  in  1809. 

Clay.  One  of  the  great  American  trotting  families, 
founded  by  Andrew  Jackson,  4,  by  Young  Bashaw,  a  Barb, 
imported  from  Tripoli,  in  1820  ;  dam  unknown.  He  was  foaled 
at  Salem,  N.  Y.,  in  1827,  and  died  at  Knightstown,  Penn.,  in 
1843.  Among  his  most  noted  sons  as  trotting  sires,  were 
Henry  Clay,  8,  foaled  in  1837;  dam  Lady  Surrey,  a  pacing 
mare  of  unknown  pedigree;  and  Long  Island  Black  Hawk,  a 
trotter  and  sire  of  high  quality.  After  passing  through  many 
hands,  Henry  Clay  went  blind,  and  died  in  April,  1876.  From 
him  comes  the  line  of  sires  known  for  a  number  of  generations 
by  the  name  of  Cassius  M.  Clay.  The  Patchen  branch  of  the 
Clays  originated  wdth  George  M.  Patchen,  30,  by  C.  M.  Clay, 
dam  by  a  son  of  imported  Trustee.  Other  founders  of  cele- 
brated branches  of  the  Clays  are  American  Clay,  34 ;  Harry 
Clay,  45,  and  The  Moor,  870. 

Cleft  of  the  Frog-.  The  division  in  the  middle  line 
of  the  frog  of  the  foot.  In  healthy  feet  it  consists  of  only  a 
single  depression. 

Clerk  of  the  Course.  The  person  who  acts  as  Secre- 
tary to  the  board  of  judges  during  a  race. 

Clerk  of  the  Scales.    [Eng.]     The  weigher  at  a  race. 

Clicking;  Forging;  Over-reaching.  The  act  of 
striking  the  toes  of  the  hind  foot  or  shoe,  against  the  heel  of 
the  corresponding  fore  foot  or  shoe,  when  the  horse  is  in 
motion.  It  is  due  to  the  imperfect  conformation  of  the  horse, 
or  to  improper  dressing  of  the  feet,  and  cannot  be  classed  as  a 
vice  or  an  unsoundness. 


54  HAITDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Clip.  A  speedy  gait;  a  spurt  of  speed  for  a  short  dis- 
tance; as  a  2:35  clip. 

Clip.  A  projecting  flange  or  claw  on  the  upper  edge  or 
surface  of  a  horseshoe  which  partially  embraces  the  wall  of  the 
hoof,  for  its  protection,  and  to  assist  in  keeping  the  shoe  in 
place. 

Clip.  A  metal  clasp  or  confining  piece  used  to  connect 
the  parts  of  a  carriage-gear,  or  to  hold  the  hook  of  a  whippletree. 

Clipping" ;  Clippers ;  Clipping^-shears.  The  removal 
of  the  coat  or  hairy  covering  of  a  horse ;  clipping  machines ; 
shears  for  clipping  horses.  It  is  said  that  the  practice  of  clip- 
ping horses  was  introduced  into  England  in  1825  by  the  army 
officers  who  became  acquainted  with  the  art  during  the  Penin- 
sular war.  In  a  most  interesting  work,  published  anonymously 
in  London  in  1831,  it  is  said:  "In  regard  to  the  newly  discov- 
ered or  invented  practice  of  clipping  and  its  supposed  improve- 
ments *  *  *  such  deviations  from  nature  rarely  do  any 
good."  In  former  times  clipping  was  done  by  ordinary  hand 
shears,  and  two  or  three  days  was  required  to  clip  a  horse. 
The  new  serrated  clipping  shears  of  the  Newmarket,  Brown, 
and  Clark  patterns,  were  invented  in  1875,  and  began  to  be 
generally  used  in  1877.  These  clippers,  or  serrated  knives  or 
shears,  consist  of  a  plate  upon  which  are  highly  tempered  ser- 
rated teeth  or  fingers ;  to  the  flat  surface  of  which  is  attached  a 
duplicate  movable  plate  having  correspondingly  fragile,  comb- 
like teeth,  this  movable  half  being  operated  or  moved  by  the 
hand,  forming  the  upper  arm  of  the  shears,  the  stationary 
plate  resting  u]3on  the  skin  of  the  horse  while  they  are  in  use. 
These  shears  are  now  operated  by  hand,  electric,  and  other 
motors  —  by  hand,  being  understood  as  meaning  crank  and 
wheel  power.  The  attachment  of  power  to  the  shears  is  made 
by  means  of  a  series  of  small  cogs  and  eccentric  joints  connected 
with  a  chain  which  plays  through  a  rubber  tube  of  indefinite 
length,  running  over  pulleys,  and  attached  to  the  movable  arm 
or  knife-plate  of  the  shears,  which  are  easily  guided  by  the 
operator,  who  clasps  only  the  arm  of  the  under  or  immovable 
plate.  By  means  of  these  power  shears  a  horse  can  be  clipped 
in  two  and  a  half  hours. 

The  horse's  coat  should  never  be  clipped  until  it  is  properly  set.  This  is 
known  by  tlie  appearance  of  long  hairs  known  as  "cat  hairs." 
When  they  show  these  the  coat  may  fairly  be  assumed  to  be  ready 
for  clipping;  and  if  carefully  done,  and  great  care  is  exercised,  the 
horse  kept  in  a  warm  stable,  etc.,  it  is  regarded  as  humane. — 
Through  the  Stable  and  Saddle  Room,  Arthur  T.  Fisher. 

When  you  take  a  horse  up  out  of  his  Avinter  quarters,  he  will  naturally 
have  an  excessive  coat  of  hair,  his  flesh  will  be  soft,  and  with  A-ery 
moderate  exercise  he  will  sweat  more  or  less.  If  the  weather  is 
cold  it  is  impossible  to  rub  him  dry,  and  he  may  sweat  off  the  flesh 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  55 

a  good  deal  faster  than  yon  may  want  him  to.  XJiider  those  condi- 
tions I  invariably  clip  a  horse,  and  tlie  result,  has  always  been  per- 
fectly satisfactory  to  n>e.— Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Spian. 

Will  clii)ping  liave  a  permanent  effect  upon  tlie  horse's  coat,  making  it 
come  out  earlier,  or  lieavier,  or  coarser,  tlie  next  autumn?  Skilled 
opinions  differ  on  tliis  point,  but,  as  a  general  principle,  the  cutting 
of  hair  certainly  tends  to  affect  its  fntiire  growtli.  Still,  <'lipi)ing  Tlie 
coat  once  a  year,  probably  has  only  a  slight  elfe'.'t— at  least,  until  it 
has  been  repeated  for  some  years.— Koad,  Track,  and  Stable,  H.  C. 
Merwin. 

Another  reason  which  grooms  advance  for  clipping  is,  that  the  horse 
moves  much  more  freely  after  than  before  the  oi)erati()n,  because  it 
is  relieved  of  the  weight  of  superfluous  hair.  Mayhew,  with  all  the 
caution  of  a  man  of  science,  does  not  actually  deny  that  such  an 
effect  may  be  produced  by  clipping,  but  he  very  emphatically  says 
that  he  never  saw  it.— Horse  and  Man,  Rev.  J.  ii.  Wood. 

Close  on  Him.  When  a  driver  or  rider  who  has  been 
trailing  or  following  the  running  for  half  the  distance,  begins 
to  approach,  or  comes  up  even  with  a  contending  horse  in  a 
heat  or  race,  he  is  said  to  "  close  on  him."  Thus  Mr.  Splan,  in 
describing  one  of  his  races  with  Rarus  against  Great  Eastern, 
says :  "As  we  rounded  into  the  stretch  Rams  began  to  close 
on  him,  and  had  got  to  his  saddle  skirts  at  the  distance  stand." 

Clothing",  Garments ;  covering ;  furnishings  for  the  care 
of  a  horse.  Horse  clothing  embraces :  Sw^eat,  cooling,  stable 
and  street  blankets;  hoods;  working  and  walking  suits,  and 
waterproof  covers  —  the  materials  being  woolen,  cotton-flannel 
and  linen.  A  suit  embraces  the  following  pieces,  viz :  One 
kersey  stable  blanket ;  one  sheet,  (for  summer)  ;  one  cooler,  (a 
light,  square  woolen  blanket) ;  one  heavy  square  blanket, 
woolen ;  one  light  woolen  hood  for  cooling  out ;  one  fancy  suit 
for  exhibition  purposes,  consisting  of  a  nice  blanket  and  hood 
to  match,  finely  made  and  lettered  with  the  name  of  the  horse 
to  which  it  belongs.  In  general  there  should  be  three  suits  for 
each  horse — one  of  heavy,  one  of  medium  and  one  of  light 
weight.  Summer  clothing  should  be  of  the  same  shape  as 
winter  clothing,  but  larger  and  wider  on  the  quarter  piece  to 
give  more  protection  from  flies.  The  body  cloth  should  come 
well  over  the  withers,  buckling  in  front  of  the  chest,  and 
extending  back  to  the  root  of  the  tail  or  beyond.  When  a 
horse  needs  to  be  sweat  out,  use  a  heavy  neck  piece,  crest  or 
jowl  hood,  or  a  small  blanket  may  be  wrapped  around  the 
neck  in  its  place.  The  uses  of  clothing  are  to  keep  the  horse 
warm,  to  protect  him  from  flies  in  hot  weather,  and  against 
injury,  and  to  reduce  fat — especially  on  those  horses  where 
otherwise  it  could  not  be  got  rid  of  without  so  much  work  as 
would  be  injurious  to  their  limbs. 

Coarseness.  An  evidence  of  underbreeding  w^ith 
strength  but  without  any  redeeming  features  on  the  side 
of   refinement.     The    characteristics    are :     Carty    bone ;    soft 


56  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

muscles;  want  of  symmetry  and  commanding  presence;  an 
miintelligent  head ;  low  and  coarse  withers ;  bull  neck ;  a 
short  top  to  the  hind  quarters  coupled  with  droop,  not  to  be 
compared  to  gentle  obliquity  which  gives  the  muscular  area 
and  power  in  trotting  and  racing. 

Coat.  The  external  natural  covering  of  hair  upon  the 
horse.  The  word  especially  refers  to  the  color.  To  the 
investigation  of  this  subject,  Goubaux  and  Barrier  of  Paris,  in 
their  great  work  on  the  Exterior  of  the  Horse,  have  given 
very  minute  studies,  as  a  result  of  which  they  formulated  a 
classification  which  has  mainly  been  adopted,  although  in  a 
modified  form,  in  the  presentation  here  given.  A  scientific 
description  of  the  coats  groups  them  in  three  classes,  viz:  1, 
Primitive,  or  those  already  formed  soon  after  the  colt  is  foaled ; 
2,  Derived,  or  those  which  appear  some  time  after  birth,  and 
are  due  to  the  introduction  of  white  into  a  primitive  coat ;  3, 
Conjugate,  or  those  characterized  by  the  presence  upon  the 
sams  animal  of  two  primitive  and  two  derived  coats.  I.  In 
the  first  class  there  are  three  divisions:  1,  simple  coats  as 
black,  sorrel;  2,  composite,  as  those  formed  of  hairs  of  two 
colors — one  black  for  mane,  tail  and  extremities;  others — • 
yellow,  red  or  gray  for  body,  as  Isabella,  bay,  mouse  cf )lor ;  3, 
mixed,  formed  by  dark  hairs  upon  each  of  which  are  found 
two  different  colors,  the  yellow  more  or  less  light  at  the  base, 
the  black  at  the  summit.  Of  the  blacks  there  is  the  true  or 
ordinary  black,  and  rusty  black.  The  former  is  dark,  uniform 
without  any  reflection ;  the  rusty  is  dull,  reddish  in  the  sun, 
washed,  hard  to  distinguish  from  brown.  Sorrel  or  chestnut, 
which  consists  of  golden,  fawn,  and  reddish-brown  hairs,  (by 
some  it  is  called  coffee  and  milk  color),  fawn-sorrel;  washed 
sorrel ;  cherry  sorrel,  (reddish  tint) ;  chestnut-sorrel ;  maroon- 
sorrel;  burnt  sorrel,  or  color  of  roasted  coffee;  Isabella,  bay 
and  mouse  color.  The  Isabella  has  a  coat  of  two  distinct 
colors,  on  the  body  yellow  or  yellowish,  on  the  extremities — 
from  the  knee  and  hock  doMm — mane  and  tail,  black.  This 
color  is  also  called  dun.  Bay  differs  from  Isabella  because  the 
yellow  hairs  are  replaced  by  red  ones.  The  varieties  are  light 
bay ;  ordinary  bay,  (of  a  distinctly  red  color) ;  cherry,  blood 
and  mahogany  bay,  darker  than  ordinary  bay,  and  all  essen- 
tially alike ;  chestnut  bay,  (the  color  of  a  ripened  chestnut) ; 
maroon  bay,  deeper  and  fresher  upon  the  upper  parts  of  the 
body;  dark  bay.  bordering  upon  browm;  brown  bay,  almost 
black.  Mouse  color  is  formed  by  two  colors,  the  body  ashy 
gray,  similar  to  the  colors  of  a  mouse,  legs  from  the  knee  and 
hock  down,  black,  as  in  the  bay.     XL  Derived  coats.     These 


HANDBOOK    OF   IHE   TUItF.  57 

are  four:  Gray,  white,  flea-bitten,  roan.  Gray  is  composed 
of  mixed  hairs  of  M'hite  and  those  of  a  darker  color,  varying 
from  the  black  to  the  brown.  Very  light  gray  resembles  white, 
and  shows  but  very  few  black  or  dark  hairs.  Light  gray,  with 
more  dark  in  very  light.  Ordinary  gray,  almost  equally  com- 
posed of  white  and  black  hairs.  Dark  gray,  with  a  prepon- 
derance of  dark  or  black  hairs.  Iron  gray,  which  has  a  bluish 
shade.  Slate  gray — a  shade  darker  than  iron  gray.  Clayey 
gray,  which  has  a  very  light  yellowish  tint.  Isabella  gray,  a 
mixture  of  white,  yellow  and  dark  hairs.  Roan  gray,  a  mix- 
ture of  white,  dark,  red  or  reddish  hairs,  the  latter  less 
abundant  than  the  former.  White  is  a  color  easily  recognized. 
It  is  a  dull  milk  or  pigeon  white  color,  opaque,  with  no  reflec- 
tion. Porcelain  white,  has  a  tint  of  porcelain  china.  Dirty 
white,  of  a  slightly  yellowish  tint.  Rosy  white,  a  color  due  to 
the  absence  of  the  cutaneous  pigment  and  to  the  thinness  of 
the  hairs,  leaving  the  discolored  parts  of  the  skin  visible. 
Roan  is  composed  of  three  kinds  of  hairs — red,  white  and 
black,  or  a  bay  modified  by  the  admixture,  more  or  less  distinct, 
of  white.  The  red  is  light,  ordinary  wine  red,  or  strawberry, 
and  the  dark  appears  according  to  the  predominance  of  the 
different  colors.  III.  In  the  third  class  there  are  found  two 
types  :  First,  the  Piebald  or  pied ;  second,  conjugate  gray  and 
Isabella.  The  former  is  a  union  rather  than  an  inter-mixture 
of  the  white  coat  with  one  or  another  of  the  above  described 
derived  coats.  The  animal  presents  a  singular  appearance, 
covered  with  large,  irregular  white  patches,  variously  situated 
upon  the  body,  but  the  colors  do  not  blend.  There  are  various 
examples  of  this  singular  combination,  as,  technically,  rusty 
black  pied ;  dark  fox-color  pied ;  flea-bitten  rosy  pied ;  burnt 
sorrel  porcelain  pied.  The  conjugate  gray  or  Isabella  is  an 
extremely  rare  coat,  which  is  termed  spotted  or  marbled. 

Cock  Horse.  A  horse  kept  in  the  betting  quotations 
to  deceive  public  backers,  though  known  to  the  private  layers 
against  him  that  he  has  no  chance  of  winning. 

Coffin-bone.  The  bone  forming  the  end  of  the  foot, 
and  shaped  like  the  hoof  or  horny  box  in  which  it  is  enclosed, 
and  which  it  supports. 

Coffin- joint.  The  joint  at  the  upper  part  of  the  coflan- 
bone,  made  by  the  union  of  the  small  pastern,  eoffin  and  small 
sesamoid  bone,  or  navicular  bones,  the  latter  being  set  behind 
and  beneath  the  joint  surface  of  the  coffin-bone,  in  such  a  way 
as  to  largely  receive  the  weight  of  the  small  pastern.  The 
focus  of  weight  in  the  foot  is  at  this  joint. 


58  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF. 

Collared.  When  a  rider  sees  that  he  is  beaten  in  a  race, 
he  is  said  to  be  "  collared." 

Cold.  A  cold,  if  neglected  until  it  degenerates  into  some 
seated  form,  as  for  instance,  nasal  catarrh,  is  a  cause  of 
unsoundness. 

Cold-I>looded.  Not  thoroughbred ;  of  common  or  mon- 
grel stock ;  an  animal  showing  only  ill  breeding. 

Collect.  To  gather  quickly  in  taking  a  fence,  hurdle, 
wall  or  other  obstacle. 

The  animal  that  is  destined  for  chasing  must  learn  to  collect  himself 
witli  the  slifilitest  possible  diminution  of  speed,  to  Hy  liis  fences,  to 
get  away  from  tliem  on  the  otlier  side  witliout  a  pause,  and  to  do 
all  tills  with  the  least  effort.— The  Badminton  Library:  Steeple- 
chasing,  Arthur  Coventry  and  Alfred  E.  T.  Watson. 

To  malic  a  horse  jump  "big,""  pull  him  together,  and  make  him  bring 
his  hind  quarters  under  him  by  the  pressure  of  the  legs  and  touch 
of  the  whip.— Riding.  M.  Horace  Hayes,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S. 

Collected.  [Eq.]  A  horse  is  said  to  be  collected  when 
his  head  is  in  a  perpendicular  position,  yields  readily  to  the  bit 
and  has  no  disposition  to  go  out  of  hand.  His  hind  feet  will 
be  well  in  front  of  a  perpendicular  line  dropped  from  the 
points  of  the  buttocks,  his  fore  feet  will  be  brought  back  more 
than  usual,  and  he  will  stand  more  or  less  over  on  them.  His 
head  and  neck  will  be  raised,  and  he  will  be  looking  to  the 
front  with  ears  pricked  forward,  ready  for  a  move  in  what- 
ever direction  the  rider  wishes. 

Color  of  the  Coat.  The  old  proverb  that  "no  good 
horse  is  of  a  bad  color,"  is  manifestly  untrue.  Comparatively 
few  horses  of  a  bad  color  have  ever  been  successful  on  the  turf, 
and  there  is  no  doubt  that  those  few  would  have  been  better 
animals  had  their  color  been  good.  It  is  said  that  records 
were  kept  of  the  colors  of  winners  in  the  Phoenix  stakes,  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  inaugurated  in  1831,  and  that  in  fifty-four  races, 
horses  of  a  bay  color  won  twenty-six  times ;  chestnuts,  fifteen ; 
brown,  two ;  black  one.  Statistics  have  also  been  published  on 
this  point  from  results  of  the  English  races.  It  is  said  that  in 
about  one  hundred  years  of  history  of  the  Derby,  Oaks,  St. 
Leger  and  Doncaster  races,  in  3576  starters  in  293  stakes  the 
results  were:  Bays,  1826  starters,  159  winners,  ratio  of  win- 
ners 11  1-2;  chestnuts,  807  starters,  71  winners,  ratio  of  win- 
ners; 11  1-3;  browns,  699  starters,  54  winners,  ratio  of  win- 
ners, 13 ;  grays  and  roans,  127  starters,  6  wdnners,  ratio  of 
winners,  21 ;  blacks,  109  starters,  2  winners,  ratio  of  winners, 
54  1-2 ;  duns,  2  starters,  one  winner,  ratio  of  winners,  1-2. 
The  most  objectionable  colors  are  those  which  are  weak  and 
washy  of  their  kind,  and  where  the  extremities  are  lighter  than 
the  rest  of  their  body.     Thus  a  very  light  bay  or  chestnut  is 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  59 

liable  to  be  of  weak  constitution,  deficient  in  stamina,  and 
when  to  this  is  added  "  mealy "  legs,  or  legs  lighter  than  the 
rest  of  the  coat,  and  a  ligliter  colored  mane  and  tail,  the  weak- 
ness is  intensified.  Black  legs  are  preferable  in  a  bay,  and 
with  these  the  feet  are  generally  more  sound,  and  the  horn  is 
more  enduring.  White  legs  and  feet  are  objectionable,  but  not 
so  much  so  as  mealy  ones.  Dark  chestnut,  bay,  and  gray  are 
preferable  to  light  shades  of  these  colors.  Black  and  roan  are 
not  so  common.  Bays,  chestnuts  and  browns  practically 
monopolize  the  turf,  and  the  darker  and  more  solid  the  colors 
are,  the  better  are  the  animals.  The  bay  is  the  best,  most 
fashionable  and  highest  priced  color  for  a  horse,  because  it  is 
that  which  indicates  the  best  breeding. 

Colors.  The  custom  of  ow^ners  selecting  their  colors  and 
publishing  them,  originated  at  Newmarket  in  1762,  the 
jockeys  having  before  that  worn  colors  but  not  as  a  proprietary 
distinction.  In  this  country,  the  New  York  Jockey  Club  in 
1842,  required  that  riders  should  be  dressed  in  Jockey  style, 
viz :  Jockey  cap,  colored  jacket,  pantaloons  and  boots ;  but 
colors  as  an  owners'  distinction  are  said  to  have  been  first 
adopted  at  Fleetwood  Park,  N.  Y.  Colors  are  a  source  of 
great  individual  pride  on  the  turf  in  England  and  this  country, 
and  are  a  source  of  enjoyment  in  the  race  on  the  part  of  the 
public.  The  American  rules  require  that  colors  selected  by 
ow^ners  must  be  recorded  by  the  secretary  of  the  Congress,  and 
shall  not  be  used  by  others  except  in  case  of  death  or  after  five 
years'  withdrawal  from  the  turf.  A  list  of  all  colors  is  obliged 
to  be  posted  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  course. 

Colt.     A  word  specifically  applied  to  a  male  foal. 

Coiiibinatlon  Horse.     A  term  applied  to  the  American 

saddler,  or  gaited  horse. 

Tlie  breeders  of  saddle  liorses  have  succeeded  in  producing  a  genuine 
combination  horse — one  wliicli  will  go  all  the  five  recognized  gaits 
under  the  saddle,  using  tlie  rack,  running  walk  and  canter  to  the 
delight  of  the  rider  and  the  satisfaction  of  the  horse,  and  will, 
when  Y>nt  in  harness,  forget  for  the  time  being,  that  they  ever 
racked  a  rod,  and  will  go  a  square,  pure  trot.— Tlie  Breeders' 
Gazette. 

ComMnatlon  Sale.  A  public  sale,  or  sale  by  auction, 
in  which  several  breeders,  or  owners,  unite  or  combine  a  cer- 
tain number  of  animals  of  their  own,  in  order  to  make  the 
sale  more  attractive,  and  to  realize  better  prices  at  a  less  cost 
for  commissions.  The  first  American  combination  sale  was 
held  at  New  York  in  1877,  but  they  are  now  very  common. 

Coming".  Said  of  a  colt  in  training  when  he  begins  to  un- 
derstand his  work  and  show  speed.  "  He  is  a  comer,"  or  "  he  is 
coming,"  means  that  the  animal  is  fast  developing  as  a  trotter. 


60  HAN^DBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Complaint.  A  charge  made  by  one  rider  or  driver 
against  another  for  foul  driving,  or  other  misconduct  during  a 
heat.  Such  complaint  must  be  made  at  the  termination  of 
the  heat,  and  before  the  driver  dismounts  or  leaves  his  sulky. 
By  the  racing  rules,  such  complaint  must  be  made  to  the 
judges  either  before  or  immediately  after  the  jockeys  in  the 
race  have  passed  the  scales.  For  frivolous  complaints  owners, 
trainers  or  jockeys  may,  at  the  discretion  of  the  judges,  be 
fined  or  suspended. 

Conditions.  [Eng.]  The  conditions  of  the  Grand  Na- 
tional Hunt  races  are :  Riders  must  not  ride  for  more  than 
one  hundred  yards  at  any  one  time  on  any  road  or  lane ;  riders 
not  passing  the  post  within  fifteen  minutes  of  the  winner  to 
pay  double  entry ;  any  rider  examining  the  course  before  start- 
ing will  be  disqualified.  By  the  American  racing  rules,  the 
express  conditions  of  a  race  always  supersede  the  general  rules, 
where  they  conflict. 

Conditional  Entries.     A  private  understanding  made 

between  the  owner  of  a  horse  and  a  society  or  association  when 

the  horse  is  nominated  ;  an  entry  made  outside  the  rules.     The 

rules  of  both  the  National  and  American  Associations  attach 

severe  fines  to  any  member  receiving  conditional  entries. 

The  great  injustice  of  the  conditional  entry  is  that  it  practically  abol- 
ishes the  closinjj:  dale  for  entries  for  one  man,  while  it  leaves  it 
open  for  the  oilier.— Spirit  of  the  Times. 

Conditioning".  The  fitting  of  the  horse,  in  every  part 
of  his  body,  for  his  best  performance  upon  the  turf.  It  re- 
quires long,  studious  exercise,  feeding  and  training,  and  a 
complete  understanding  of  the  disposition  and  peculiarities  of 
the  horse,  that  he  may  respond  quickly  to  the  wishes  of  his 
trainer,  driver  or  rider.  When  a  horse  is  in  blooming  condi- 
tion he  is  fresh  and  healthy  in  appearance,  clean  and  unloaded 
in  his  muscular  system,  bright  in  the  eye,  glossy  in  the  coat, 
clean  on  the  legs,  and  animated  in  expression.  His  muscles 
will  feel  hard  and  springy  to  the  touch,  and  swell  out,  espe- 
cially in  the  hind  quarters,  where  they  should  seem  divided 
and  distinct  from  each  other.  The  crest  should  be  firm,  and 
closely  attached  to  the  neck.  When  the  hand  is  drawn  along 
the  ribs  the  skin  should  wrinkle  up  and  appear  loose  and 
detached.  In  walking,  his  feet  should  strike  the  ground  with 
a  positive  step,  and  his  neck,  held  high,  should  rise  and  fall 
springily.  The  horse,  in  the  best  condition,  has  an  inquisitive 
look,  notices  everything  with  pricked  ears,  and  has  a  noble 
expression  indicative  of  confidence  and  self  purpose. 

Cone.  That  part  of  the  hub  of  a  pneumatic  sulky  wheel 
which  holds  the  ball  bearings  in  place  in  the  casing,  or  piece 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  61 

into  which  the  bearings  are  set — which  piece  is  fitted  tightly 
into  the  ends  of  the  hub.  One  of  these  cones  is  called  the 
stationary  cone,  and  the  other  the  movable  cone,  the  latter 
being  used  in  adjusting  the  tension  of  the  bearings,  by  means 
of  a  spanner  wrench. 

Conformation.  External  points ;  the  particular  tex- 
ture or  structure  of  outward  form,  and  the  arrangement  and 
relation  of  the  parts  which  compose  it ;  general  structure. 

Congress.  The  sessions  of  the  American  and  National 
Trotting  Associations  are  held  biennially,  and  are  called  a 
congress.  At  each  officers  are  elected,  the  rules  and  laws 
revised,  and  other  business  pertaining  to  the  good  of  the  asso- 
ciations transacted.     See  American  Turf  Congress. 

Consolation  Race.  A  consolation  match,  or  race,  is  a 
contest  which  can  be  entered  only  by  those  who  have  failed  to 
win  in  the  previous,  or  regular  purses,  or  contests  offered  by  a 
track  or  member,  which  have  taken  place  within  a  given  time. 

Contending  Horses.  In  any  heat  of  a  race  it  will 
very  soon  appear  that  several  of  the  starters  are  dropping  to 
the  rear,  and  that  the  heat  lies  between  two  or  three  horses 
that  are  quite  evenly  matched.  Such  horses  are  called  the 
contending  horses,  because  the  battle  of  the  heat  is  narrowed 
down  to  them. 

Contraction  of  the  Hoof.  A  shrinkage  of  the  tissues 
of  the  foot,  by  which  the  lateral  diameter  of  the  heels,  in  par- 
ticular, is  diminished.  It  affects  the  fore  feet  chiefly.  It  is 
of  less  moment  if  affecting  the  hind  feet,  because  the  hind 
foot  first  strikes  the  ground  with  the  toe,  and  less  expansion 
of  the  heels  is  necessary  than  in  the  fore  feet  when  the  weight 
is  first  received  on  the  heels.  Where  produced  by  inflamma- 
tion, accompanied  by  disease  of  the  foot,  or  any  change  in  its 
normal  condition,  though  not  producing  lameness  at  the  time 
of  the  sale  of  a  horse,  it  is  an  unsoundness  if  lameness  after- 
wards follows. 

Converted  Pacer.  Many  natural  pacers  have  been  so 
trained  as  to  leave  their  natural  gait  and  acquire  the  trotting 
gait.  Such  are  termed  converted  pacers.  The  methods  used 
to  accomplish  this  are  as  varied  as  are  the  dispositions  of  the 
horses.  Weighting  in  different  ways,  the  use  of  the  cross- 
strap,  the  placing  of  rails  on  the  ground  at  such  intervals  as 
will  compel  the  horse  to  put  his  feet  down  in  the  diagonal 
order,  and  many  others.  Charles  jMarvin,  in  telling  how  he 
trained  Smuggler — Training  the  Trotting  Horse — says  :  "  I 
would  start  him  up  slowly,  and  rather  suddenly  throw  him  oft' 


62  HAis^DBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF. 

to  one  side  at  a  pretty  sharp  angle,  compelling  him  to  change 
his  gait,  and  the  new  gait,  (trot),  he  would  keep  for  a  few  steps. 
As  soon  as  he  came  back  to  the  pace  I  would  swing  him  off 
sideways  again.  Of  course  this  was  virtually  driving  around 
in  a  small  circle  until  he  began  to  go  a  considerable  distance 
trotting.  At  each  time  he  would  remain  at  the  trot  a  little 
longer,  and  one  day  struck  a  trot  and  kept  it  up  for  a  quarter 
of  a  mile." 

Cooliiig"-oiit ;  Cooling  Off.  The  walking  exercise, 
light  blanketing  and  personal  care  given  to  a  horse  after  one 
heat,  in  order  to  fit  him  for  the  following  heat. 

Cooling'-out  Ground.  The  enclosed  area  between  the 
stables  and  track,  where  horses  are  led  to  halter  for  cooling 
out  between  Jieats. 

Coper.  [Eng.]  A  broker  in  old  horses ;  a  dishonest 
horse  dealer  ;  a  horse  sharp. 

Corded-up.  A  condition  of  the  muscles  of  the  back 
and  loins  very  liable  to  follow  a  severe  heat,  in  which  they 
become  distended,  knotted,  or  partially  paralyzed,  requiring 
very  careful  attention  and  the  application  of  hot  lotions  to 
bring  them  to  their  normal  condition. 

Corker.  A  rush;  a  hard  heat;  a  fast  brush;  a  heat 
that  has  required  hard  work  to  win  ;  as  "  four  corking  heats ;  " 
"two  corking  miles." 

Corner  Teetli.  The  outermost  of  the  front  teeth,  or 
incisors ;  those  next  to  the  tusks. 

Coronet.  The  comparatively  soft,  but  sharply  defined 
line,  or  band,  w^hich  runs  round  the  foot,  highest  in  front  and 
becoming  lower  behind,  immediately  above  the  hoof,  and 
which  secretes  the  horn  by  which  the  wall  of  the  hoof  is 
formed.  The  coronet,  or  coronary  bone,  is  the  short,  cube- 
shaped  bone,  between  the  coffin  bone  and  the  small  cannon 
bone. 

Corns  proceed  from  an  injury  to  the  living  horn  of  the 
foot,  more  commonly  in  the  inner  heel,  and  found,  above  all, 
in  flat  feet  with  low,  weak  heels.  From  the  fact  that  they 
can  seldom  be  cured  they  render  a  horse  unsound. 

Cough.  However  simple  and  however  recent  in  origin  a 
cough  may  be,  while  it  lasts  the  horse  is  unsound. 

Counting-  The  Horseshoes.  A  custom  founded  upon 
the  fact  that  Walter  Le  Brun,  a  London  farrier,  was  granted 
a  plot  of  land  in  the  Strand,  London,  as  early  as  1235,  upon 
which  to  set  up  a  forge.     For  this  privilege  he  was  to  render  to 


HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF.  63 


the  exchequer,  each  year,  six  horseshoes  with  the  sixty-two 
nails  belonging  to  them.  This  custom  has  continued  ever  since 
and  from  it  originates  the  "counting  of  the  horseshoes  and 
hobnails  "  on  swearing  in  the  London  sheriffs  at  the  Court  of 
Exchequer  of  the  present  day. 

Coupling'.  That  part  of  the  sacrum  where  it  joins  the 
lumber  vertebra ;  the  point  where  the  top  of  the  ribs  unite  with 
the  vertebral  column. 

While  Flying  Eafon  had  a  strong,  broad  loin  and  excellent  conpling, 
there  was  a  gracefivl,  downward  curvature  of  the  spine  in  front  of 
the  coupling  which  gave  him  in  some  tlegree  the  appearance  of 
being  slightiy  sway-backed.— S.  W.  Farlin. 

Coiirag'e.  That  instinct  or  inbred  quality  of  physical 
power  which  asserts  itself  in  endurance  and  staying  effort ;  the 
best  evidence  that  a  horse  possesses  high  breeding  and  splendid 
ancestry. 

"Well-bred  horses,  properly  broken,  are  more  courageous  than  coarsely 
bred  ones.— The  Book  of  tlie  Horse,  S.  Sidney. 

Course.  A  track ;  the  distance  or  direction  laid  out  for 
a  race  course. 

Courser.  A  racer  or  swift  running  horse.  Hugh  the 
Great  of  France,  in  the  year  930,  presented  to  Athelstan,  one 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings  of  England,  whose  sister,  Edelswitha, 
he  had  married,  several  running  horses,  the  equos  cursores  of  the 
chronicler.  Coursers  are  also  mentioned  among  the  horses  of 
Henry  VIII.  of  England,  in  1509;  and  Anthony  Fitzherbert, 
who  wrote  the  earliest  English  work  on  agriculture,  1534, 
speaks  of  the  corser  as  a  horse  dealer. 

Crack.  Great ;  famous.  A  crack  jockey,  a  crack  driver 
— persons  great  in  their  respective  lines. 

Cracked ;    Crocked.     To   become   tired ;   to   give  up ; 

to  quit. 

In  the  stretch  I  called  on  Manzanita,  and  after  trotting  head-and-head 
for  nearly  a  furlong  with  Belle  Hamlin  the  latter  cracked,  and 
Manzanita  Avon  In  2 :16i.  — Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles 
Marvin. 

Cracked  Heels.  Fleshy  heels,  the  inflammation  of 
which  is  due  to  a  fungus,  or  grease ;  scratches,  canker,  or  foot- 
mange.     It  is  an  unsoundness. 

Cracker- jack.  A  horse  with  a  very  low  record;  a  fast 
horse ;  a  record-breaker. 

Creep.  When  the  pneumatic  tire  of  a  bicycle  sulky 
wheel  becomes  loose  from  the  felloe,  it  is  said  to  "  creep." 

Crest.  The  upper  part  of  the  neck  extending  from  the 
withers  to  the  ears. 

Cribbing ;  Crib-biting,  is  associated  with  the  serious 


64  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

vice  of  wind-sucking,  which  generally  leads  to  tympany,  im- 
paired digestion,  and  rapid  loss  of  condition.  It  is  believed  that 
in  the  early  stages  it  can  be  cured  and  the  horse  rendered  sound ; 
but  if  neglected  leads  to  serious  results  and  becomes  a  vice,  and 
in  its  more  advanced  stages  the  health  and  condition  of  the 
horse  are  affected,  the  digestive  organs  become  impaired,  and 
the  horse  is  imsound  because  less  valuable  and  less  liable  to 
perform  his  ordinary  work.  Hanover,  in  his  Law  of  Horses, 
says :  "As  indications  of  approaching  disease  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  say  cribbing  was  not  an  unsoundness.  A  crib-biter  will 
not  retain  his  condition  or  be  fit  for  constant  work."  In  jNlassa- 
chusetts  Reports,  8,  Gray,  [1861],  430,  AVashburn  vs.  Cuddihy, 
"  Judge  Briggs  refused  to  rule  as  matter  of  law,  that  cribbing 
was  not  unsoundness  in  a  horse." 

Crop.  [Eng.]  A  short  handled,  stout  hunting  whip, 
having  a  hook  at  one  end.  It  is  generally  held  in  the  right 
hand  about  six  inches  from  the  loop,  with  the  hook  downwards, 
the  lash  coiled  up  and  held  in  the  same  hand.  This,  of  course, 
is  when  the  crop  is  not  in  use. 

Cropping.  The  barbarous  practice  of  cropping  or  paring 
and  clipping  the  ears  of  a  horse,  which  was  thought  to  be  the 
proper  thing  for  fashion,  largely  practiced  in  England  about 
1790-1800. 

Cross.  If  a  horse,  in  attempting  to  pass  another  on  the 
homestretch,  should  at  any  time  cross  or  swerve  so  as  to  impede 
the  progress  of  a  horse  behind  him,  he  becomes  disqualified 
from  winning  that  heat.  This  rule  applies  to  the  running  and 
trotting  turf,  equally. 

Cross-bar.  A  fore  bar  attached  across  the  thills  of  a 
sulky  or  carriage,  to  which  the  whipple-tree  is  fastened.  A 
splinter-bar. 

Cross-country  Riding.  [Eng.]  Steeple-chasing  or 
hunting  ;  riding  across  fields,  over  fences,  brooks,  ditches  and 
hedges.     The  opposite  from  road  riding. 

Cross-strap.  A  hopple,  or  hobble.  A  leather  and 
elastic  attachment  placed  upon  the  legs  of  horses  to  assist  in 
changing  or  converting  the  gait,  or  to  prevent  a  horse  from 
pacing.  Attached  to  the  horse  for  this  purpose  it  must  be 
crossed,  or  attached  from  left  fore  foot  to  right  hind  foot ;  and 
from  right  fore  foot  to  left  hind  foot,  or  ankle. 

Croup.  That  portion  of  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of 
the  horse  which  is  situated  between  the  loins  in  front  and  the 
tail  behind  ;  the  rump. 

Crui>per.     That  part  of  the  harness  extending  from  the 


HAN^DBOOK    OF    THE   TURF.  65 

back  strap  to  the  end,  a  loop  in  the  end  of  which  receives  and 
holds  the  horse's  tail. 

Cup.  A  vessel  of  precious  metal,  like  silver  or  gold;  or 
an  elaborately  wrought  piece  of  plate  offered  as  a  prize  to  be 
contended  for  in  a  race. 

Cup-races.  Races  in  which  horses  start  for  a  cup  rather 
than  for  a  purse  or  stake ;  a  term  applied  to  match  races. 

Cuppy.  A  cuppy  track  is  a  soft,  sandy  track,  the  surface 
of  which  is  said  to  cup  when  the  horse's  foot  leaves  an  impres- 
sion upon  it  in  the  form  of  a  small  hollow,  as  though  a  cupful 
of  earth  had  been  removed  ;  this  condition  being  caused  by  the 
contact  of  the  horse's  shoe  in  going  over  it  at  high  speed.  A 
track  that  is  cuppy  is  always  a  slow  track. 

Curb.  A  chain  or  strap  attached  to  the  upper  ends  of 
the  branches  of  the  bit  of  a  bridle,  and  passing  under  the 
horse's  lower  jaw ;  used  chiefly  in  controlling  a  spirited  or 
vicious  horse.  The  curb  rein  is  attached  to  the  lower  end  of 
the  fauces  of  the  bit,  and  when  it  is  pulled  the  curb  is  pressed 
forward  against  the  horse's  jaw  in  such  a  manner  as  to  compel 
obedience.  The  proper  length  for  the  curb  is  about  one-fourth 
more  than  the  width  of  the  mouth ;  and  it  should  be  outside  of 
the  bridoon  bit,  for  if  placed  inside  of  it  the  constant  pressure  of 
the  bit  on  the  curb  would  chafe  and  injure  the  under  jaw  bone. 

Curb.  A  swelling  in  the  median  line  of  the  hind  limb 
just  backwards  of  the  back  part  of  the  hock,  where  in  the  nor- 
mal state  there  should  be  a  straight  line,  extending  from  the 
upper  end  of  the  point  of  the  hock  down  to  the  fetlock.  At 
first  it  is  soft  and  doughy,  later  hard  and  resistant.  Due  gen- 
erally to  a  sprain  of  the  tendon  which  plays  over  the  front  of 
the  hock,  though  in  some  cases  the  ligament  beneath  the  tendon 
is  injured.  If  large  enough  to  be  distinctly  seen,  or  if  it  has 
been  disfigured  by  treatment  or  otherwise,  it  is  a  blemish ;  but 
while  forming,  if  the  horse  is  lame,  he  is  indisputably  unsound. 

Curb-bit.     A  form  of  bit  for  the  bridle  which  by  the 

exertion  of  slight  effort  can  be  made  to  produce  great  pressure 

on  the  horse's  mouth. 

It  is  impossible  to  ride  well  on  any  horse  nnless  the  curl>bit  is  prop- 
erly made  and  properly  adjusted.— The  Saddle  Horse. 

Curb-chain.  The  curb-chain  is  made  flat  so  that  when 
twisted  into  shape  it  lies  almost  as  smooth  as  a  band  of  leather 
against  the  chin.  It  is  attached  by  spring-hooks  to  the  eyes  of 
the  upper  ends  of  the  levers  of  the  bit. 

Curby  Hocks.  A  curby  hock  is  one  which  is  slightly 
bulged  out  behind.  In  some  horses  they  are  congenital  and 
5 


Q6  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

cannot  be  regarded  as  a  disease  or  an  unsoundness,  but  rather 
as  a  distortion  or  blemish- 
Cushion.  A  soft  finish  to  a  track ;  the  surface  to  the 
depth  of  from  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  being  made 
very  light  and  soft  by  a  fine  finishing  harrow,  but  yet  so  yield- 
ing as  to  be  elastic. 

Tiie  rreat  point  in  track  biiildinj;  is  to  szet  a  perfect  cnsliion  — one  tliat 
issuiooih,  springy,  and  clean,  where  lliere  is  a  certain  amount  of 
yiel<iin<,'  wlien  tlie  foot  slrilves.  —  Training  tlie  Trotting  Horse, 
Charles  3Iarvin. 

Cut.  To  reduce  ;  to  take  from.  A  term  used  by  experts 
in  judging  a  horse  at  exhibitions  by  means  of  a  score  card 
system,  or  scale  of  points.  The  work  is  generally  done  very 
rapidly  by  an  expert  judge,  only  the  defects  in  the  animal  being 
marked,  which  are  reduced  or  "  cut,"  from  the  total  number 
of  points  included  in  perfection,  and  deducted  therefrom ;  thus 
showing  the  total  number  of  points  scaled  by  the  animal  in  a 
possible  100. 

Cutting,  the  result  of  faulty  structure,  is  not  an  unsound- 
ness, because  the  law  cannot  regard  a  horse  as  unsound  merely 
from  badness  of  conformation. 

Cut  Loose.  A  horse  is  said  to  cut  loose  when  he  jumps 
to  an  unprecedented  rate  of  speed;  to  go  uncontrolled  an<i 
almost  beyond  all  limit. 

"Wlien  they  gave  tlie  word  Edwin  was  going  true  as  an  arrow,  and  as  he 
turned  into  the  baclv  stretch,  he  cut  loose  at  a  rate  of  speed  tiiat 
looked  to  me  as  though  he  was  not  only  going  to  beat  Rarus'  time, 
but  Iv-nock  the  watches  out  of  their  cases  as  well. —  Lite  with  the 
Trotters,  Joliu  Splau, 


D 

Daisy-cutter.     A  horse  that  does  not  lift  his  feet  much 

off  tlie  ground  ^vhen  trotting  or  galloping;  a  low,  swift  going 

horse. 

The  Irot  is  the  true  pace  for  a  hackney;  ajul  were  we  near  a  town  I 
shouUl  like  to  try  that  daisif-cutter  of  yours  npou  a  piece  of  level 
road,  (^barring  canter),  for  a  quart  of  claret  at  the  next  inn. — Sir 
"Walter  Scott. 

Daiig'erous  Horse.  An  unknown  horse  of  which  one 
is  afraid  in  a  race ;  one  of  whose  chances  of  success  no  informa- 
tion is  to  be  had. 

Dark.  All  racing  and  trotting  rules  forbid  the  making 
of  a  heat  or  race  wdien  it  is  so  dark  that  the  gait  of  the  horses 
cannot  be  plainly  seen  from  the  judges'  stand. 

Dark  Horse.  A  horse  not  known ;  one  of  which  all 
contestants  are  afraid ;  whose  capabilities  are  not  known. 

Years  ago  there  lived  in  Tennessee  an  old  chap  named  Sam  Flynn, 
who  always  had  a  nag  or  two,  traded  horses  to  some  extent  and. 
who  had  a  black  horse  called  Dusky  Pete,  almost  a  thoroughbred, 
which  he  woidd  straddle  and  ride  into  town  in  such  a  way  as  gave 
those  who  knew  it  the  inij)ression  that  Pete  wasn't  much  of  a 
"hoss."  One  day  Sam  came  into  town  where  there  was  a  county 
race  meeting  and  entered  Pete  at  a  post  match.  The  people  backed, 
two  or  three  local  favorites  quite  heavily  against  iiim,  not  knowing 
anything  of  his  antecedents.  Jnst  as  the  tlyers  were  being  sad- 
dled for  the  race,  old  Judge  McMinamee,  Avho  was  the  turf  oracle 
of  that  part  of  the  State,  arrived  on  the  course  and  was  made  one 
of  the  judges.  As  he  took  his  place  on  the  stand  he  was  told  how 
the  betting  ran,  and  the  folly  of  the  owner  of  the  strange  entry  in 
ba<;king  his  "plug"  so  heavily.  Running  his  eye  over  the  track 
the  judge  instantly  recognized  Pel  e  and  said:  "  Gentlemen,  there's 
a  dark  horse  in  this  race  that  will  make  some  of  you  sick  before 
supper."  The  judge  was  right.  Pete,  the  "dark  horse,"  lay  back 
until  the  three-quarter  pole  was  reached  wlien  he  went  to  the  front 
with  a  rush,  and  won  the  purse  and  Flynn's  bets  with  the  greatest 
ease.  This  is  the  true  origin  of  the  saying  "a  dark  horse." 
Wallace's  Monthly,  May,  1884. 

The  first  favorite  was  never  heard  of,  the  second  favorite  was  never 
seen  after  the  distance  post,  all  the  ten-to-oners  were  in  the  race, 
and  a  dark  horse  which  had  never  been  thought  of  rushed  past  the 
grand  stand  in  sweeping  triumiDh. — The  Young  Duke,  Benjamin 
D'Israeli. 

Darley  Arabian.  One  of  the  three  most  remarkable 
horses  of  which  equine  history  gives  any  record.  It  was  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  1702-1714,  (famous  in  its  his- 
tory of  the  English  thoroughbred  racehorse),  that  this  cele- 
brated animal  attained  his  greatest  fame.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  been  bred  in  the  desert  of  Palmyra,  and  was  brought 

67 


68  HANDBOOK   or   THE   TURF. 

from  Aleppo  in  Asiatic  Turkey  by  the  agent  of  an  English 

commercial  company  trading  there,  about  1700.     He  was  of 

bay  color  and  was  probably  a  genuine  Arabian,  although  his 

exact  lineage  w^as  never  ascertained.     His  name  is  derived  from 

his  owner,  Mr.  Darley  of  Yorkshire.     The  Darley  Arabian  w^as 

the  progenitor  of  some  of  the  finest  horses  that  have  perhaps 

existed  in  the  world,  among  them  the  Devonshire  or  Flying 

Childers,  foaled   in    1715,  and   named  from   his  breeder,  Mr. 

Leonard  Childers;  and  the  Bleeding,  or  Bartlett's  Childers,  a 

horse  that  was  never  trained,  but  which  was  the  fleetest  horse 

of   his  day,   and   the    ancestor   of   Eclipse,  one   of   the    most 

remarkable  horses  of  which  there  is    any  record.     Common 

report  affirmed  that  the  Darley  Arabian  could  run  a  mile  in  a 

minute,  but  there  is  no  authentic  record  of  this.     His  son, 

Flying  Childers,  ran   over   the  round  course    at  Kewmarket, 

(three    miles,    six   furlongs    and    ninety-three    yards),    in    six 

minutes  and  forty  seconds ;  and  over  the  Beacon  course,  (four 

miles,  one  furlong  and  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  yards),  in 

seven  minutes  and  thirty  seconds. 

Dash ;  Dash  Race.     A  short  race ;  as,  a  three-quarter 

mile  dash ;  a  mile  and  an  eighth  dash ;  a  race  decided  in  a 

single  attempt  instead  of  in  heats.     First  run  in  the  United 

States  in  1861  at  the  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  course. 

For  some  years  prior  to  1864,  lieat-raciiig  liad  been  on  tlie  deelinje  in 
Enjilaiul  and  dash  racing  growing  in  favor,  and  the  i)eople  of  New 
Yorlv  followed  England's  lead  until  racing  has  come  down  from 
heats  of  four  miles  lo  dashes  of  five  fnrlongs.  Long-distance  races 
are  only  a  memory  that  lingers  in  the  minds  of  a  few  turfmen  of 
the  oldscliool  who  liave  survived  the  period  of  transition  the  sport 
has  nndergone.— The  Horseman. 

Dash  Watch.  A  watch  placed  in  a  leather  case  made 
of  the  exact  size  to  receive  it,  which  is  fitted  to  the  dashboard 
or  fender  of  the  buggy,  by  means  of  a  spring  clasp,  so  that  the 
driver  can  always  have  the  time  before  him  when  driving. 

Dawson,  Thomas.  Of  Middleham,  England,  the  most 
famous  and  best  all-round  trainer  in  England  from  1830,  till 
his  death  in  1881.  He  was  the  originator  of  the  modern 
and  improved  system  of  training  thoroughbreds.  He  was 
the  first  to  see  the  fallacies  of  the  old  method,  and  to  act 
upon  his  own  well-considered  opinions.  He  did  away  with  the 
drenchings,  profuse  sweatings  and  short  supplies  of  water, 
introducing  in  their  stead  plenty  of  old  oats  and  hard  work. 
He  was  an  oracle  on  liorse  flesh,  and  the  thanks  of  all  owners 
of  horses  are  justly  due  to  him  for  the  radical  and  salutary 
change  he  effected  in  the  training  world. 

Daylight,  Tavo  Lengths  of.  There  is  an  unwritten 
rule  among  some  drivers  that  there  must  be  "  two  lengths  of 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  69 

daylight,"  (that  is,  a  distance  of  twice  the  length  of  the  horse 
and  sulky),  between  the  head  of  one's  horse  and  the  wheel  of 
the  other's  sulky,  before  the  attempt  to  pass  can  be  made. 
But  in  practice  this  well  understood  rule  comes  down  to  the 
real  law  of  the  trotting  turf  that  no  driver  shall  pass  another, 
when,  by  so  doing,  he  causes  him  to  swerve  from  his  course,  or 
in  swinging  in,  impedes  the  stride  of  the  horse  passed. 

Dead  Heat.  A  dead  heat,  according  to  trotting  law, 
is  always  counted,  and  is  regarded  as  a  heat  that  is  undecided 
only  as  between  the  horses  making  it ;  and  it  is  a  heat  that  is 
lost  by  all  the  other  contending  horses.  The  time  made  shall 
be  regarded  a  record  or  bar  for  the  horses  making  the  dead 
heat ;  and  if  for  any  other  cause  the  heat  is  not  awarded  to 
either  of  the  leading  horses  it  shall  be  awarded  to  the  next 
best  horse,  and  no  time  shall  be  given  out.  By  the  National 
rules  when  two  or  more  horses  make  a  dead  heat,  the  remain- 
ing horses  start  for  the  succeeding  heat  in  the  same  j)ositions 
with  reference  to  the  pole  that  they  occupied  at  the  finish  of 
the  dead  heat.  By  the  American  rules  whenever  two  or  more 
horses  have  to  their  credit  a  sufficient  number  of  dead  heats,  or 
heats  and  dead  heats  to  have  terminated  the  race  if  such  dead 
heats  had  been  won  by  either  of  them,  only  such  horses  shall 
start  in  the  next  heat.  By  the  laws  of  the  Turf  Congress 
horses  running  a  dead  heat  for  a  race,  or  place,  shall  be  deemed 
winners  of  the  race  or  place  until  the  dead  heat  is  run  off,  or 
the  owners  agree  to  divide ;  and  if  the  owners  agree  to  divide, 
each  horse  which  divides  shall  be  deemed  a  winner  of  the  race 
or  place  for  which  he  divides. 

It  is  considered  by  many  next  to  impossible  tliat  horses  should  mn  a 
dead  heat,  and,  indeed,  it  seems  as  tliou,t;h  there  must  be  a  sliglit 
diflference  between  all  horses  in  a  close  finish. — How  to  Train  the 
Racehorse,  Col.  R.  Warburton. 

Dead  Mouth.  A  dead,  or  non-sensitive  mouth,  is  one 
of  the  most  disappointing  faults  that  a  horse  can  acquire.  It 
is  generally  occasioned  by  the  horse,  usually  a  tongue-loller, 
carrying  his  tongue  over  the  bit,  w^hich  produces  that  condi- 
tion known  as  a  dead  mouth. 

Dead  Track.  A  track  or  race-course  having  a  hard  sub- 
grade  and  an  unyielding  surface. 

Rarus  demonstrated  his  ability  to  pull  a  wagon  in  2:15V2  over  a  track 
that  had  just  been  made,  and,  in  addition,  was  dead  and  damp 
from  late  rains. — Life  with  Ihe  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Deciding"  Heat.  The  last  heat  in  a  race ;  a  heat  of  a 
race  in  which  two  or  more  heats  have  been  performed,  and 
which  determines  the  final  result  by  the  starters  in  that  particu- 
lar heat.  By  the  racing  rules  there  is  no  distance  in  a  decid- 
ing heat. 


70  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Declarations.  The  Turf  Congress  rules  require  that 
declarations  must  be  made  in  purse  races  by  12  o'clock,  noon, 
the  day  of  the  race.  If  a  person  having  more  than  one  horse 
entered  in  a  purse,  declares  one  out,  he  thereby  declares  all 
out.  All  declaration  fees  go — 60  per  cent,  to  second  horse, 
and  40  per  cent,  to  third  horse ;  and  in  case  one  horse  distances 
the  field,  in  heat  races,  all  entrance  and  declaration  money 
must  go  with  the  purse. 

I>eiital  Star.  A  particular  marking  in  the  permanent 
incisors  deemed  an  important  factor  in  judging  the  age  of  a 
horse  after  he  is  eight  years  old.  It  is  a  discoloration  of  the 
dentine,  (the  ivory-like  substance  filling  the  cavity  of  the  teeth, 
softer  and  darker  colored  than  the  rest  of  the  tooth),  which 
appears  on  the  table  of  the  tooth  as  the  x^rown  becomes  worn 
away,  in  the  form  of  a  transversely  elongated  dark-yellow  line. 

Dentition.  The  act  or  process  of  cutting  teeth.  The 
horse  has  two  sets  of  teeth,  like  all  the  other  domestic  animals. 
They  are  called  those  of  the  first  dentition  or  temporary ;  and 
those  of  the  second  dentition,  or  permanent.     See  Teeth. 

Derby.  The  most  important  annual  race  in  England, 
possibly  in  the  world,  run  on  the  Downs,  a  mile  and  a  half 
south  of  the  village  of  Epsom,  Surrey,  fourteen  miles  from 
London.  The  Derby  stakes  were  founded  in  1780,  by  Edward 
Smith  Stanley,  Twelfth  Earl  of  Derby,  the  year  following  his 
establishment  of  the  Oaks  stakes.  The  stakes  are  6,000  sover- 
eigns— the  winner  to  receive  5,000  sovereigns,  the  nominator 
of  the  winner  500  sovereigns,  the  owner  of  the  second  300 
sovereigns,  and  the  owner  of  the  third  200  sovereigns.  The 
event  is  for  three-year-olds,  colts  to  carry  126  pounds,  and 
fillies  to  carry  121  pounds.  The  first  Derby  was  won  by  Diomed, 
owned  by  the  celebrated  Sir  Charles  Bunbury,  which  horse  in  a 
few  years  won  over  i$38,000  in  stakes,  and  was  sold  in  1798  for 
fifty  guineas,  and  brought  to  this  country.  From  the  time 
the  race  was  inaugurated  up  to  1784,  the  length  of  the  Derby 
course  was  one  mile.  From  1784  up  to  and  including  1871, 
the  distance  was  one  and  a  half  miles.  In  1872,  and  since,  the 
start  has  been  from  the  new  High  Level  starting  post,  the  dis- 
tance being  one  and  a  haK  miles  and  twenty-nine  yards.  It  is 
up  hill  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  tolerably  flat  for  the  next  half, 
down  hill  for  the  next  quarter,  and  undulating  Mdth  a  rise  to 
the  finish  for  the  remainder  of  the  distance.  The  Derby  has 
been  won  by  such  great  horses  as  Queen  of  Trumps,  Bay  Mid- 
dleton,  Smolensko,  Surplice,  Don  Juan,  St.  Bevys,  PleniiDoten- 
tiary.  Bard,  Bend  Or,  Sainfoin,  Pyrrhus  the  First,  Mameluke, 
Orm,  and  greatest  of  all,  the  mighty  Ormonde. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  71 

Derby  Day.  The  day  on  which  the  Derby  stakes  are 
run  for.  It  always  occurs  on  the  second  day — Wednesday — of 
the  great  Epsom  Spring  Meeting  in  May,  being  the  Wednesday 
before  Whitsuntide.  It  takes  place  on  this  day,  rain  or  shine, 
the  precise  minute  varies  only  occasionally  as  when  the  horses 
are  bad  in  coming  into  form  for  a  start.  Parliament  adjourns 
till  tha  race  is  run. 

Every  Xew  Kiijilaiid  deacon  oiiplit  to  soe  one  Derby  day  to  learn  what, 
sort,  of  a  wo. Id  this  is  lit_'  livts  iii.  .Man  is  a  siKininy,  as  well  as  ajnay- 
iiij,'  anim  d.— Dr.  Oliver  Weii«lell  Holmes,  18o4. 

The  Derby  lias  always  been  the  one  evmi  in  ilie  racinj;  year  which 
slaiesiueii,  i)lulosoi)iiers,  poets,  essayists  andlitleraieurs  tlesire  to 
see  onee  in  their  lives.— The  London  Field.  May  2i>,  IbSC. 

Diiriny;  the  last  twenty  years  the  averajie  time  of  iIh>  Dt-i  by,  one  and  a 
half  miles,  is  2  niin.' 46  se<'.,  or  a  mile  in  1  mi n.  52  sec,  the  horses 
carrying  122  pounds.— The  Badmiidon  Library  :  Racing  and  Steeple- 
ciiasiny,  Arthur  Coventry  and  A.  L.  T.  Walson. 

The  horses  were  brought  out,  smooi  li,  shininy,  line-drawn,  frisky,  spirit 
stirring  to  look  upon  —most  beautiful  of  :U1  tli(!  bay  horse  Ormonde. 
Avho  cotild  harilly  be  restrained,  such  was  his  eagerness  for  action. 
The  horses  disappear  in  the  distance.  They  are  off,  not  yet.  distin- 
guishable, at  least  to  me.  A  little  waiting  time,  and  t  hey  swim  into 
our  ken,  but  in  what  order  of  precedence  it  is  as  yet  not  easy  to 
say.  Here  they  come!  Two  horses  have  emerged  Irom  the  ruck, 
and  are  sweeping,  rushing,  storming,  towards  us,  almost  side  by 
side.  One  slides  by  the  other,  half  a  length,  a  length,  a  length  and 
a  half.  Those  are  Archer's  colors,  and  the  beautiful  b:iy  Ormonde 
flaslies  by  the  line,  winner  of  the  Derby  of  1886.— Our  Hundred  Days 
111  Europe,  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 

As  long  as  tlie  Derby  is  run  for  at  Epsom,  which,  for  aught  we  know, 
may  he  to  the  eiul  of  time,  so  long  will  Epsom  continue  to  fascinate 
the  public,  and  people  will  flock  to  the  Downs  in  the  hoi)e,  or  on 
the  pretence,  of  seeing  a  race  which  not  one  m:in  in  fifty  everreally 
sees,  norone  in  tweni  y  cares  about  seeing. — The  Badminton  Library  : 
Racing,  The  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire,  and  W.  G.  Craven. 

Description.  An  idetntification.  All  turf  rules  require 
an  adequate  description  of  evei'y  horse  entered  for  any  race, 
purse,  or  stake,  which  shall  embi^ace  name,  color,  sex,  marks, 
and  other  facts  required  for  identification. 

Developed;  Developing-.  To  bring  out;  to  perfect. 
It  is  said  of  a  finished  trotting  horse  that  he  is  developed ;  the 
art  of  training  a  horse  to  develop  his  speed  qualities.  A  horse 
that  is  in  training  is  said  to  be  developing ;  one  that  is  getting 
his  gait  is  said  to  be  developing  fast,  or  developing  well; 
promising. 

Developed  Sires.  Stallions  in  service  that  have  been 
worked,  trained  and  developed  for  speed,  in  distinction  from 
those  which  have  not  been  trained  for  speed.  Upon  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  theory  that  developed  speed  in  sire  and  dam  is 
an  important  factor  in  the  transmission  of  speed,  there  are  dif- 
fering opinions.  Many  hold  that  the  developed  sires  are  not 
as  successful  in  the  stud  as  those  which  have  never  been  devel- 
oped, and  instance  Electioneer  with  one  hundred  and  forty-four 
in  the  2:30  list,  never  developed ;  and  others  believe  that  the 


72  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TVRF. 

complete  2:30  list  is  the  most  convincing  argument  that  could 
be  made,  of  the  value  of  developing  the  speed  qualities  of  horses 
from  which  it  is  intended  to  produce  trotters. 

Devices,  of  various  kinds  for  the  harness,  stable,  horse, 
and  general  business  of  the  turf,  have  greatly  multiplied  of  late, 
the  finer  and  nicer  work  required  in  all  departments  demand- 
ing the  use  of  a  larger  number  of  implements,  contrivances, 
and  equipments.  Such  as  are  of  most  value,  not  mentioned  in 
other  parts  of  this  work  under  their  proper  heading,  are  named — 
JFo?'  the  Harness:  Check  rein  holders  for  holding  the  check  rein 
in  place  in  the  water  hook,  of  various  patterns ;  rein-snap  or 
snap-hook  for  holding  the  reins  in  place ;  covering  of  fine 
lamb's  wool,  canvas  lined,  for  applying  to  harness  to  prevent 
chafing.  Foj-  the  Horse :  Elastic  appliances  of  various  kinds, 
as,  hock  compress  or  truss  for  blood  spavin,  fetlock  support  for 
colts  with  weak  legs,  shin  brace,  stockings,  pastern  brace,  to 
prevent  knuckling,  curb  compress  ;  shoe  pad  of  rubber  and  cork, 
held  in  place  by  a  spring ;  calk  cover,  to  be  placed  over  the 
shoe  when  the  horse  is  in  the  stable ;  ice  creepers,  adjustable, 
for  preventing  horses  from  slipping  on  icy  roads  ;  hoof  expand- 
ers, for  corns,  contracted  feet  and  quarter  cracks ;  hoof  pad 
springs,  for  holding  in  place  felt  packing  upon  the  sole  of  the 
foot ;  double  crupper,  placed  under  or  within  the  ordinary 
crupper  for  adjusting  the  position  of  the  tail,  so  that  a  span 
may  carry  their  tails  uniformly  when  in  harness ;  open 
saddle,  for  use  in  case  of  sore  backs  caused  by  saddle  gall ; 
supports  and  shields  for  stallions  ;  anti-snowball  pad  for  insert- 
ing in  the  shoe  to  prevent  balling ;  rubber  head  bumpers,  to  be 
worn  by  the  horse  when  being  transported  by  rail,  to  prevent 
injury  ;  bone  and  rubber  rattles  to  prevent  interfering.  Simple 
and  common  stable  equipments,  the  use  of  which  is  obvious, 
do  not  require  mention.  Devices  for  the  track  like  jockey 
boards,  score  boards,  electric  bells,  dials  announcing  succes- 
sive races,  boxes,  electrical  chronometers,  etc.,  are  generally 
described  under  their  respective  headings. 

Diag"Onal  Gait.  The  trot.  The  order  of  movement  in 
the  trot  is :  Left  fore  foot,  right  hind  foot,  right  fore  foot, 
left  hind  foot.  Thus,  the  left  fore  and  right  hind  foot  move 
in  unison,  striking  the  ground  together;  then,  in  turn,  right 
fore  foot  and  left  hind  foot  complete  the  revolution,  and,  there- 
fore, the  trot  is  most  proi)erly  called  the  diagonal  gait. 

Diastema.  The  toothless  interval  in  the  lower  jaw 
between  the  corner  incisors  and  the  molar  teeth  behind,  called 
the  bar,  and  upon  which  the  bit  rests.  It  is  an  interesting 
fact  in  zoological  science  that  in  the  most  primitive  condition 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  73 

of  dentition  of  the  horse,  there  appears  to  have  been  no  such 
interval,  all  the  teeth  having  been  in  contact. 

Dioined.  First  winner  of  the  Derby.  By  Florizel; 
dam,  by  Spectator.  He  was  no  less  celebrated  as  a  sire  than  as 
a  racer.  He  left  famous  stock  in  England,  and  when  22  years 
old  was  imported  into  Virginia  where  he  laid  the  foundation 
for  the  best  running  stock  in  the  South.  Among  his  famous 
get  in  that  State  were:  Sir  Archy,  Florizel,  Potomac,  Top 
Gallant,  Peace  JNIaker,  Hamlinton  and  Duroc. 

Directum.  Black  colt,  foaled  in  1880;  by  Director, 
2:17,  by  Dictator;  dam,  Stem  Winder,  2:31,  by  Venture. 
Holding  the  World's  record  for  a  four  year  old  to  the  end  of 
1893,  (race  record),  Nashville,  Tenn.,  October  18,  1893,  2:05^. 

Dis.  W^hen  occurring  in  a  summary  indicates  that  the 
horse  against  whose  name  it  is  placed  was  distanced  in  the 
heat  where  it  occurs. 

Disguising".  Turf  law  inflicts  expulsion  from  all  tracks 
controlled  by  members,  upon  any  person  guilty  of  painting  or 
disguising  any  horse  to  represent  another  or  different  horse, 
when  entered  for  a  race.  Many  states  also  have  severe  laws 
against  the  same.     See  Law. 

Dismounting.  By  the  trotting  rules  no  driver  can  dis- 
mount at  the  close  of  a  heat,  or  leave  his  sulky,  without  per- 
mission of  the  judges,  and  those  deficient  in  bodily  weight 
shall  be  re-weighed  after  each  heat.  During  any  delay  in 
starting  a  race,  occasioned  by  accident  to  any  rider  or  his 
equipment,  jockeys  may  dismount  and  give  up  their  horses  to 
an  attendant;  but  at  the  close  cannot  dismount  without  per- 
mission of  the  judge. 

Dismounting.  [Eq.]  In  dismounting  from  the  saddle, 
take  hold  of  the  mane  of  the  horse  and  pommel  of  the  saddle 
as  in  mounting.  Bear  the  weight  upon  the  straightened  arms 
as  the  right  leg  is  brought  over  the  left  side ;  hold  the  body 
for  an  instant  in  a  position  perpendicular  to  the  side  of  the 
horse,  the  whole  weight  being  supported  by  the  arms,  and 
drop  gently  to  the  ground  at  the  shoulder  of  the  horse.  In 
dismounting  when  the  horse  is  in  motion,  avoid  the  momen- 
tary rest  as  the  leg  is  brought  over  the  left  side,  and  striking 
the  ground  prepared  to  take  a  few  stej^s  with  the  horse, 
whether  at  the  gallop  or  trot,  after  which  release  the  hold 
upon  the  mane  and  pommel  of  the  saddle. 

Disqualified.  By  the  rules  of  the  Turf  Congress  when 
a  horse  is  disqualified,  every  other  horse  belonging  wholly  or 
in  part  to  the  same  owner,  is  also  disqualified;   and  if  any 


74  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

transfer  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  payment  of 
forfeit  orders  or  any  disqualification,  the  person  making  and 
receiving  such  transfers  may  be  fined  or  ruled  off. 

Distal  Phalanx.     The  coiiin  bone. 

Distance.  The  space  measured  back  from  the  winning 
post  or  judges'  stand  which  a  horse,  in  heat-races,  must  have 
reached  when  the  winning  horse  has  covered  the  whole  course, 
in  order  to  be  entitled  to  enter  subsequent  heats.  By  the 
rules  of  the  trotting  turf  distances  are :  Kaces  of  mile  heats, 
eighty  yards ;  races  of  two  mile  heats,  one  hundred  and  fifty 
yards;  races  of  three  mile  heats,  two  hundred  and  twenty 
yards ;  mile  heats,  best  three  in  five,  one  hundred  yards ;  heats 
of  not  over  one  mile,  in  which  eight  or  more  horses  start, 
distance  is  to  be  increased  one  half,  unless  otherwise  stated  in 
the  conditions  of  the  race.  In  a  fairly  trotted  heat,  when 
there  is  no  question  as  to  the  placing  of  horses,  those  whose 
heads  have  not  reached  the  distance  stand  or  post  as  soon  as 
the  leading  horse  arrives  at  the  wire,  are  declared  to  be  dis- 
tanced. All  horses  distanced  in  the  first  heat  are  equal.  If  a 
heat  has  been  won  by  a  protested  horse  the  judges  are  to  waive 
the  application  of  a  distance  as  to  all  other  horses  except  for 
fouls;  and  judges  may  waive  distance,  (except  for  fouls),  to 
any  horse  for  w^hich  they  have  substituted  a  rider  or  driver ; 
also,  in  case  of  a  dead  heat,  judges  may  waive  the  application 
of  the  distance  rule.  A  horse  distancing  the  field  in  one  heat, 
closes  the  race  and  is  entitled  to  the  entire  purse,  stake  or 
premium,  unless  otherwise  stated.  The  American  Turf  Con- 
gress recognizes  the  following  distances :  In  heats  of  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile,  twenty-five  yards ;  one  mile,  thirty  yards ; 
two  miles,  seventy  yards ;  three  miles,  sixty  yards ;  four  miles, 
seventy  yards.     In  the  deciding  heat  there  is  no  distance. 

Distanced.  To  be  distanced  in  a  heat  or  race,  is  to 
have  no  place.  A  horse  which  fails  to  reach  the  distance-post 
or  stand  before  the  heat  has  been  won,  or  whose  driver  or 
rider  is  adjudged  to  have  made  certain  specified  errors,  is 
regarded  as  distanced. 

Distance  Flag.  The  flag  in  the  hands  of  the  distance 
judge,  the  falling  of  which,  as  the  winning  horse  reaches  the 
wire,  is  the  signal  that  horses  which  have  not  reached  the 
distance  post  are  shut  out. 

Distanced  Horse.  A  distanced  horse  is  out  of  the 
race,  having  no  j^lace. 

Distance  Judg^e.  A  person  appointed  by  the  judges 
to  remain  in  the  distance  stand,  or  at  the  distance  post  during 
a  heat  or  race,  and,  at  the  close,  report  to  them  the  horse  or 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  75 

horses  that  are  behind  the  flag,  and  all  foul  or  improper  con- 
duct, if  any  has  occurred  under  his  observation. 

Distance  Post;  Distance  Stand.  The  stand  or 
post  at  the  end  of  the  distance. 

Dock.  The  solid  part  of  the  horse's  tail ;  the  crupper  of 
a  saddle. 

Docking".  The  act  of  cutting  off  or  clipping  the  horse's 
tail,  an  operation  which  the  dictates  of  fashion  have  caused  to 
be  inflicted,  periodically,  for  the  past  two  hundred  years;  the 
length  of  the  dock  or  stump  being  a  matter  of  mere  caprice. 

Dog'.     A  mean  horse ;  a  quitter. 

Domino.  A  phenomenal  young  thoroughbred  racehorse, 
known  as  ^'the  unbeaten."  Bred  by  B.  G.  Thomas,  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.  Foaled  in  1890.  By  Himyar;  dam,  Mamie  Gray, 
by  Enquirer.  Morris  Park,  September  29,  1893,  won  the 
Matron  Stakes,  six  furlongs,  carrying  128  pounds,  in  1:09,  the 
fastest  time  on  record.  His  winnings  as  a  four-year  old  in 
1893,  were  -1176.730,  no  other  American  horse  ever  having  won 
anything  nearly  approaching  this  sum  in  a  single  season. 

Doncaster.  In  the  West  Biding  of  York,  England,  on 
the  river  Don.  The  seat  of  the  great  race-course  which  has  a 
magnificent  grand  stand,  and  also  a  splendid  noblemen's  stand. 
Races  were  established  here  in  1703,  and  the  St  Leger,  for 
three-year-olds,  established  by  Col.  St.  Leger,  is  run  in  Septem 
ber  of  each  year. 

Doping".  Drugging;  from  dope,  any  thick  liquid. 
When  a  horse  is  said  to  have  been  doped,  the  inference  is  that 
he  has  been  drugged  or  tampered  with.  It  is  punishable  by 
severe  penalties. 

Double-bridle.  A  bridle  with  two  bits,  two  headstalls 
and  two  reins,  same  as  the  bit  and  bridoon. 

Double-gaited.  A  horse  which,  in  motion,  both  trots 
and  paces  is  said  to  be  double-gaited.  In  general  this  change 
is  made  without  apparent  effort,  but  it  is  noticeable  that  when 
a  horse  changes  from  a  trot  to  a  pace  he  squats  a  few  inches — 
some  drivers  assert  from  three  to  four  inches — traveling  closer 
to  the  ground,  the  back  being  perfectly  level.  The  usual 
changes  in  gait  are  these :  In  starting  from  a  walk  the  horse 
ambles,  or  goes  at  a  slow  pace,  and  in  passing  from  this  to  a 
pace  he  usually  consumes  ten  or  a  dozen  steps  in  shuffling, 
skipping,  hopping,  before  the  settled  pace  is  caught.  In 
changing  from  a  pace  to  a  trot  but  two  or  three  shuffling  steps 
are  required.  The  formula  is  this :  It  is  easy  for  a  horse  to 
go  from  a  trot  to  a  pace ;  difficult  to  go  from  the  amble  to  the 
trot,  and  hard  to  go  from  the  pace  to  the  trot. 


76  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

Give  Gus  Glidden  one  of  those  double-gaited ,  sliifty,  pacing  horses  that 
are  occasionally  met  wlMi,  and  lie  could  come  nearer  straiglitening 
him  oul  and  making  him  go  on  a  straight  trot,  in  less  time  than  any 
man  I  evei-  saw.— Lil'e  witli  the  Trotters,  John  Spian. 

Double-harness.  A  harness  for  a  span  of  horses  driven 
abreast.  Each  one  is  usually  lighter  than  a  single  harness,  and 
contains  nearly  the  same  number  of  pieces,  although  in  that 
intended  for  light  carriage  use  the  breeching  or  hold-back  straps 
are  discontinued. 

Double- jointed  Snaffle.  A  bit  similar  to  the  double- 
barred  or  Pantograph  snaffle,  intended  for  hard  pullers,  being  a 
compromise  between  the  single-jointed  snaffle  and  the  bar  bit. 

Double-pocket.  A  disadvantageous  position  for  a 
horse  in  a  heat,  which  may  be  the  result  of  circumstances,  or  in 
part  that  of  design.  As  an  example  :  A  horse  may  have  the 
pole  and  another  lapped  on  his  outside  w  heel ;  when  a  third 
horse  may  come  up  behind  the  one  at  the  pole  and  yet  a  fourth 
immediately  lap  on  his  outside.  Hence  the  horse  behind  the 
leading  pole  horse  would  be  in  a  "  dotible  pocket "  with  little 
chance  of  getting  out,  although  he  might  have  more  speed  than 
either  of  the  others.     See  Pocket. 

Double-reined  Bridle.  A  bridle  with  a  single  bit 
and  two  reins,  like  the  Pelham,  having  one  bit,  one  head- 
stall, and  two  reins. 

Double-ringed  Snaffle.  A  bit  that  may  be  used  for 
horses  which  bore  to  one  side,  or  which  have  at  times  to  be 
turned  very  sharply. 

Double-team,  World's  Record.  To  wagon,  to  the 
close  of  1893:  One  mile  —  Belle  Hamlin  and  Honest  George, 
Providence,  R.  I.,  September  23,  1892,  2:12^;  in  a  race,  one 
mile — Maxy  Cobb  and  Neta  Medium,  Chicago,  111.,  September 
25,  1885,  2:18f 

Down  in  the  Dirt.  When  a  horse  that  has  been 
running  or  trotting  badly  suddenly  recovers  his  form  and 
improves  all  at  once,  the  prophets  who  said  he  was  a  quitter, 
and  those  who  layed  on  his  opponents,  are  "  down  in  the  dirt," 
or  floored. 

DraAVg"ate.  The  gate  from  the  stables  to  the  course, 
through  which  the  horses  in  a  race  go  upon  the  track. 

Drawing".  A  term  relating  to  feeding  a  horse  for  a  race, 
but  one  having  two  meanings  in  this  connection.  It  refers  to 
the  act  of  reducing  the  quantity  of  hay  fed,  or  "drawing" 
away  a  portion  of  the  regular  ration.  Mr.  Splan,  in  telling  how 
he  fed  one  of  his  horses  for  a  race,  says  :  "  She  w^ould  get  a  light 
feed  of  hay  after  her  work,  and  that  was  all  the  drawing  I  found 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  77 

necessary  in  her  case."     It  also  refers  to  the  drawing  up  or 

reducing  the  size  of  the  abdomen  in  order  that  the  horse  may 

not  be  cumbered  with  unnecessary  bulk. 

I  am  not  in  fiivor  of  drawing  a  horse  as  closely  as  many  do,  who,  I 
think,  err  in  making  tlieir  restrictions  too  severe.  There  is  a  point 
to  be  reacthed  in  tliis  preparation  whicli  it  should  be  our  aim  to 
observe,  viz.:  Tliat  tlie  stomacii  should  not  be  encumbered,  and  yet 
the  nourishment  affordeil  by  the  tood  be  sufficient  to  carry  a  horse 
througli  a  race  in  which  lie  would  weaken  unless  the  supply  was 
ade(iu"ate  to  meet  the  demands.— Jt)sepii  Cairn  Simpson. 

Drawing'  for  Positions.  When  the  horses  are  out 
the  drawing  for  positions  usually  takes  place  in  this  manner: 
One  judge  with  a  pencil  in  hand,  so  that  no  one  else  can  see, 
points  to  the  name  of  a  horse  in  the  list  of  entries,  and,  with 
his  back  to  another  judge,  asks,  "  What  position  shall  this 
horse  have  ?  "  The  other  replies,  "  second,"  "  sixth,"  or  any 
other  number ;  and  this  goes  on  until  all  are  drawn  —  number 
one  having  drawn  the  jDole,  and  the  highest  number  the 
outside  place. 

DraAvn.  A  horse  taken  from  a  race  after  having  been 
entered,  is  said  to  have  been  drawn  ;  not  a  starter.  But  no 
horse  can  be  drawn  except  by  permission  of  the  judges  unless 
at  or  before  7  o'clock  p.  m.,  of  the  day  preceding  the  race.  By 
the  old  rules  it  had  the  same  force  as  distanced. 

Dress  of  Jockeys.  The  racing  rules  require  that  all 
riders  must  be  dressed  in  proper  costume  —  cap  and  jacket  of 
silk  or  satin,  white  or  colored  breeches  and  top  boots. 

Dressed  Mouth.  A  dressed  mouth  is  one  in  which  the 
tables  or  surface  of  the  teeth  have  been  filed  down  or  bishoped, 
often  for  the  purpose  of  complicating  the  determination  of  age. 

Dressing".  The  scraping,  cleaning,  drying,  bandaging, 
and  blanketing  of  a  horse  after  a  race,  or  after  a  day's  hunt  or 
work,  is  called  "  dressing."  The  average  time  required  is  an 
hour  and  a  half  to  each  horse. 

Dressing  a  Track.  Fitting  the  surface  for  a  heat  or 
race  by  means  of  a  light,  fine  harrow,  float  or  brush. 

Dressing  Harrow.  A  wide  harrow  having  sharp,  fine 
teeth,  adjustable  in  length,  for  the  purpose  of  finishing  the 
surface  of  a  track. 

Drive  Him  Out  of  It.  A  term  used  in  training 
where  the  horse  trots  with  his  fore  legs  and  at  the  same  time 
runs  behind.  To  balance  such  a  horse,  trainers  recommend 
the  use  of  light  shoes  behind,  with  heavier  ones  forward,  and 
possibly  a  four  ounce  toe-weight.  Drive  at  first  at  half  speed, 
increasing  it  gradually.  Radical  treatment  is  to  use  spreaders 
and  send  the  horse  out  brisk  —  in  other  words,  "drive  him  out 
of  it." 


78  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

Drive  Him  Over  Himself.  To  force  a  horse  off  his 
gait. 

Driver.  One  who  drives  a  race  in  a  sulky,  in  distinction 
from  one  who  rides  a  race  in  the  saddle. 

Driving"  Bit.  The  watering  bit.  An  ordinary  bridoon 
with  rings,  used  with  cart,  car,  truck,  wagon,  plow  ;  and  cavalry 
regulation  bit.     A  bit,  mild  and  harmless  in  general  application. 

Driving'  Rein.  A  rein  in  which  the  hand  part  consists 
of  two  strips  or  pieces  instead  of  one  ;  between  wdiich  leather 
hand-loops  are  stitched  at  convenient  distances  apart  ranging 
from  six  to  ten  inches,  to  meet  the  requirements  of  different 
kinds  of  service. 

Dr'n.  In  a  summary  of  the  race,  these  letters  mean  that 
the  horse  against  which  uame  they  are  placed,  was  drawn  from 
the  race  in  the  heat  in  which  they  appear. 

Dropped  Heat.  Practically  the  same  as  a  heat  laid 
up,  with  this  difference  :  The  rules  allow  a  heat  to  be  laid  up 
by  permission  of  the  judges  upon  having  it  announced  from 
the  stand,  while  a  heat  is  often  dropped  to  favor  a  fraud  and 
not  known  to  any  but  the  parties  interested.  Thus  a  horse 
may  ask  j)ermission  to  lay  up  a  heat  in  order  that  he  may  be 
able  to  win  the  deciding  heat  of  a  hard  race,  while  a  horse  able 
to  win  in  straight  heats  may  drop  one  to  some  other  horse  in 
order  to  insure  him  second  money. 

Dropping  Anclior.  [Eng.]  Keeping  back  a  horse  in  a 
race,  or  voluntarily  losing  it. 

On  the  other  liand,  on  remarking  upon  the  mild  way  of  riding,  the 
visitor  will,  probably,  be  met  witli  tlie  retort,  tliat  if  the  jockeys  did 
not  tlog  their  animals  nnniercifully,  they  would  be  accused  of  wliat 
is  here  termed  in  racing  slang,  "dropping  the  anchor." —  Sporting 
Times. 

No  trainer  of  experience  will  attempt  to  deny  the  impossibility  of 
detecting  by  ocular  observation,  whetJier  the  jockey  whom  lie 
employs  "drops  anchor"  or  does  his  best  to  win  a  race.— The  Bad- 
minton Library:  Racing.  The  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire,  and 
\y.  G.  Craven. 

Dropping  Behind.  Knuckling  or  dropping  behind 
with  the  pastern  joint  or  joints,  is  caused  by  what  is  known  as 
chinked  or  broken  back ;  and  is  in  all  cases  an  unsoundness. 

Dropsy.  A  distended,  bulky  stomach  is  too  often  an 
indication  of  dropsy,  in  which  case  the  horse  is  unsound. 

Ds.  Small,  semi-circular  metal  hoops  which  are  attached 
by  chafes,  (short  leather  straps),  to  the  front  or  back  of  the 
saddle  for  strapping  on  a  coat,  small  case,  or  other  personal 
effects. 

Dumb  Jockey.  A  device  made  of  whalebone,  gutta- 
percha, leather  and  rubber  springs  used  in  bitting  and  training 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  79 

colts.  It  consists  of  a  saddle  fastened  by  a  belly  girth,  two 
arms  extending  upward  from  the  saddle  to  which  the  ends  of 
the  reins  and  crupper  strap  are  attached,  the  side  checks  being 
fastened  to  the  lower  part  of  the  saddle  on  each  side  ;  the  reins 
and  straps  being  elastic  and  adjustable.  There  are  various 
patterns. 

D.  V.  S.     Doctor  of  veterinary  surgery. 

Dwell.  [Eng.]  A  short  stop  made  by  a  horse  at  a  fence 
before  taking  it ;  not  refusing  and  bolting  sidewise,  but  the 
act  of  considering.  It  is  a  fault  in  a  chaser,  as  horses  must  fly 
to  their  fences  and  get  away  from  them  immediately. 

Dwell ;  Dwelling  Behind.  AVhen  a  horse  has  that 
faulty  or  erratic  action  in  the  hind  members  which  is  best 
desci^bed  as  being  both  too  long  and  slow,  he  is  said  to  "  dwell 
behind." 


Ears.  The  ears  of  the  horse  are  expressive  of  many  feel- 
ings, convey  pleasure  and  pain  as  well  as  anger,  and  afford  an 
excellent  index  of  mind  and  health.  The  command  which  the 
horse  has  over  them  is  marvelous.  They  can  be  thrown  for- 
ward or  backward  at  will.  One  can  be  thrown  back  to  hear 
in  the  rear,  while  the  other  is  thrown  forw^ard  as  the  horse  sees 
and  hears  in  front.  The  normal  position  of  the  ear  when  the 
horse  is  inactive,  is  thrown  backwards,  but  when  he  is  at  work 
it  varies  with  conditions.  When  expecting  orders  it  is  verti- 
cal; when  the  horse  is  cross  it  drops  back  low;  when  listening 
or  looking  to  the  front  it  is  thrown  forward;  when  he  is 
asleep  one  ear  is  always  pointed  to  the  front.  AVhen  the  sad- 
dle horse  is  in  action  he  listens  attentively  to  the  least  sound 
of  his  rider's  voice,  which  he  expects  to  hear,  and  by  giving 
him  the  habit  of  listening  to  and  obeying  the  voice,  the  use  of 
the  bit  is  reduced  to  the  minimum. 

The  ear  which  lias  most  admirers  is  the  one  which  is  composed  of  a 
mere  shell  of  gristle  enveloped  in  a  layer  of  thin  skin,  which  should 
be  clotlied  witli  a  coat  of  fine  hair,  that  may,  however,  be  somewhat 
meager  on  the  inner  surface,  especially  in  the  summer  season.  In 
shape  it  should  taper  from  the  base  to  a  rather  sharp  point  at  the 
tip.  Experience  in  selecting  horses  has  led  ns  to  observe  the  move- 
ments of  the  ear  with  much  caie,  and  regard  them  to  some  extent 
as  the  index  to  the  animal's  character,  for  they  not  only  indicate  a 
well-balanced  disposition,  a  vicious  or  sluggish  horse,  as  the  case 
may  be,  but  they  point  to  defective  eyesight,  or  even  total  blindness, 
in  which  case  the  ever  restless  ear  will  be  thrown  first  in  one  direc- 
tion and  then  in  another.  — E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S.,  Michigan  State 
College  Experiment  Station. 

Easy  Bit.   [Eq.]     In  equestrianism  what  is  termed  an 

easy  bit  is  the  best  for  a  horse ,  because,  while  a  severe  bit 

ought  to  enable  him  to  do  well  and  prevent  him  from  doing 

ill,  instead  it  often  causes  a  severe  restraint  upon  the  natural 

action  of  the  horse. 

An  easy  bit  is  the  best  one  by  which  to  control  the  horse,  and  next  to 
this  a  skillful  hand— for  the  bit  is  the  hand,  and  a  good  hand  is  the 
whole  of  the  rider.— New  Method  of  Horsemanship,  F.  Baucher. 

Eclipse.  The  most  celebrated  horse  in  the  annals  of  the 
turf.  Bred  by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland.  Foaled  April  1, 
1764,  the  day  on  which  occured  the  remarkable  eclipse  of  the 
sun,  from  which  event  his  name  was  given.  By  Mask,  by 
Squirt,  by  Bartlett's  Childers,  by  the  Darley  Arabian;  dam, 
Spiletta,   by   Regulus,  by   the   Godolphin    Arabian.     He   was 

80 


HANDBOOX   OF  THE  TURF.  gj 

Chestnut  in  color  with  a  white  blaze  down  his  face  and  his  off 
hnid  leg  was  wlnte  fron,  his  hock  downwards.     lie  had  b  ack 
spots  i.pon  Ins  run.p,  a  peculiarity  said  to  be  seen  in  his  male 
descent  to  the  present  day.     The  very  great  size,  obliqu  ty  2d 
lowness  of  his  shoulders  were  the  objects  of  general  rematk 
"";  't-'^  ^''r*"''^^  °f  his  fore  quarters,  his  alple  indlnei; 
p.oportioned    nnd  quarters  and  the  swelling  muscles  of  hs 
foreann  and  thigh.     He  was  1.5.1  hands  higit     His  shoulden 
vvere  so  tluck  that,  according  to  the  observaUon  of    i^  ?h  ,e  a 
firkin  of  butter  might  have  rested  upon  them;  while  he  stood 
very  h.gh  beh.nd-a  conformation  suited  to  hi    great  poweio 
progi^ssion.     Of  his  speed,  no  correct  estimate  can  be7o™  ed 
foi  he  never  met  with  an  opponent  sufficiently  fleet  to  put      to 
the  test.     He  was  what  is  termed  a  "thick  winded  ho.^e  "  and 
puffed  and  roared  so  as  to  be  heard  at  a  considerable  dTstance 
uZ  n   i        '°T  ""^'^  ''"'"''  ^^  ^^»«  '«t  '^™"Sl»t  upon  the 
M       f   -.n™'  ?™  y''^''''  "'''•     H«  ™"  his  first  race  at  Epsom 
^W\^^-     ^']  ^"0  he  beat  Mr.  Wentworth's  BucephS' 

Auo^nl  nf  the  ;  ^  ^"i"'''"""'"'  "  """'y  Sood  horse;  and  in 

Yorir   No  wJ   r-^'""*  ^''  "'""  *he  great  subscription  at 
loik.     iNo  horse  daring  to  enter  against  him,  he  closed  his 
short  turf  career  of  seventeen  months,  by  walk  L  over  tl^ 
^ewmarket  course  for  the  King's  plate,  on  Octobef  18   1770 
having  run  or  walked  over  eighteen  courses.     He  was' never 

£0^000 "°T  "''■'  P"''  ^°''^"*'  ^'"^  ^■°»  fo--  his  owTiers  over 
£2o,000.     Leaving   the  turf   he  entered   the   stud   where  his 

his  form  and  lie  was  J  Si  ad  mi  fVifl  to  .1^2  ""^'^  was  set  to  scrutinize 
iml  characters  iiulica  ive  c^^f^^^'e^  pertection  theexter- 

his  proportions  by  M.  Saintbel  a  veterh  ar.f  .^  ^'"""^  "^"^^  written  on 
gations  sl.owed  that  his  fis.u'e  diffli^d^i^^^^ 

tional  form  which  speciilativf^  w,  t^.i^.o  P*^''  '^  ^\'^^  the  conven- 
of  perfection.  He  was  of  an  indomit.^h^^^  ;iss,gned  as  the  standard 
found  it  in  vain  to  attenmt  «  i.,  ?V  ■  '^ '"^'^l'^'"' ''»''^  *"«  jockeys 
with  remaining  ,stni  in  1  e  sa.  luhn^  V"^  ^'o^^ented  themselves 
ahnost  toucliing  ti.e  gTo  nd  T  le  til '  i«t  f  '^^^"^Pt  along,  l.is  nose 
not    keep    by    his    side    for    fifVvJ^.fi.^''^^^^^^ 

^'Th^  were  too  late,  S^  "^^L^l^Sx^i/^^'^ ^^^^g^ 


82  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

all  the  information  they  wanted.  On  inquiring:  whether  she  had 
seen  a  race,  slie  replied  that  she  could  not  tell  M'hether  it  was  a 
race  or  not,  but  that  she  liad  just  seen  a  horse  with  white  legs  run- 
ninii;  away  at  a  luonstroits  rate,  and  anotlier  horse  a  great  way 
beiiiiid,  trying  to  run  after  him;  but  slie  was  sure  lie  never  would 
catch  the  wliite  legged  horse,  if  he  run  to  the  world's  end."— History 
of  tlie  Horse,  London,  1831. 

Edg'e.  A  horse  is  said  to  be  on  edge,  when  he  is  in 
splendid  condition,  and,  after  proper  training,  is  eager  for  a 
race. 

Elbow.  A  portion  of  the  forearm  ;  the  large  bony  pro- 
jection at  the  upper  and  front  portion  of  the  forearm. 

Electioneer,  125.  The  great  sire  of  trotters.  Bred  by- 
Charles  Backman,  Stony  Ford,  X.  Y.  Foaled  May  2,  1868. 
Bay;  stout,  and  compactly  built,  standing  15.2^.  By  Rysdyk's 
Hambletonian ;  dam.  Green  Mountain  Maid,  by  Harry  Clay, 
2:29.  He  was  never  trained,  but  as  a  three-year-old  trotted 
in  2:42  with  no  fitting,  and  could  trot  in  2:23  or  better,  and  for 
an  eighth  of  a  mile  any  day  go  at  a  2:20  gait.  His  head  was 
well  proportioned,  of  fair  size,  and  a  model  of  great  intelligence. 
He  had  good  shoulders,  splendid  barrel,  faultless  back,  and, 
says  Charles  Marvin,  "simply  the  best  quarters  I  ever  saw  on 
a  stallion,  possessing  the  perfection  of  driving  power."  His 
forearms  and  gaskins  were  heavily  muscled,  his  joints  clean  and 
sound,  and  his  legs  and  feet  of  first-class  quality.  He  com- 
bined great  power,  elegant  proportion  and  fine  finish  at  every 
point.  He  died  at  Palo  Alto,  California,  in  1890,  the  property 
of  the  late  Leland  Stanford.  He  stands  at  the  head  of  all 
sires  of  2:10  trotting  speed,  and,  at  the  close  of  1893  had  one 
hundred  and  forty-four  trotters  and  one  pacer  in  the  list  of 
2:30  performers. 

Electric  Clironometer.  A  device  invented  by  Bitter 
Von  Stockert  of  Vienna,  Austria,  which  notes  on  regular 
telegram  slips  the  speed  shown  by  each  horse  in  a  field,  to  one- 
tenth  of  a  second.  It  is  set  going  as  the  word  is  given,  and 
one  person  alone  can  control  it  and  record  the  speed  of  each 
horse  engaged  in  the  race. 

Electrical  Appliances.  The  American  racing  rules 
punish  by  severe  penalties  the  use  of  "drugs,  electrical  or 
mechanical  appliances,"  or  other  means  than  the  Avhip  and 
spur  for  the  purpose  of  stimulating  the  endurance  or  speed  of 
a  horse  in  a  race. 

Eligible.  The  American  and  Xational  rules  i3rovide 
that  a  horse  is  not  entitled  to  start  in  any  race  that  has  beaten 
the  time  advertised  prior  to  the  closing  of  the  entries  for  the 
race  in  which  he  is  nominated.  A  fraction  is  not  a  bar — that 
is  to  say,  a  horse  having  made  a  record  of  2:29  and  a  fraction, 
is  eligible  to  enter  in  the  2:30  class. 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  83 

Elliott's  Electrical  Chronog^raph.  A  device  for 
noting  and  registering  the  speed  of  horses  in  a  race.  It  con- 
sists of  a  face  seven  feet  high  by  sixteen  feet  long,  having  in 
the  center  a  dial  seven  feet  in  diameter.  On  either  end  are 
indicators  which  show  the  nuinber  of  the  race,  number  of  the 
heat  and  number  of  the  winning  horse ;  also  the  numbers  of 
the  horses  occupying  second,  third  and  fourth  places.  On  the 
other  end  is  an  indicator  showing  the  time  made  to  the 
quarter,  half,  and  three-quarters,  also  the  finish,  in  figures 
eight  inches  long,  the  time  being  given  in  sixtieths  of  a  second. 
Upon  the  dial  are  three  pointers — one  revolving  once  in  five 
minutes,  another  revolving  every  minute,  and  a  third  revolving 
once  per  second,  and  stopping  on  the  sixtieth,  as  the  dial  is 
divided.  The  starting,  indicating  of  the  quarters  of  the  course, 
and  the  stopping,  is  done  by  pressing  buttons  arranged  on  a 
small  cabinet  to  be  placed  in  the  judges'  stand  or  any  con- 
venient locality.  As  the  connection  is  made  by  electricity,  the 
distance  or  location  of  either  the  chronograph  or  buttons  is  a 
matter  of  no  moment ;  only  that  the  machine  should  be  placed 
where  the  dial  may  be  seen  by  the  greatest  number  of  persons 
interested  in  the  race.  The  quarters,  or  any  intermediate 
time,  is  taken  without  affecting  the  operation  of  the  chrono- 
graph, by  means  of  electrotyped  dials  having  figures  from  one 
to  sixty.  Arranged  alongside  of  these  dials  or  discs  is  an  ink- 
ing ribbon  and  strip  of  paper.  The  pressing  of  the  button  by 
the  timer  strikes  the  electric  hammer  upon  this  paper,  and  by 
means  of  the  inking  ribbon  the  number  of  seconds  or  sixtieths 
of  a  second  at  that  instant  are  recorded  upon  the  strip  of 
paper.  The  finishes  are  also  recorded  in  the  same  way,  in 
addition  to  the  record  which  is  made  by  the  large  dial  outside ; 
so  that  at  the  close  of  a  day's  racing  the  finish  of  every  mile, 
half,  three-quarters,  and  quarter  of  a  mile,  are  accurately 
recorded  upon  the  strips  of  paper,  w^hich  may  be  kept  for 
future  reference.  The  device  has  a  roof  and  sides  of  canvas  to 
protect  the  operator  and  machinery  from  the  weather,  and  its 
entire  weight  is  950  pounds. 

Enamel.  A  texture  of  remarkable  hardness  forming  the 
real  protecting  covering  of  the  teeth,  although  laying  under 
the  cement  or  thin  superficial  covering.  It  is  said  to  be  of  such 
extreme  hardness  that  it  M-ill  strike  fire  from  flint.  It  resists 
decay  longer  than  the  dentine,  or  larger  part  of  the  tooth,  and 
is  always  found  in  relief,  or  raised,  on  the  surface  of  the  table 
of  the  tooth. 

Engagement.  The  appointment  or  nomination  for  a 
race  ;  an  entry.     By  all  the  turf  rules  the  seller  of  a  horse  sold 


84  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUEF. 

with  his  engagements,  has  not  the  power  of  striking  him  out. 
When  a  horse  is  sold  with  his  engagements  all  penalties  there- 
after growing  out  of  such  engagements  attach  to  the  horse  and 
his  ]3urchaser  or  purchasers. 

Enlarged  Joints;  Soft  Enlargements.  Soft 
enlargements  during  their  formation,  and  until  their  result  is 
ascertained,  render  a  horse  unsound.  But  if,  upon  being  fully 
developed,  they  do  not  impede  the  horse  in  his  ordinary  work, 
he  is  sound ;  but  when  they  are  so  large  as  to  be  unsightly,  they 
are  blemishes. 

Entrance  Fee.  A  percentage  of  the  premium  or  purse 
which  is  paid  by  the  owner  of  a  horse  when  entering  him  for  a 
particular  race,  stake,  or  purse.  The  system  was  devised  by 
John  Trail  of  Shrewsbury,  England,  who  is  known  as  "  father 
of  the  clerk  of  the  courses."  All  entrance  fees  must  be  paid 
before  a  horse  can  become  a  starter,  and  horses  and  owners  or 
drivers  may  be  suspended  for  non-payment  of  entrance  dues. 

Entries.  By  the  trotting  rules  entries  may  be  made  in 
writing,  or  by  telegraph  or  telephone,  and  must  be  received 
before  the  advertised  hour  of  the  closing  of  entries,  and  all 
entries  constitute  an  agreement  "  that  the  persons  making  them, 
owners,  drivers,  and  horses  "  shall  be  subject  to  the  rules,  regu- 
lations, and  bj'-laws  of  the  association.  The  racing  laAvs  pro- 
vide that  on  being  entered  a  horse  shall  be  named  and  identified, 
and  after  having  started  in  a  public  race  his  name  shall  not  be 
changed ;  and  no  alteration  or  condition  shall  be  made  in  any 
entry  after  the  time  fixed  for  closing.  Persons  making  entries 
become  liable  for  the  entrance  money,  stake,  or  forfeit ;  and 
every  horse  entered  for  a  purse  must  start  unless  declared  out. 
Entries  and  subscriptions  do  not  become  void  on  the  death  of 
the  parties  making  them. 

Epsom  Downs.  A  mile  and  a  half  south  of  the  town 
of  Epsom,  county  of  Surrey,  England,  where  races  lasting  four 
days  are  run  each  year.  Epsom  is  fourteen  miles  from  Lon- 
don. The  races  were  begun  here  about  1711,  by  Mr.  Parkhurst, 
and  have  been  held  annually  since  1730. 

Equestrian.  [Eq.]  Relating  or  pertaining  to  horses, 
horsemanship,  or  saddle  riding ;  consisting  in  or  accompanied 
with  performances  on  horseback;  exercising  or  mounted  on 
horseback. 

Equestrian  Feats.  English  turf  history  records  the 
following  interesting  events  :  In  1758,  Miss  Pond  undertook  to 
ride  one  thousand  miles  at  Newmarket,  in  one  thousand  hours, 
for  a  purse  of  two  hundred  guineas ;  which  feat  she  performed 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  85 

in  less  than  one-half  the  time.  In  1759,  ^Jennison  Shafts  rode 
fifty  miles  in  one  hour,  forty-nine  minutes,  using  ten  horses. 
In  1701,  Mr.  Woodcock  rode  one  hundred  miles  a  day  for 
twenty-nine  days,  using  fourteen  horses.  In  1786,  Mr.  Hull's 
horse,  Quibbler,  ran  twenty-three  miles  in  fifty-seven  minutes, 
ten  seconds. 

Equidcie.  Latin  for  the  horse  family;  Eqims  caballus, 
Latin  for  the  horse.     See  Horse. 

Equilibrium.  [Eq.]  The  perfect  balance  of  the  horse 
when  under  the  saddle.  Upon  this  depends  his  prompt,  grace- 
ful and  regvdar  action.  In  equilibrium  the  weight  of  the  rider 
and  the  forces  of  the  horse  are  equally  distributed.  By  means 
of  this  just  distribution  the  different  positions,  the  different 
paces,  and  the  equilibriums  that  belong  to  them,  are  obtained 
without  effort  on  the  part  of  rider  or  horse. 

Equine.  Pertaining  to  the  horse,  or  belonging  to  the 
horse  kind. 

Equine  Bicycle.  An  equine  bicycle  was  described  in 
the  papers  in  May,  1891,  as  having  been  invented  by  T.  W. 
Moore,  of  New  York.  "  It  is  made  of  steel  tubing,  like  ordinary 
bicycles,  and  has  similar  wheels  with  ball  bearings,  rubber  tires, 
etc.,  and  is  lighter  than  a  sulky.  The  sliding  of  the  sulky 
wheels  on  the  curves  of  the  track  is  overcome  by  the  new  sulky, 
in  Mhich  the  point  of  contact  with  the  ground  is  in  a  line  with 
the  center  of  the  propelling  power.  There  is  no  side  motion, 
and  the  driver  is  not  obliged  to  lean  toward  the  inside  in  going 
round  a  curve  to  balance  the  vehicle,  for  there  is  no  side 
swing." 

Erg'ot ;  Spurs.  Natural  structural  growths  of  soft  horn 
located  behind  and  below  the  pastern  joint,  and  generally  con- 
cealed under  the  tuft  of  hair  on  the  fetlock.  In  fine  bred 
horses  this  growth  is  comparatively  slight ;  in  heavy,  coarse 
ones  it  is  very  thick,  often  extending  up  the  shank  and  giving 
origin  to  what  is  known  as  "  feathers "  in  some  breeds  of 
horses.  Dr.  W.  H.  Flower  believes  that  both  by  structure  and 
position  they  are  similar  to  the  callosities  on  the  palm  of  the 
human  hand. 

Erratic  Gait.  Any  wrong,  incorrect,  or  unnatural  gait 
or  action  in  a  horse  at  motion,  such  as  running  behind  and 
trotting  in  front ;  paddling  ;  hitching ;  crossing,  etc. 

Event.  A  fixed  date  which  arrives ;  an  appointment 
that  occurs ;  a  trotting  meeting.  In  the  United  States  there  is 
really  no  fixed  national  event  excepting  the  Futurity  and  Real- 
ization stakes. 


86  HA.KDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Ev'Olutioii  of  the  Trotter.  If  evolution  may  be 
regarded  as  "  the  process  of  evolving  or  becoming  developed, 
an  unfolding  or  a  growth,"  the  word  may  not  inaptly  be  used 
to  express  the  development  of  the  American  trotter  during  the 
past  half  century.  The  accompanying  table,  compiled  from 
the  most  accurate  sources,  will  show  at  a  glance  the  successive 
stao-es  in  this  evolution  of  the  2:30  trotter : 


Year. 

N^umher  of  Horses  u'ith 

2:30  or  Better. 

1844, 

1 

1850, 

5 

1860, 

34 

1870, 

181 

1880, 

1,190 

1890, 

4,674 

1894, 

10,000 

bitio 

11  Mile.     A  display  of  speed  or  action  shown 

at  a 

meeting,  usually  between  heats  of  a  regular 

by  a  horse 
race. 

Expulsion.  By  the  trotting  law  expulsion  is  construed 
to  mean  "  unconditional  exclusion  and  disqualification  from 
any  participation,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  in  the  privileges 
and  uses  of  the  course  and  grounds  of  a  member."  It  may  be 
imposed  for  attempting  to  make  fraudulent  entries ;  allowing 
use  of  a  member's  track  by  an  expelled  person  or  horse ;  refusing 
to  afford  information ;  tampering  with  a  horse ;  pulling ;  help- 
ing; breech  of  decorum  or  other  just  cause.  All  persons 
expelled  for  fraud  from  the  trotting  turf,  stand,  also,  as  expelled 
by  all  tracks  under  control  of  the  Turf,  or  Racing  Congress. 

Extend.  When  a  horse  is  put  to  his  speed,  and  opens 
out  f reelj ,  he  is  said  to  extend.     Explained  by  the  quotations : 

"  AVell  bootefl,  the  liorse  is  not  afraid  of  hitting  himself  when  extended 

or  put  to  liis  speed." 
"  Soiueliorses  will  not  extend  themselves  unless  the  rider  has  spurs  on." 
The  complaint  that  a  liorse  "can't  extend  himself"  generally  applies 

to  a  horse  that  can  trot  in  about  three  minutes.— Wallace's  Monthly. 

Extension.  A  term  commonly  applied  to  all  muscles 
whose  action  is  to  enlarge  the  angles  and  by  so  doing  elongate 
the  limbs — but  their  extension  may  be  forward  when  the  foot 
is  in  the  air,  or  backward  when  the  foot  is  on  the  ground. 

Extreme  Speed.  The  utmost  limit  of  a  horse's  endur- 
ance at  motion  ;  the  greatest  effort  of  which  a  horse  is  capable. 
The  extreme  speed  of  the  trotter  previous  to  1820  was  at  2:50 
to  the  mile  in  harness.  In  1829,  Topgallant  went  three  miles 
in  8:11;  in  1834,  the  gelding,  Edwin  Forrest  went  a  mile 
under  saddle  in  2:31^;  in  1839,  Drover  paced  a  mile  in  2:28; 
in  ISU,  Lady  Suffolk  trotted  under  saddle  in  2:26^;  in  1844, 
Unknown  paced  to  wagon  in  2:23.  In  the  next  decade  (1854), 
Flora  Temple  trotted  in  2:19f ,  and  in  the  same  decade  the  mar- 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  87 

veloiis  pacing  mare,  (for  her  time),  Pocahontas,  went  the  mile 
to  wagon  in  2:17|-.  The  stars  of  the  following  decade,  (1804), 
were:  Dexter  '2:i7|,  and  Lady  Thorne,  2:18|.  In  the  next 
period,  (1874),  Goldsmith  Maid  2:14:  Hopeful,  2:14f;  Rarus, 
2:13^,  and  Lula,  2:14|,  represented  the  limits  of  trotting  speed. 
In  1879,  St.  Julian  trotted  in  2:12f,  but  reached  his  limit,  2:11^, 
in  1880.  In  1884,  Jay-Eye-See  trotted  the  mile  in  2:10;  and 
in  1885,  IVIaud  S.  trotted  in  2:08|,  which  last  was  the  best  time 
in  ISOo,  to  the  high-wheel  sulky.  In  1892  Nancy  Hanks  made 
the  mile  in  2:04 ;  in  the  same  year  ]\Iascot  paced  the  mile  in 
the  same  time,  and  in  1893  Flying  Jib  and  Algona  both  paced 
the  mile  in  2:04,  both  against  time. 

Eye.  One  of  the  most  beautiful  organs  of  the  horse  and 
one  giving  a  great  insight  into  his  disposition  and  character. 
It  should  be  clear,  the  pupil  black,  the  eyelids  thin  and  com- 
paratively free  from  wrinkles.  A  small  eye  is  usually  regarded 
as  indicating  a  sulky  disposition,  or  one  wanting  in  courage, 
and  is  called  a  "  pig-eye."  Horses  which  show  a  good  deal  of 
white  in  their  eyes  are  almost  invariably  vicious  in  temper.  It 
has  long  been  observed  that  before  a  kicker  makes  ready  to 
"  let  fly  "  behind,  he  uncovers  a  portion  of  the  white  of  the  eye 
— on  the  side  to  which  the  head  is  inclined.  In  normal  condi- 
tion the  eye  of  the  horse  usually  shows  but  little  of  the  white, 
except  when  it  turns  its  head  to  the  rear  or  inwards.  The 
presence  of  deep  hollows  above  the  eyes  is  a  defect,  as  it 
denotes  that  the  horse  is  old  and  more  or  less  worn  out ;  or 
that  either  its  sire  or  dam  was  well  advanced  in  years  when  it 
was  bred — hence  such  a  mark  indicates  that  the  horse  is  some- 
what wanting  in  vigor.  It  is  thought  by  some  that  a  reddish 
color  to  the  white  of  the  eye  denotes  a  hardy  constitution  and 
staying  power.  When  there  is  an  absence  of  coloring  matter 
to  the  eye,  it  is  known  as  a  wall  or  watch  eye. 

[Law.]  Any  disease  of  tlie  eye,  even  from  the  slightest  cold  or  inflam- 
mation, nntil  It  is  completely  cured,  or  \intil  it  has  terminated  in 
total  blindness,  stamps  the  animal  as  unsound.  But  while  in  some 
cases  it  has  been  decided  that  total  blindness  which  does  not  unfit 
for  work  is  only  a  blemish;  in  others,  as  in  case  of  race  horses, 
blindness  is  classed  as  an  unsoundness. 

Tlie  j^reat  index  of  character  is  the  eye,  and  if  this  be  dull,  or  give  fitful 
flashes  of  animation  in  the  excitement  of  coming  on  to  the  track, 
the  horse  will  surely  not  be  nble  to  do  what  he  ought  to  do.  I  never 
saw  a  horse  that  the  brilliancy  of  the  eye  w;is  not  heightened  by 
proper  training.  It  may  not  show  as  nnich  briskness,  as  there  is  a 
pla(nd  look  acquired  wiiich  might  deceive  you  at  the  first  glance; 
but  as  you  look  again,  there  is  no  glossy,  uni'neaning  stare,  and  vou 
look  down  into  the  clear  dejuhs  till  you  cannot  bnt  resolve  t'liat 
such  an  organ  must  belong  to  more  than  an  animal,  and  that  it  is  a 
token  of  a  being  endowed  with  that  reason  which  we  haughtily 
arrogate  as  oidy  belonging  to  man.  When  the  horse  is  led  up  to 
start  in  a  race,  this  placid  look  .is  changed  to  one  as  determined  as 
ever  flashed  from  beneath  the  brow  of  ancient  knight  attempting 


88  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

deeds  tliat  would  either  heighten  his  renown  to  that  of  the  great 
Arthur  himself,  or  consign  him  to  an  honorable  grave.  A  fuming, 
fretty  horse,  tliat  rears,  and  pitches,  and  refuses  to  come  to  the 
score  when  the  time  to  start  has  been  signaled,  has  I'arely  the  look 
I  have  attempted  to  describe.  He  is  either  frightened  at  the  remem- 
brance of  unmerited  punishment,  or  is  so  sore  from  over  or  injudi- 
cious work,  that  he  does  not  like  to  start. — Horse  Portraiture,  Joseph 
Cairn  Simpson. 
The  eye  is  frequently  regarded  as  the  index  of  the  animal's  character, 
biit  I  have  been  deceived  so  often  by  both  kinds,  the  wild  as  well  as 
the  sulky  looking,  that  I  am  now  disposed  to  think  it  often  over- 
estimated as  a  guide  to  future  performances.  — Dr.  E.  A.  A.  Grange, 
v.  S.,  Michigan  State  College  Experiment  Station. 


Face.  That  part  of  the  front  of  the  horse's  head  from 
the  eyes  to  the  nostrils. 

Face  of  the  Track.  The  surface  of  a  track  is  called 
its  face. 

Facing"  the  Flag.  Said  of  the  horses  in  a  running  race 
when  they  come  up  for  a  start,  as  in  the  expression,  "  as  fine  a 
field  as  ever  faced  the  flag." 

False  Quarter.  A  lesion  of  the  foot  similar  to  sand- 
crack  in  appearance,  but  caused  by  an  interruption  of  the 
secreting  process  at  the  top  of  the  hoof,  which  causes  it  to 
become  soft  and  spongy ;  a  defect  in  the  outer  wall  of  the  hoof. 
It  is  legal  unsoundness. 

Fancy  Match.  A  cross  match  pair  or  span  of  horses, 
where  no  attention  is  paid  to  having  them  of  the  same  color; 
as,  black  and  white,  or  bay  and  chestnut,  according  to  the 
individual  fancy  of  the  owner. 

Farcy.  Glanders.  The  two  are  one  and  the  same  dis- 
ease, differing  only  in  that  glanders  is  applied  to  the  disease 
when  the  local  lesions  j^redominate  in  the  internal  organs, 
especially  in  the  lungs  and  air  tubes  ;  and  that  farcy  is  the  term 
applied  to  the  disease  M^hen  the  principal  manifestation  is  an 
outbreak  of  the  lesions  on  the  exterior  or  skin  of  the  animal. 
It  is  legal  unsoundness.     See  Glanders. 

Far  Turn.     The  turn  on  the  back  stretch  of  the  course. 

Farrier.  A  word  derived  from  the  Latin  Ferrum,  mean- 
ing iron ;  hence  a  worker  in  iron ;  a  smith  who  combines  the 
art  of  horseshoeing  with  that  of  the  veterinary  profession. 
When  the  term  was  first  applied  it  was  a  title  of  distinction, 
for  very  few  had  the  skill  necessary  to  be  a  successful  farrier. 
It  was  a  valuable  gift,  especially  when  the  horse  was  so  inval- 
uable and  necessary  an  adjunct  of  war,  and  in  those  early 
days  the  gift  was  confined  in  certain  families  the  members  of 
which  were  royal  favorites.  It  is  said  the  noble  earls  of 
Terrier  or  Ferrers  had  such  an  origin. 

Fashion.  A  famous  racing  mare  of  the  early  American 
turf.  Bred  by  William  Gibbons,  Madison,  N.  Y.  Foaled, 
April    26,    1837.      By   imported    Trustee,  by    Catton;    dam, 

89 


90  HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF. 

Bonnets  o'  Blue,  by  Sir  Charles  out  of  Reality,  by  Sir  Arcliy. 
Chestnut,  with  star,  15.2  hands  high.  Fine  in  every  point 
Mdth  a  wonderful  muscular  development.  She  defeated  Boston 
in  the  great  race  on  Union  Course,  Long  Island,  X.  Y.,  JNIay 
10,  1842,  in  a  match  for  820,000  a  side;  four  mile  heats — 
time  of  first  heat  7:321;  second  heat,  7:45. 

Fashionably  Bred.  A  term  which  has  been  rather 
promiscuously  applied  to  a  horse  whose  ancestors  on  both  sides 
are  of  successful  producing  and  prepotent  blood,  and  of  such 
breeding  that  his  services  and  progeny  meet  with  ready  sale  at 
high  prices.  But  such  a  term  is  liable  to  many  changes  in  its 
application,  and  often  to  some  disappointment.  It  possesses 
little  true  significance. 

Faslg-  Track.  The  kite  track  is  often  so  called  from 
the  name  of  the  person  who  built  the  first  track  of  this  kind 
in  the  United  States,  Mr.  William  B.  Fasig  of  New  York. 

Father  of  the  Turf.  [Eng.]  A  term  applied  to 
Tregonwell  Frampton,  Esq.,  of  Moreton,  Dorsetshire,  England, 
keeper  of  the  running  horses  at  Newmarket,  to  their  majesties, 
William  III,  Queen  Anne,  George  I,  and  George  II.  He  died 
March  12,  1727,  aged  86  years. 

Favorite.  The  highest  selling  horse  in  a  race;  the 
horse  most  likely  to  win,  in  the  opinion  of  the  talent. 

Feather  Weig'ht.  A  feather  weight  is  seventy-five 
pounds. 

Fee.  The  percentage  of  a  purse  paid  by  the  person 
making  an  entry  in  such  purse  or  race.  The  amount  varies 
according  to  the  rules.  On  the  running  turf,  the  fee  to  a 
jockey  m  all  races  not  exceeding  8500  to  the  winning  horse,  is 
85  for  a  losing  mount,  and  815  for  a  winning  mount;  and  in 
all  other  races  in  the  absence  of  a  special  agreement,  810  for  a 
losing  mount,  and  825  for  a  winning  mount — this  rule  applying 
only  to  licensed  jockeys. 

Felloe.  The  outside  circle  of  a  wheel,  of  wood,  or  iron, 
around  which  the  tire  is  fixed,  and  to  the  inside  of  which  the 
spokes  of  the  wheel  are  fitted.  In  some  sulky  wheels  they  are 
made  of  sheet  steel,  crescent  in  shape,  to  receive  the  tul3ular 
pneumatic  tire ;  in  others  they  are  of  wood,  usually  hickory. 

Felt.  A  material  of  which  many  patterns  of  horse  boots 
are  made.  It  is  an  unwoven  fabric  of  wool,  short  hair,  or  wool 
and  fur,  matted  together  by  pressure,  heating,  and  beating. 
Its  close,  inseparable  quality  is  due  to  the  uniting  of  the  ser- 
rated edges  of  the  wool  fibres  with  each  other,  which  are  then 
compressed  under  heat  and  moisture. 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE   TUllF.  91 

Fencer.  [Eng.]  A  term  applied  to  a  horse  that  has  been 
trained  to  jumping  or  taking  fences. 

Feral.  Unbroken.  The  colt,  when  untamed,  is  said  to 
be  in  his  feral  state,  or  condition. 

Feinur.  The  thigh  bone.  In  the  horse  it  is  compara- 
tively short  and  stout,  and  placed  very  obliquely,  the  lower  end 
advancing  by  the  side  of  the  body,  and  being  so  little  detached 
from  it  that  the  knee-joint  appears  to  belong  as  much  to  the 
trunk  as  to  the  limb. 

Fetlock.  The  joint  which  the  cannon-bone  makes  with 
the  i^astern ;  anatomically,  the  metacarpo-articulation.  Fetlock 
signifies  the  tuft  of  hair  growing  behind  the  pastern  joint,  and 
also  the  joint  itself,  and  the  enlargement  made  by  the  bones 
which  form  it. 

Fetter  Bone.  The  great  pastern  or  first  phalangeal 
bone  of  the  horse's  foot,  succeeded  by  the  coronary  and  cofiin 
bone  and  articulating  with  the  cannon  bone  at  the  fetlock  joint; 
the  proximal  phalanx. 

Fettle.     Condition ;  form  ;    in  fine  order,  as,   "  he  is  in 

splendid  fettle  to-day." 

No  iinimal  ever  came  to  the  post  in  more  superb  fettle  than  Newmarket 
when  he  won  the  St.  Leger  of  1851.— The  IJachninton  Library  :  Racing, 
The  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire,  and  W.  G.  Craven. 

Field.  All  the  runners  or  trotters  in  any  race;  the 
horses  in  a  race  as  opposed  to  the  favorite.  To  "chop  the 
field  "  is  said  of  a  horse  that  outstrips  the  rest,  literally  beats 
them. 

Field  Marshal  of  Trainers.  A  term  applied  to  the 
eminent  driver,  the  late  Hiram  Woodruff. 

Fielders.  Those  who  buy  on  the  field  in  the  pools, 
against  the  choicest  or  favorites. 

Fig-hting-  the  Bit.  The  action  of  the  horse  in  train- 
ing, when  dissatisfied  with  the  bit  or  check,  and  becoming  irri- 
tated by  them ;  he  is  then  said  to  "  fight  the  bit." 

Why  some  horses  like  an  over-check  and  some  a  side-check,  and  why- 
certain  bits  must  be  used  on  certain  horses,  it  is  often  hard  to 
explain  ;  but  the  one  fact  confronting  the  trainer  is  that  the  moiUh 
innst  be  kept  right,  and  the  liead  rigged  with  clieck  and  bit  which 
the  liorse  will  not  resent  and  fight,  if  satisfactory  results  are  to  be 
accomplislied. — Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Figliting"  the  Flag".  A  horse  is  said  to  be  fighting  the 
flag  which  is  trying  by  hard  work  to  save  his  distance ;  that  is, 
to  get  within  the  distance  post  before  the  flag  drops. 

Fileree.  The  common  or  trivial  name  in  California  for 
a  plant  known  as  Alfierilla,  erroneously  called  a  "grass."  It 
grows  rank  and  horses  are  very  fond  of  it.     Charles  Marvin 


92  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURP. 

says  :  "  I  consider  it  far  preferable  to  alfalfa  for  turf  horses." 
It  is  the  geranium,  or  Erodium  cicutarium  of  botanists. 

Filemaker.  A  celebrated  jumping  horse  owned  by 
Madame  jNIarantette,  Mendon,  Michigan.  He  jumped  7  ft., 
4^  in.,  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  October  7,  1891,  the  highest  jump 
ever  made  over  the  bars  in  public  in  the  world.  Filemaker 
stands  17  hands  high,  weighs  1,370  pounds  and  in  making  this 
jump  carried  149  pounds. 

Filled  Leg*.  A  term  applied  to  an  enlai'ged  or  swollen 
leg,  and  when  from  any  cause  a  horse  has  a  trouble  like  this,  he 
is  said  to  have  a  leg.  Thus  Charles  Marvin  says :  "  Smuggler 
had  a  \&g  all  through  his  campaign  of  1876." 

Filly.     A  female  colt  or  foal ;  a  young  mare. 

Find  the  Seat.  [Eq.]  This  is  a  term  used  to  express 
the  acquiring  of  a  firm,  graceful,  and  proper  seat  in  horseman- 
ship. An  amateur  who  rides  well  is  said  to  have  "found  the 
seat." 

Fine.  A  penalty  or  punishment  imposed  upon  a  rider, 
driver,  or  member,  for  a  violation  of  rules.  All  fines  are 
required  tobe  paid  on  the  day  when  imposed  or  when  demanded, 
and  are  paid  to  the  managers  of  the  track,  or  member  of  the 
associations  on  whose  grounds  they  were  imposed,  and  by  them 
paid  to  the  National  or  American  Association.  Fines  imposed 
by  either  association  are  recognized  and  enforced  by  the  other, 
the  same  as  though  originally  imposed  by  it.  Fines  paid  to 
the  American  Turf  Congress  are  held  as  a  fund  for  the  benefit 
of  sick,  superannuated,  or  injured  trainers  and  jockeys  in  good 
standing  in  the  Congress. 

Finish.  The  end  of  a  heat  or  race.  The  finish  is  the 
most  vital  j^oint  of  a  race,  and  it  is  here  that  the  driver  should 
display  his  best  judgment.  The  attention  should  never,  even 
for  an  instant,  be  diverted  from  his  horse,  as  inattention  to  the 
horse  at  the  finish  has  lost  many  a  race. 

Finished.  Used  to  describe  a  horse  of  fine  form  and 
condition,  as  perfect  in  every  respect;  symmetrical;  without 
fault ;  well  finished. 

Firing"  Iron;  Cautery  Iron.  An  instrument  with 
which  veterinary  surgeons  perform  the  act  of  cauterizing  for 
sprains,  wind-puifs,  spavins,  injured  tendons,  etc.  The  usual 
forms  are  line,  point  and  needle  surfaces  —  the  former  being 
used  for  superficial,  and  the  latter  for  pyropuncture,  or  internal 
cauterizing.  In  the  last  named  the  needle  attached  to  the  iron 
is  of  platinum,  nine-sixteenths  of  an  inch  long ;  and  of  the 
former  there  are  various  patterns.     Internal  or  needle  cauter- 


HAN^DBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  93 

izing  is  of  quite  recent  introduction,  although  surface  firing  is 
one  of  the  oldest  arts  in  vetei-inary  practice.  Percivall,  the 
father  of  modern  English  veterinary  science,  said  of  it :  "  By 
the  firing  irons  have  horses,  originally  worth  their  hundreds  of 
pounds  sterling,  been  raised  from  the  knacker's  price  to  their 
former  value.  By  the  iron  has  many  a  broken-down  hunter, 
and  many  a  racer,  been  joyously  restored  to  his  station  and 
rank  in  the  field,  where  his  proudest  laurels  have  been  won." 
As  to  its  value  in  modern  practice  The  Horseman  says : 
"  Scarcely  a  string  of  campaigners  goes  home  in  the  autumn 
without  one  or  more  of  its  members  requiring  a  visitation  of  the 
firing  iron.  It  is  extraordinary  that  this  efficacious  adjunct  to 
the  veterinarian's  kit  of  tools  is  not  more  generally  used  on  the 
legs  of  light  harness  horses.  Its  benefits  are  lasting  and  it  should 
often  be  resorted  to  as  a  preventive  as  well  as  a  curative 
measure." 

Flag-,  Dropping-  the.  The  signal  for  the  start  in  all 
English  and  most  American  running  races ;  also  in  shutting 
out  horses  at  the  distance  post. 

Flagged  Out.  The  steeple-chase  courses  from  point  to 
finish  of  a  fair  hunting  country  are  always  flagged  out,  or  indi- 
cated by  a  series  or  line  of  flags  marking  the  course  to  be  run. 

Flagman.     A  distance  judge. 

Flank.  That  part  of  the  side  of  the  horse  which  is  free 
from  bone  and  which  thinly  covers  the  intestines.  Placed 
between  the  loins  above,  the  ribs  to  the  front,  the  thigh  and 
point  of  the  hip  to  the  rear,  and  the  belly  below. 

Flat.  [Eng.]     The  level  part  of  a  course,  some  parts  of 

which  are  made  on  up  and  down  grades. 

In  a  race  across  the  flat  Clincher  gave  six  pounds  and  an  easy  beating 
to  Conipass.— The  Badminton  Library :  Racing,  the  Earl  of  Suffolk 
and  Berksliire,  and  W.  G.  Craven. 

Flat.  A  term  sometimes  used  in  announcing  the  time  in 
a  heat  where  there  is  no  fraction,  as  2:23  flat.  But  so  used  it 
is  i^edantic  and  has  no  significance. 

Flexor  Tendon.  A  muscle  whose  function  is  to  bend 
or  produce  flexion,  as  opposed  to  extensor. 

Flight.     A  single  hurdle  is  called  a  '<  flight." 

Flighty.  Said  of  a  horse  that  is  uncertain  and  not  to  be 
depended  ujDon  in  a  race  ;  unsteady. 

Float.  A  single-cut  file  for  dressing  the  surface  of  the 
teeth.  It  is  usually  made  adjustable,  having  a  removable  file 
and  hinged  joint,  so  that  the  face  of  the  file  will  rest  on  the 
table  of  the  teeth. 


94  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF. 

Float ;  Flote.  A  light  dressing-frame  for  finishing  the 
face  of  a  track.  Usually  made  in  sections  twelve  feet  square, 
of  3  by  3  joist,  the  middle  bar  of  which  has  two  rows  of  sharp, 
fine  teeth.  Often  three  of  these  floats  are  attached  together, 
one  at  the  rear  and  outside  of  the  other ;  and  the  float  and  har- 
row are  often  combined  in  one. 

Floating".  The  act  of  rasping  or  filing  the  horse's  teeth 
to  give  them  a  uniform  and  regular  surface.  When  the  teeth 
become  irregular  with  ragged  and  sharp  edges  from  uneven 
wearing,  and  they  begin  to  cut  and  lacerate  the  cheeks  on  the 
inside,  producing  ulceration  and  inflammation,  the  horse  does 
not  gather  or  masticate  his  food  properly,  and  is  soon  out  of 
condition  in  consequence.  To  ascertain  this,  place  the  front 
finger  of  the  right  hand  inside  the  horse's  upper  lip  and  shove  it 
along  his  grinders  of  the  upper  jaw,  and  if  they  appear  ragged 
and  sharp  on  the  inside  corners,  it  is  an  indication  that  they 
should  be  repaired. 

Fly-float.  One  who  really  knows  little  or  nothing  about 
racing,  but  who  fancies  himself  thoroughly  initiated  in  all  its 
mysteries. 

Fly  the  Track.  AVhen  a  horse  in  a  race  bolts  instantly 
to  one  side,  he  is  said  to  "  fly  the  track." 

Flyer.     A  fast  horse. 

Foal.     The  young  of  the  horse  kind. 

Foot.  The  terminal  part  of  the  leg  upon  which  the  body 
rests.  While  from  the  standpoint  of  the  comparative  anatomist 
the  foot  of  the  horse  includes  all  the  leg  from  the  knee  and 
hock  down,  what  is  called  the  foot  being  in  reality  the  last 
joint  of  the  toe ;  from  the  standpoint  of  the  practical  horseman 
the  foot  is  understood  to  mean  the  hoof.  Its  internal  frame- 
work consists  of  the  small  pastern,  or  lower  end  of  the  coronet 
bone ;  the  coffin  or  pedal  bone  which  is  within  the  hoof,  and 
the  small  sesamoid  or  navicular  bone  extending  across  the  back 
part  of  the  coffin-bone.  In  the  rear  of  the  hoof  is  the  support- 
ing framework  known  as  the  elastic  cushion  or  frog.  Within 
this  outward  box  or  hoof  the  union  of  all  the  parts  of  the  foot 
is  secured  by  a  series  of  from  five  to  six  hundred  minute  leaves, 
(laminae),  a  complete  fibrous  network  of  secreting  surfaces, 
soft,  yielding  and  tough,  the  whole  forming  one  of  the  most 
wonderful  pieces  of  mechanism  found  in  the  whole  animal 
economy.  A  description  of  all  the  parts  of  the  foot  Mill  be 
found  under  their  several  names  in  different  parts  of  this  work. 
The  defects  of  the  foot  may  be  severally  due  to  wrong  propor- 
tions of  conformation  or  axis,  and  of  the  quality  of  the  horn. 
Thus  the  foot  may  be  too  large,  too  small,  too  narrow,  unequal ; 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  95 

it  may  be  flat ;  full ;  pumiced  ;  having  bunions  ;  and  with  high, 
low,  or  sloping  heels  ;  it  may  be  out-bowed ;  club-foot ;  cross- 
foot, or  crooked ;  the  foot  may  be  soft ;  dry ;  brittle,  or  have 
weak  heels.  The  sound,  healthy,  perfect  foot  is  by  far  the  most 
important  part  of  the  animal,  and  its  care  should  receive  the 
closest  and  most  intelligent  attention. 

The  unshod  foot  of  a  horse  on  favorabh?  soil  and  snffioiently  exercised, 
is  a  type  of  beauty  and  perfeeliou.  Coiiipared  to  the  (ooi  tiiat  lias 
bei-n'shod,  if  is  lai'ue,  strong,  as  wide  as  ioii<i,  and  in  proper  eiinilib- 
rium— it,  eonslitiiles  a  solid  support..  Yiewv-d  in  Iroui  ii  is  narrower 
above  tliau  bcdow,  more  expanded  exteinali>  tlian  internally,  and 
of  equal  heiglit  at  its  quarters.  Viewed  in  i)rotile,  the  line  of  toe 
lias  a  mean  iueiiuatiou  of  about  fifty  degrees  for  the  lore,  and  sixty 
degrees  for  the  hind  feel  ;  the  lieiglit  of  tlie  heels  is  eoual  to  at  least 
one-lialf  of  the  height  of  the  toe.  Viewed  from  l)eliind,  the  heels 
of  the  standard  foot  are  well  separated,  equal,  of  the  same  height, 
and  fall  vertically  to  the  ground,  especially  the  internal,  which  is 
sensibly  more  vertical  than  the  external.  Viewed  from  below,  its 
sole  is  holh)W  and  thick,  the  frog  strong,  liealthy,  and  quite  hard; 
the  bars  neither  too  high,  straight,  nor  too  much  inclined;  the  toe 
and  mainmae  of  the  wall  and  the  sole  are  perceptibly  worn  from 
usage.  The  liorn  of  the  sound  foot  is  black  or  dark  gray;  the  wall 
smooth  and  shiny,  showing  its  fibrous  structure.  Such  are  the 
characteristics  of  the  virgin  foot.  —The  Exterior  of  the  Horse,  Gou- 
baux  and  Barrier. 
In  the  manifestation  of  his  strength  and  the  due  performance  of  his 
useful  qualities  the  horse  must  rely  upon  the  soundness  of  his  feet, 
as  in  them  are  concentrated  the  efforts  created  elsewhere,  and  on 
them  depeiui  not  only  the  sum  total  of  tliese  propulsive  powers 
being  properly  expended,  but  also  the  solidity  and  just  equilibrium 
of  the  whole  animal  fabric.  Hence  it  is  wisely  considered  that  the 
foot  of  the  horse  is  the  most  important  part  of  all  the  locomotory 
system;  and  that  all  the  splendid  qualities  possessed  by  tlie  noble 
creature  may  be  diminisheil  in  value  or  hopelessly  lost,  if  through 
disease  or  accident,  natural  or  acquired  defects,  or  other  causes,  this 
organ  fails  to  perform  its  allotted  task.  — Horse  Shoes  and  Horse 
Shoeing,  George  Fleming,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  C.  V.  S. 
Many  persons  believe  that  feet  with  dark  colored  horn  are  stronger  and 
able  to  staiul  the  wear  and  tear  of  hard  work  better  than  the  light 
colored  ones,  but  our  experience  has  failed  to  demonstrate  the  truth 
of  this  idea.  The  white  foot  will  show  the  invasion  of  the  part 
by  inflammation  more  percteptibly,  which  we  think  is  the  cause  of 
disease  often  being  noticed  in  the  white  one  when  a  similar  com- 
plaint would,  and  often  does,  pass  unnoticed  in  the  dark  colored 
foot.— Dr.  E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S.,  Michigan  Agricultural  College 
Experiment  Station. 

Foot-board.  An  adjustable  platform  which  is  confined 
to  the  rear  of  a  break  cart,  upon  which  the  driver  can  step  and 
ride,  before  he  has  sufficient  confidence  in  his  colt  to  warrant 
him  in  mounting  the  seat.  When  not  wanted  it  may  be  entirely 
removed. 

Foot-scald.  An  injury  caused  by  paring  the  sole  too 
close  and  then  shoeing  with  light,  thin  shoes,  causing  tender- 
ness in  the  foot. 

Force.  That  action  between  two  bodies  which  changes 
or  tends  to  change  their  relative  condition  as  to  rest  or  motion ; 
or  which  changes  any  physical  relation  between  them.  The 
power  exerted  by  a  horse  in  motion,  whether  in  drawing  a  load 
or  in  the  performance  of  great  speed. 


96  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUEF. 


The  strongest  propulsive  force  of  either  of  the  legs  is  given  with  the 
anterior  one  in  eacli  stride;  indeed,  it  is  so  strong  as  to  raise  the 
center  of  gravity  several  inclies  above  tlie  horizontalline  of  motion. 
—The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Slilhnan. 

If  tlie  horse's  nose  is  tlirown  u}i  in  tlie  air  it  gives  him  a  force  of  resist- 
ance equal  to  tvi^o  liundred  ])OMnds;  tliis  force  will  be  reduced  to 
one  hundred  pounds  when  the  liand  is  brouglit  half  way  towards  a 
perpendicular  position;  to  fifty  pounds  when  brought  still  nearer 
that  position,  and  to  nothing  when  perfectly  placed.  —  Method  of 
Horsemanshii),  F.  Baucher. 

Forearm.  That  part  of  the  fore  leg  between  the  shoulder 
and  the  knee.  It  is  generally  conceded  that  long  arms,  com- 
paratively speaking,  are  found  in  horses  of  great  speed  ;  and 
countless  measurements  by  experts  appear  to  indicate  that  in 
general  the  length  of  the  arm  is  greater  in  the  roadster  than  in 
the  draft  horse. 

Forehead.  The  upper  part  of  the  face.  It  extends  down 
to  a  line  joining  the  inner  angle'  (canthus),  of  each  eye,  and 
reaches  as  high  as  the  forelock  and  base  of  the  ears. 

Forehead  Band.  That  part  of  the  bridle  which  forms 
the  browband  or  front,  and  goes  across  the  horse's  forehead. 

Fore  Leg ;  Fore  Liinh.  The  anterior  or  forward  legs 
of  the  horse.  All  the  joints  of  the  fore  leg  from  the  shoulder 
downwards  are  simply  hinge-joints,  allowing  free  fore-and-aft 
flexion  and  extension,  but  scarcely  any  movement  in  any  other 
direction.  Some  authorities  regard  the  fore  legs  as  weight- 
bearers,  only;  while  others  believe  chey  have  important  func- 
tions as  propellers. 

Many  have  an  opinion  that  the  fore  legs  are  merely  supporters,  like 
the  spokes  of  a  wheel.  An  English  writer  asserts  that  their  only 
fund  ions  are  to  support  the  center  of  gravity  and  Iceep  out  of  the 
way  of  the  propellers;  the  hind  legs.  But  tlie  best  aiil  horities  say 
that  they  are  not  oidy  supports,  but  act  as  propellers  in  turn, 
although  the  anterior  ones  do  the  greater  share  of  this  work.— The 
Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Forelock.  A  tuft  of  hair  which  lies  between  the  ears, 
and  is  a  continuation  of  the  mane.  It  naturaUy  falls  over  the 
forehead  between  the  eyes. 

Foreign  Horse.  A  foreign  horse  is  regarded  by  the 
rules  of  the  American  Turf  Congress,  as  one  foaled  out  of  the 
United  States.  No  such  horse  can  start  in  any  race  until  proper 
certificates  stating  his  age,  pedigree,  color,  and  other  marks  by 
which  it  may  be  identified,  have  been  produced  by  its  owner  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  association  or  racing  club. 

Forfeits.  A  forfeit  is  that  to  which  the  right  is  lost  by 
one's  own  act  or  failure  to  act,  or  by  a  breach  of  conditions. 
By  the  trotting  law  failure  to  appear  in  all  stakes  and  matches, 
refusal  to  answer  protest,  fraudulent  entry,  and  collusion  to 
violate  published  conditions  of  race,  constitute  forfeits.     For- 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  97 

feit  money  is  not  released  by  the  death  of  the  horse  engaged. 
By  the  rules  of  the  Tui-f  Congress  owners  and  horses  may  be 
suspended  for  non-payment  of  forfeits ;  no  horse  can  start  in  a 
race  against  which  a  forfeit  order  is  lodged  until  it  is  paid,  and 
if  any  transfer  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  payment  of 
forfeit  orders  or  any  disqualification,  the  person  making  and 
receiving  such  transfers  may  be  fined  or  ruled  off. 

Forg"e ;  Forging.  Overreaching ;  clicking.  The  act  by 
which  the  horse  strikes  the  fore  shoe,  or  heel  or  quarter  of  the 
fore  foot,  with  the  toe  of  the  shoe  of  its  hind  foot,  by  reason  of 
the  fore  feet  not  being  taken  up  quickly  enough  when  the  horse 
is  in  motion.  It  rarely  occurs  except  when  the  horse  is  going 
fast,  and  is  most  common  with  running  and  trotting  horses,  gen- 
erally taking  place  when  the  animal  breaks  from  a  trot  to  a  run. 
It  is  due  to  defective  conformation  or  faulty  shoeing.  In  the 
former  case  the  stifle  is  generally  set  straight  and  the  toes  of 
their  hind  feet  are  inclined  inward.  To  overcome  this  defect 
the  action  in  front  should  be  quickened.  For  this  purpose  use 
a  scoop-toe  rolling-motion  shoe  forward,  beveled  on  the  inside, 
with  most  of  the  weight  in  the  toe,  concaving  the  shoe  on  the 
ground  surface  in  order  that  the  hind  foot  may  not  strike  under 
the  toe  when  the  foot  is  lifted.  By  shortening  the  toe  of  the 
fore  foot  it  will  be  assisted  in  getting  over  early,  and  thus  pass 
out  of  the  way  of  the  hind  member.  The  shoe  on  the  front 
feet  should  be  short,  so  as  to  have  as  little  ground  surface  as 
possible. 

Forks.  The  upright  guards  or  supports  of  the  wheel  to 
the  pneumatic  sulky,  which  extend  from  the  ends  of  the  axle- 
cone  to  the  axle  of  the  sulky.  In  a  sulky  which  has  been 
changed  over  from  a  high  w^heel  to  a  "  bike,"  they  form  the 
upright  supports  connecting  the  axle-cone  of  the  wheel  to  the 
axle-socket  of  the  sulky.  With  the  braces  which  extend  from 
the  lower  end  of  the  forks  to  the  thill  or  shaft,  they  form  the 
support  to  the  wheel  and  act  as  a  guard  in  which  the  wheel 
plays. 

Form.  Condition  ;  spirit ;  appearance.  When  it  is  said 
that  a  horse  is  in  fine  form  it  is  meant  that  he  is  in  excellent 
condition  for  his  work  or  performance ;  and  loss  of  the  trotting 
or  racing  form  is  due  to  excessive  racing  or  repeated  fast  heats. 
The  word  form  is  also  used  to  denote  age,  as  "in  his  three-year- 
old  form,"  etc. 

When  we  say  that  a  horse  is  in  form  we  intend  to  convey  the  idea  that 
he  is  in  liigli  condition  and  fit  to  run.  So,  again,  tlie  word  is  used  in 
still  anotlier  sense;  for  we  speak  of  a  liorse's  form  when  we  wisli  to 
allude  to  his  power  on  the  turf,  as  compared  with  other  well  Icnown 
animals.    Thus,  if  it  be  supposed  that  two  three-year-olds,  carrying 

7 


98  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

the  same  weight,  would  nin  a  mile  and  a  half  and  come  in  abreast, 
it  is  said  tliat  tlie  form  of  one  is  equal  to  that  of  the  otlier.  — Tlie 
Horse  in  the  Stable  and  Field,  J.  H,  Walsh. 

Foul.  The  act  cxf  violating  any  rule  or  established  usage ; 
irregular  or  disorderly  conduct ;  the  act  of  fouling,  colliding,  or 
otherwise  impeding  one's  motion  or  progress  in  a  race  ;  improper 
riding  or  driving.  The  trotting  rules  punish  all  offenses  com- 
ing under  the  head  of  fouls,  by  fine,  suspension,  or  expulsion ; 
fouls  applying  to  any  act  of  a  fraudulent  natm-e,  and  to  any 
unprincipled  conduct  such  as  tends  to  debase  the  character  of 
the  turf  in  the  estimation  of  the  public.  Judges  only  notice  or 
consider  complamts  of  fouls  which  are  reported  by  the  distance 
flagman  and  patrol  judges,  and  from  owners,  riders,  or  drivers 
in  a  race.  By  the  rules  of  the  Turf  Congress  persons  guilty 
of  foul  riding  are  ruled  off  the  course. 

Foul  Kicliug;  Foul  Driving".  Any  act  on  the  part 
of  driver  or  rider  in  a  race  which  interferes  with,  or  impedes 
the  progress  of  another  horse,  causing  him  to  change  his  com^se 
or  shorten  his  stride,  w^hen  by  so  doing  an  unfair  advantage  is 
gained.  In  such  cases  the  offending  horse  is  not  given  the  heat, 
but  is  placed  behind  all  the  unoffending  horses  in  the  heat. 
Such  acts  are  punishable  by  fine,  suspension,  or  expulsion, 
according  to  the  discretion  of  the  judges.  By  the  laws  of  the 
Turf  Congress  expulsion  from  riding  for  life  is  always  the  pun- 
ishment for  preventing  a  horse  from  winning  in  steeple  chase 
and  hurdle  races,  or  in  a  clear  case  of  fraud. 

Founder ;  Chest  Founder.     See  Laminitis. 

Four-in-Hand.  A  team  of  four  horses  matched  or 
harnessed  for  the  pm'pose  of  being  driven  to  a  single  vehicle. 
At  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  September,  1882,  the  four-in-hand  of 
Mr.  W.  J.  Gordon  trotted  a  mile  in  2:26,  and  then  repeated  it 
in  2:28.  This  is  probably  the  most  remarkable  performance  of 
the  kind  that  was  ever  made  in  the  world. 

Fox-trot.  The  gait  of  a  horse  which  is  a  modification 
of  the  true  trot.  While  it  is  not  a  true  diagonal  motion  it 
departs  from  it  simply  in  the  fact  that  the  fore  foot  touches  the 
gTound  slightly  in  advance  of  the  diagonal  hind  foot.  It  is, 
perhaps,  the  slowest  of  the  distinctive  or  artificial  saddle  gaits, 
but  it  is  above  all  others  an  all-day  gait,  and  a  horse  possessing 
it  to  perfection  wdll  no  doubt  make  a  longer  journey  from  sun- 
rise to  sunset,  under  saddle,  than  at  any  other  gait,  and  at  night 
neither  horse  nor  rider  will  be  seriously  tired.  The  rate  of 
speed  is  from  six  to  seven  miles  an  hour.  The  horse  when 
going  at  this  gait  should  always  be  ridden  with  a  loose  rein, 
as  he  generally  carries  his  head  low.  [Local :  Kentucky ; 
Tennessee. 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  99 

Foxliall.  The  famous  American  horse  which  won  the 
French  Derby,  the  Grand  Prix  of  Paris,  and  the  Grand  Duke 
Michael  stakes  ;  also  the  Cesare witch  and  Cambridgeshire  handi- 
caps at  Ascot  Heath,  England,  in  1881.  By  King  Alfonso,  by 
Phaeton,  (sire  of  Ten  Broeck,  who,  in  his  day,  lowered  the 
records  at  one,  two,  three,  and  four  miles)  ;  dam,  by  Lexington 
Owned  by  Mr.  Pierre  Lorrillard,  and  at  the  head  of  the  Belle 
Meade  stud,  Tennessee.  In  the  great  double  event  at  Ascot, 
gave  away  weights  to  nearly  every  notable  horse  of  his  age  in 
England,  and  some  Derby  winners  of  former  years  were  behind 
him  at  the  finish.  In  seven  times  Foxhall  won  as  a  three-year- 
old,  £10,870. 

Foxj^  A  term  used  to  describe  oats  w^hich  have  been 
heated  in  bulk  when  not  perfectly  dry  and  undergone  fermen- 
tation to  some  extent.  They  have  a  pink,  or  reddish  color,  an 
unpleasant  smell,  and  a  bitter  taste.  When  given  to  horses 
they  act  injuriously  upon  the  kidneys  causing  diabetes  and  loss 
of  condition. 

Frank  Forrester.  The  pen  name,  or  nom  de  plume,  by 
which  Henry  William  Herbert,  a  celebrated  M^riter  on  horses 
and  horsemanship,  is  best  known  in  the  United  States.  He 
was  born  in  London,  Eng.,  April  7,  1807,  and  died  at  Xew 
York,  May  17, 1858.  His  magnificent  work  on  the  "  Horse  and 
Horsemanship  of  the  United  States  and  British  Provinces  of 
North  America,"  forms  a  fitting  monument  to  his  genius  and 
ability ;  while  his  smaller  and  thoroughly  practical  books  are 
yet  regarded  as  trustworthy  guides  in  every  stable. 

Free-for-aU.     A  sweepstakes  race  open  to  all  horses. 

Free  Handicap.  A  race  in  which  no  liability  is 
incurred  for  entrance  money,  stake  or  forfeit,  until  acceptance 
of  the  weight  allotted,  either  by  direct  acceptance  or  omission 
to  declare  out. 

Free  Track.  Any  track  or  course  not  in  membership 
with  the  Xational  or  American  trotting  associations,  where  no 
rules  are  enforced,  and  where  an  expelled  man  can  trot  his 
horses  as  well  as  any  man  not  expelled,  is  termed  a  "free  track." 

Frog.  The  triangular  buffer  which  is  in  the  center  of  the 
ground  surface  of  the  hoof,  so  called  because  when  untouched 
by  the  knife  it  bears  some  resemblance  to  a  crouching  frog. 
The  frog  is  divided  into  two  equal  parts  by  a  deep  fissure, 
extending  from  its  apex  in  front  to  the  base.  The  horn  of  the 
frog  is  produced  in  the  same  manner  as  the  sole,  but  it  differs 
from  both  the  wall  and  sole,  in  that  the  horn  is  soft,  moist,  and 
elastic  to  a  remarkable  degree.     There  was  an  old  opinion  that 


100  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TUKF. 

the  frog  was  intended  as  a  protection  to  the  inner  part  of  the 
foot,  and  that  it  ought  not,  therefore,  to  touch  the  ground. 
This  led  to  the  practice  of  making  the  heel  of  the  shoe  high  in 
order  to  protect  the  frog ;  but  now  the  shoe  is  so  set  that  the 
frog  is  allowed  to  touch  the  ground,  its  true  function  being  to 
destroy  the  shock  of  concussion  and  prevent  slipping. 

The  flog,  on  botli  hard  and  soft  ground,  is  an  essential  portion  of  the 
Aveigiit-bearing  face.  In  the  unshod,  liealtliy  foot  jt  always  projects 
beyond  the  level  of  the  sole,  and  sel<lon»  below  that  of  the  wall  at 
the  heels;  indeed,  it  is  found,  in  the  majority  of  hoofs,  either  on  a 
level  with  the  circumference  of  this  part,  or  beyond  it,  so  tliat  its 
contact  with  the  ground  is  assured.  Hence  its  utility  in  obviating 
concussion,  supporting  the  tendons,  and,  on  slii)pery  ground,  in 
preventing  falls.  In  ])u]li]ig  up  a  horse  sharply  in  the  gallop,  or  in 
descending  a  steep  hill,  the  frog,  together  with  the  angular  recess 
formed  by  the  bar  and  wall  at  the  heel  of  the  hoof,  are  ennnently 
serviceable  in  checking  the  tendency  to  slip;  the  animal  instinc- 
tively i^lants  the  posterior  portions  of  the  foot,  exclusively  on  the 
ground.— Horse  Shoes  and  Horse  Shoeing,  George  Fleming,  LL.  D., 
M.  R.  C.  V.  S. 

[Law.]  Unt  il  the  frogs  become  bad  or  troublesome,  or  the  heels  become 
tender  or  fleshy,  they  should  not  be  considered  an  unsoundness; 
but  when  the  original  structure  of  the  frog  has  become  so  altered  as 
to  be  perpetually  tender,  rendering  the  horse  liable  to  drop  at  any 
step,  he  IS  then  unsound. — The  Law  of  Horses,  M.  D.  Hanover. 

Full  131oocl.  An  animal  of  pure  blood.  Usually  syn- 
onymous with  thoroughbred,  although  it  is  far  from  correct  to 
so  use  the  term  as  applied  to  horses. 

Full  Month.  At  from  four  and  a  half  to  five  years  of 
age  the  horse  has  what  is  termed  a  "  full  mouth,"  that  is  to  say 
— the  mouth  is  complete ;  the  incisive  arch  is  semicircular  and 
regular  in  shape  ;  the  temporary  teeth  or  nippers  are  all  shed ; 
all  the  permanent  teeth  hav^e  reached  the  same  level,  and  while 
the  anterior  borders  of  the  corner  teeth  are  completely  worn, 
the  posterior  borders  are  not  yet  worn. 

Fullering".  That  crease  in  the  lower  face  of  a  horseshoe 
in  which  the  nail  holes  are  placed ;  often  called  "  twitcheling." 

Furlong-.  A  measure  of  length  equal  to  the  eighth  part 
of  a  mile ;  forty  rods,  j)oles  or  perches ;  two  hundred  and 
twenty  yards. 

Furnishings.  The  appointments  of  a  stable  pertaining 
to  the  horse  and  his  service,  embracing  harness,  saddles,  cloth- 
ing, robes,  whip,  bridles,  boots,  bandages,  sponges,  and  stable 
tools,  but  not  including  vehicles.     See  Devices. 

Furniture.  The  fixtures  to  a  riding  saddle,  including 
stirrups,  girths,  and  surcingle  witn  steel  bridge. 

Futurity;  Futurity  Stakes.  A  future  event.  A 
term  applied  to  stakes  to  be  decided  in  the  remote,  future,  gen- 
erally speaking  from  one  to  three  years  after  the  event  is  opened 
for  entries ;  and  the  usual  custom  is  to  call  such  stakes,  espe- 
cially where  opened  for  young  horses,  "  futurity  stakes." 


Gaining  Break.  A  break  made  purposely,  or  one  by 
which  the  horse  making  it  gains  in  space  on  his  contending 
horse  ;  one  by  which  the  horse  loses  nothing  in  space  in  mak' 
ing  it,  and  yet  gains  something  by  change  of  muscular  action. 
When  a  horse  breaks  in  a  heat  the  driver  is  required  to  at  once 
pull  him  to  the  gait  prescribed  for  the  race,  but  should  the 
horse  gain  by  this  action,  twice  the  distance  so  gained  is  taken 
from  him,  by  the  judges,  at  the  finish. 

Gait.  The  manner  of  walking  or  stepping  ;  motion  ;  the 
name  given  to  the  diverse  modes  in  which  progression  is  accom- 
plished by  the  play  of  the  locomotory  members,  or  legs.  The 
gaits  are:  1,  natural;  2,  acquired.  The  former  are  the  w^alk, 
trot,  gallop,  and  at  times  the  pace  (amble),  and  the  running 
walk ;  the  latter  are  the  amble,  broken  amble,  running  walk 
and  racing  gallop.  Different  names  are  often  given  to  these 
various  motions,  as  the  rack  for  the  pace  ;  and  some  are  known 
by  other  terms  in  local  sections,  as  the  fox-trot  for  the  running 
walk,  which  is  common  in  some  of  the  Southern  States.  Accord- 
ing to  the  forms  which  they  assume  the  gaits  may  be  described 
as  :  Beautiful — when  they  are  energetic,  regular,  extended,  har- 
monious, elegant.  Defective — when  they  produce  weakness  and 
require  great  exertion.  Diagonal  —  when  the  members  in 
executing  them  move  or  succeed  one  another  as  diagonal  bipeds, 
as  the  trot,  the  walk,  the  gallop.  Easy — when  they  satisfy  and 
accommodate  the  rider  by  their  graceful  motion.  Free — when 
the  motion  is  accomplished  without  undue  effort.  Hard — 
when  they  fatigue  the  rider  by  the  violence  of  their  reactions. 
Heavy  —  if  the  percussions  of  the  feet  are  violent  and  resound- 
ing. High-strained — when  the  members  are  greatly  flexed  with- 
out passing  over  much  distance.  Lateral  —  when  they  evolve 
themselves  by  lateral  instead  of  diagonal  bipeds,  as  in  ambling, 
racking.  Light  —  if  the  percussion  of  the  feet  upon  the  earth 
produces  little  sound.  Long,  elongated — when  their  strides  are 
as  extensive  as  possible.  Loiv — when  the  displacements  of  the 
body  from  the  earth  are  slight.  Reacting  —  when  they  are  not 
only  high  but  impress  the  center  of  gravity  with  strong,  verti- 
cal displacements  which  separate  the  body  from  the  ground  at 
each  step.  Regular  —  when,  for  each  gait,  the  evolution  of  the 
members  and  their  manner  of  association  obey  the  principles 

101 


102  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

of  scientific  analysis.  Repeated  —  if  the  movements  succeed 
each  other  with  excessive  rapidity,  with  or  without  an  increase 
in  speed.  Short  —  when  their  strides  are  cramped  and  narrow. 
Strong — when  the  action  is  rapid,  energetic,  easy,  high,  extended 
and  rhythmical.  Uniform  —  resulting  from  equal  length  of 
steps. 

Gait,  Registering  the.  The  methods  of  registering 
the  motions  of  the  horse  known  to  science  are  called  the 
graphic,  hydrostatic,  electrical,  and  photographic.  M.  Marey, 
principal  of  the  College  de  France,  was  one  of  the  first  to  study 
the  locomotion  of  the  horse  by  means  of  what  he  termed  the 
graphic  method.  This  was  done  by  means  of  compressed  air 
in  two  drums  or  metallic  cases,  each  closed  above  by  a  rubber 
membrane  to  which  was  fixed  a  lever  capable  of  executing  to 
and  fro  vertical  movements.  These  drums  were  connected  by 
rubber  tubes.  When  filled  with  air  the  pressure  exercised  upon 
one  forced  the  air  through  the  tube  into  the  other  drum,  whose 
lever  and  membrane  it  elevated,  and  when  the  pressure  ceased 
it  relapsed.  Hence  this  unity  of  action  transmitted  movements. 
These  drums  w^ere  again  connected  with  a  cylinder  covered  by 
a  layer  of  smoked  paper,  which  was  made  to  turn  regularly  by 
clockwork.  This  moved  a  registering  needle  by  which  the 
least  displacement  left  its  trace  u^Don  the  paper.  The  paper 
retained  the  tracing  of  vertical  undulations  corresponding  to 
the  pressure  transmitted  to  the  registering  apparatus  by  the 
concussion  and  contact  of  the  hoofs  upon  the  ground  —  four 
recording  needles  corresponding  to  the  four  feet  of  the  horse, 
each  foot  being  provided  with  an  India  rubber  pneumatic  bulb, 
so  that  with  each  step  tiie  bulb  was  compressed,  forcing  a  portion 
of  the  air  into  the  registering  drum  or  cylinder.  When  the  foot 
w^as  raised  the  bulb  again  became  filled  with  the  air  which  was 
expelled  from  the  other  when  it  resumed  its  original  form. 
This  device  was  not  always  practical  in  its  operations,  and 
M.  Marey  next  invented  a  leather  bracelet  which  was  attached 
to  the  ankle  of  the  horse,  and  upon  which  was  a  rubber  bulb, 
and  by  an  ingenious  arrangement  of  copper  plates  and  lead 
balls  connected  it  by  transmission  tubes  to  a  registry  drum 
carried  in  front  of  the  rider  on  the  saddle,  by  which  means  the 
concussions  were  registered.  He  followed  this  with  another 
invention  which  consisted  of  electric  needles  and  conducting 
wires  by  means  of  which  an  apparatus  closed  and  opened  an 
electric  current  during  the  contacts  and  elevations  of  the  horse's 
feet,  and  hence  the  notations  of  gait  were  obtained  and  regis- 
tered. The  hydrostatic  method  of  registering  the  gaits  in  man 
was  invented  by  H.  Vierordt,  and  applied  to  the  study  of  the 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TURF.  103 

gaits  of  the  horse  by  jM.  L.  Hoffman  of  Berlin,  in  1887.  The 
plan  was  to  lay  down  white  paper,  over  which  the  horse  trav- 
eled. Attached  to  the  external  side  of  each  lioof  was  a  brass 
tube  connected  by  means  of  a  rubber  tube  along  the  legs  to  a 
reservoii'  placed  in  front  of  the  rider  upon  tlie  horse's  withers. 
When  the  hoof  touched  the  paper  the  pointed  end  of  the  brass 
tube,  projecting  downwards,  de^xisited  a  small  pool  of  colored 
liquid  from  the  reservoir  above,  discoloring  the  paper.  Thus 
the  gait  was  registered  by  lengths.  It  is  understood  that 
M-  Hoffman  employed  photography  to  obtain  the  positions  of 
the  legs  when  in  motion.  The  electrical  device  of  M.  Marey 
was  perfected  in  1889  by  Armand  Goubaux  and  Gustave  Bar- 
rier, professors  in  the  Veterinary  School  of  Alfort,  and  Central 
and  National  Society  of  Agriculture  of  France.  By  the  use  of 
a  very  ingenious  instrument  they  succeeded  in  registering  the 
gaits  of  the  horse  by  electricity.  So  long  as  the  horse's  foot  is 
in  the  air  the  two  points  of  contact  touch  each  other  and  com- 
plete the  cm-rent ;  but  as  soon  as  the  hoof  touches  the  ground 
they  are  separated  and  interrupt  it.  At  each  rising  and  rest- 
ing of  the  foot  it  is  again  closed  and  brokezi.  This  closing  and 
breaking  being  instantaneous,  and,  moreover,  the  force  of  the 
spring  and  the  projection  of  the  leg  being  capable  of  modifica- 
tion at  will,  it  is  easy  to  give  to  tliis  apparatus  great  strength 
yet  with,  all  the  precision  and  sensibity  desired.  In  short  it  is 
able  to  register  with  the  utmost  accm^acy  the  periods  of  the 
change  of  contact,  the  rhythm  of  the  beats,  and  the  number, 
nature,  and  diverse  bases  of  the  complete  step  of  any  gait  nor- 
mal or  pathologicaL  By  far  the  most  complete  and  satisfac- 
tory method  of  registering  the  gait  of  the  horse  in  motion  is  that 
of  photography,  originated  bj^  the  late  Hon.  Lelaiid  Stanford  of 
Palo  Alto,  California.  ]\Ir-  Stanford  had  for  many  years  enter- 
tained the  opinion  that  by  the  use  of  the  camera,  instantaneous 
pictures  could  be  obtained  wliich  would  show  the  actual  posi- 
tion of  the  limbs  of  the  horse  at  each  stride  and  in  different 
gaits.  In  order  to  x^ut  this  idea  to  a  practical  test,  Mr.  Stanford 
employed  jSIr.  Eadweard  L.  Muybridge,  a  very  skillful  photog- 
rapher of  San  Francisco,  to  institute  experiments  to  this  end. 
These  were  commenced  in  1872,  but  were  quite  inconclusive  in 
their  results,  and  it  was  not  until  1877  that  Mi.  Muybridge 
again  took  up  the  task,  making  his  trials  with  a  single  camera. 
Subsequently  the  number  of  cameras  was  increased  to  twelve, 
which  were  arranged  in  a  building,  at  intervals  of  twenty-one 
inches,  with  double  shutters  to  each,  which  were  opened  by 
means  of  a  machine  constructed  somewhat  upon  the  principle 
of  a  Swiss  music  box,  the  arrangement  being  such  that  the 


104  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

whole  series  of  exposures  was  made  in  the  time  occupied  by  a 
single  complete  stride  of  the  horse.  A  difficulty  was  experi- 
enced in  setting  the  apparatus  in  motion  at  the  exact  time 
required,  and  to  regulate  it  to  correspond  to  the  speed  of  the 
horse.  Accordingly,  in  later  experiments,  the  following  method 
was  devised  to  better  represent  the  gaits  of  the  horse,  because 
operated  by  his  own  movement.  On  the  side  of  the  track 
opposite  the  building  where  the  cameras  were  placed,  a  wooden 
frame  was  erected,  about  fifty  feet  long,  and  fifteen  high,  at  a 
suitable  angle,  and  covered  with  white  cotton  sheeting  divided 
by  vertical  lines  into  spaces  of  twenty-one  inches,  each  space 
being  consecutively  numbered.  Eighteen  inches  in  front  of  this 
background  was  placed  a  baseboard  twelve  inches  high,  and  on 
which  were  drawn  longitudinal  lines  four  inches  apart.  In  front 
of  this  baseboard  a  strip  of  wood  was  fastened  to  the  ground  upon 
the  top  of  which  wires  were  secured  at  an  elevation  of  about  one 
inch  above  the  ground  and  extending  across  the  track.  The  wire 
was  exposed  in  a  groove  to  one  only  of  the  wheels  of  the  sulky, 
being  protected  from  contact  with  the  horse's  feet  and  the  other 
•wheel.  Each  wire  was  held  in  proper  tension  by  a  spring  on  the 
back  of  the  baseboard,  so  arranged  that  when  the  wire  crossing 
the  track  was  depressed  by  the  wheel  it  should  draw  upon  the 
spring  connected  with  it,  and  make  contact  with  a  metallic  but- 
ton and  complete  the  electric  current.  These  wires  were  placed 
at  distances  from  each  other  corresponding  with  the  cameras  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  track,  and  with  the  spaces  between  the 
lines  drawn  on  the  background.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  depression  of  the  first  wire  would  complete  the  circuit  and 
cause  the  magnet  connected  with  the  corresponding  camera  to 
move  the  latch  and  liberate  the  shutters,  exposing  the  sensitive 
plate  for  a  space  of  time,  calculated  by  ]\Ir.  IMuybridge  at  not 
more  than  the  five-thousandth  part  of  a  second.  In  like  man- 
ner, as  the  wheel  passed  over  the  second  wire,  the  shutters 
would  be  liberated  on  the  second  camera,  and  so  on  until  the 
whole  series  was  discharged.  This  method  was  used  in  all 
experiments  where  horses  were  driven  to  sulkies  ;  but  when  the 
wheels  were  not  used  this  arrangement  with  wires  under  the 
track  was  modified,  and  a  thread  was  drawn  across  sufficiently 
high  to  come  in  contact  with  the  horse's  breast,  and  strong 
enough  to  cause  the  contact  and  establish  the  circuit  as  before. 
The  number  of  cameras  was  afterwards  increased  to  twenty- 
four  and  they  were  placed  at  intervals  of  twelve  inches  to  still 
closer  analyze  the  movements  of  the  horse.  "  These  experi- 
ments," say  the  authors  of  the  Exterior  of  the  Horse,  Messrs. 
Goubaux  and  Barrier,  "effected  a  veritable  revolution  in  the 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  105 

world  of  physiologists  and  artists."     In  1889,  M.  Ottomar  Ans- 

chiitz  of  Lissa,   Germany,  somewhat  modified    and  improved 

upon  Mr.  Muybridge's  method,  which  was  again  improved  by 

M.  Marey  at    Paris,  in    1882 ;    and  by   Marey  and    Pages    at 

Paris  in  1887.     In  187  J)  Messrs.  Vincent  and  Goiffon  of  the 

AKort  Veterinary  School,  Paris,  applied  the  music  notation  to 

the  scientific  representation  of  the  gaits  of  the  horse ;  which 

was  afterwards  improved  by  M.  Marey,  and  also  by  M.  Lenoble 

du  Tiel,  in  1887. 

These  efforts  are  all  in  the  direction  of  obtaining  the  accurate  position 
and  times  of  tlie  gait  of  the  horse.  The  animal  has  been  always 
represented  in  an  unnatural  and  false  attitude,  and  in  (',on<Htions 
of  impossible  equilibrium  by  artists  and  sculptors.  Little  by  little 
the  cause  of  equine  realism  will  triumpli  over  the  oltl  convention- 
alism whicli  censures  witli  disdain  the  innovators  wlio  assume  tlie 
liberty  of  announcing  its  errors  to  the  world. — The  Exterior  of  the 
Horsei  Goubaux  and  Barrier. 

Gaitecl  Horse.  A  saddle  horse ;  a  horse  having  the 
walk-trot-canter  gaits,  (including  the  walk,  trot,  rack,  canter, 
running  walk,  fox  trot,  or  slow  pace),  to  perfection ;  a  combi- 
nation horse.  See  Saddler;  Kentucky  Saddler;  is'^ATiONAL 
Saddle  Horse  Breeders'  Association. 

Col.  Dodge  had  a  Kentucky  horse  whicli  could  walk  flat-footed  four  and 
a  half  miles  an  hour;  could  running-walk  five  ami  a  half;  rack 
seven  ;  single-foot  up  to  twelve,  and  in  harness  or  vmder  saddle  trot 
a  forty  gait  as  squarely  as  any  horse  ever  shod.— Kentucky  Farmers' 
Home  Journal. 

Gaiter.  A  device  for  trueing  the  gait ;  giving  a  steady, 
even,  and  quick  motion,  lengthening  the  stride,  preventing  a 
sidewise  gait,  breaking,  bucking,  or  bolting,  inducing  correct 
knee  action,  and  teaching  the  horse  to  travel  wide.  There 
are  several  different  patterns.  They  are  easily  attached  and 
adjusted ;  light  in  weight,  and  adapted  for  both  slow  and  fast 
work. 

Gaiting"  Bar ;  Gaiting-  Pole.  A  padded  pole  attached 
to  the  sulky,  inside  the  shaft,  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  the 
body  of  the  horse  in  straight  line  when  in  motion.  One  end  is 
made  fast  near  the  point  of  the  shaft,  or  to  the  shaft  holder, 
and  the  other  to  the  cross-bar  above  the  whipple-tree  or  just 
under  the  sulky  seat. 

Gaiting'  Strap.  A  strap  of  strong  leather,  usually  cov- 
ered wdth  sheepskin,  attached  to  a  sulky  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  gaiting  bar,  and  for  the  same  purpose. 

Gaiting  Wheel.  A  device  for  keeping  the  horse 
straight  in  the  shafts,  and  for  preventing  hitching  and  side- 
wise  action.  It  consists  of  a  short  metal  arm  attached  to  the 
shaft  by  means  of  an  adjustable  loop  and  set-screw,  on  which, 
plays  a  small  wheel,  which,  when  the  horse  goes  to  one  side, 
presses  against  the  flank,  causing  him  to  straighten  the  gait. 


106  HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TURF. 

Gallop.  The  leaping  or  springing  gait  or  movement  in 
which  the  two  fore  feet  are  lifted  from  the  ground  in  succession, 
and  then  the  two  hind  feet  in  the  same  succession.  The  term  is 
commonly  used  to  denote  the  movement  intermediate  between 
the  canter  and  the  run,  in  which  during  the  stride,  two,  three, 
or  all  the  feet  are  off  the  ground  at  the  same  instant. 

In  the  gallop  the  horse  is  supposed  to  be  moving  by  a  succession  of 
bounds  in  whicli  he  rises  us  far  as  he  lalls.  Tliis  would  give  one- 
fourth  of  a  second  as  the  time  of  descent  equal  to  one  foot  of  ver- 
tical fall  to  twelve  and  a  half  feet  movement  in  a  horizontal  direc- 
tion, and  a  consequent  iletlectiou  of  the  center  of  gravity  to  that 
extent.— The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

This  gait  is  wholly  an<l  radically  different  from  the  pace  and  trot;  the 
order  of  action,  and,  necessarily,  the  mental  organization  govern- 
ing tlie  method  of  iocoiuotiou  and  use  of  the  linjbs  are  different. 
Hence  no  one  horse  is,  or  can  be,  possessed  of  great  speetl  at  the 
gallop,  antl  also  great  speed  at  the  trot  or  pace.  To  possess  great 
speed  of  eitlier  one  of  these  two  orders  he  must  inherit  speed  of 
that  order.— Leslie  E.  Macleod. 

The  gallop  is  a  fast  gait,  with  three  beats,  and  leaped,  in  which  the 
synchronous  beats  of  a  diagonal  biped  are  interposed  between  the 
successive  beats  of  the  opposite  diagonal  biped,  which  begins  the 
step  by  its  posterior  member.  The  simultaneous  beats  of  the  second 
contact  with  the  ground,  (second  biped),  have  the  greatest  tendency 
to  become  disassociated  when  the  h»)rse  moves  almost  without 
advancing,  when  tlie  equilibrium  is  bad,  or  when  the  speed  is  very 
great.  In  this  case  the  ear  can  perceive  four  distinct  beats.  On 
the  racecourse  the  gallop  is  an  externally  fast  gait  in  which  this 
separation  of  the  diagonal  beats  is  driven  to  its  utmost  limit. —  The 
Exterior  of  the  Horse,  Goubaux  and  Barrier. 

Galloping  Courses.  [Eng.]  Courses  devoid  of  obsta- 
cles like  ditches,  hedges,  etc. 

Gamy.  Spirited ;  possessing  undaunted  courage.  It  is 
said  of  a  courageous,  spirited,  staying  horse,  that  he  is  "gamy ;  " 
will  never  quit. 

Garter  of  the  Tvirf.  [Eng.]  A  term  applied  to  the 
Oaks  stakes,  established  in  1779.     See  Oaks. 

Gaskiii.  That  part  of  the  exterior  of  the  horse  situated 
between  the  thigh  and  the  hock,  from  which  it  is  divided  by  a 
line  drawn  from  the  point  of  the  hock,  clear  of  the  bony  promi- 
nences of  the  joint. 

Gathering.  [Eq.]  That  art  by  which  the  rider,  having 
mounted  his  horse,  taken  the  reins  in  hand,  is  square  upon  his 
seat  and  his  legs  in  position,  collects  all  the  forces  of  the  horse 
in  readiness  for  the  execution  of  his  will.  By  gathering  or  col- 
lecting, the  horse  is  kept  well  upon  his  haunches,  is  guarded 
from  crossing  his  legs,  and  has,  all  the  time,  as  the  phrase  is,  "  a 
spare  leg  "  to  depend  upon.  The  gathering,  urging,  and  retain- 
ing, are  the  foundations  of  that  obedience  whicli  it  is  the  object 
of  horsemanship  to  enforce. 

Gelding.     A  male  horse  that  has  teen  castrated. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE  TURF.  107 

Gentlemen's  Driving  Race.  A  race  open  to  horses 
kept  for  driving  purposes  only,  driven  by  their  non-professional 
owners,  to  road  carts. 

Gentling".  A  word  used  to  denote  the  first  acts  of  train- 
ing, handling,  and  educating  the  colt.  The  term  is  one  which 
should  enforce  the  importance  of  gentleness  in  the  first  lessons 
of  colt  education,  as  bad  habits  come  from  bad  early  training, 
or  first  wrong  impressions. 

Gestation.  The  act  of  carrying  or  being  with  young. 
The  period  of  gestation  with  the  mare  is  eleven  months ;  but 
tables  show  the  shortest  period  to  be  322  days ;  the  longest 
period,  419  days;  the  mean  period,  317  days.  Records  also 
show  that  three  hundred  mares  went  an  average  period  of  343 
days,  with  a  range  of  sixty-one  days  between  the  shortest,  (309 
days),  and  the  longest,  (370  days),  period. 

Gift.  [Law.]  In  order  to  legally  transfer  a  horse  by 
gift,  the  animal  must  be  actually  delivered  to  the  donee. 

Girdles.     Used   to    denote   that   structural  part  of  the 

anatomy  of  the  horse  by  means  of  which  the  limbs  or  locomo- 

tory  members  are  attached  to  the  trunk. 

These  girdles  are  so  called  because  a  pair  of  them,  when  completely 
developed,  nearly  encircle  the  body  ;  but  it  must  be  a(hiiitted  tliat  it 
is  not  a  very  liappy  expression,  as,  except  throngh  the  intervention 
of  tlie  vertebral  co'lnmn,  they  never  form  com]>lete  circles,  and  very 
often  tlie  "semi-girdles"  of  each  side  are  widely  separated  both 
above  and  below.  Tiiese  semi-girdles  are  sometimes  called  arclies. — 
The  Horse,  William  Henry  Flower,  C.  B. 

Girth.  A  leather  strap  passing  under  the  belly  of  a 
horse  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  saddle  or  a  part  of  the 
harness  in  place.  The  main  saddle  girth  should  be  broad  and 
soft  with  a  reinforced  backing. 

Girth  liine.  A  line  encircling  the  body  of  a  horse  at  a 
point  just  back  of  the  withers,  and  four  inches  back  of  the  fore 
legs. 

Give  and  Take.  An  old  term  used  to  describe  a  race 
in  which  horses  carried  weight  according  to  their  height.  The 
standard  height  was  taken  at  fourteen  hands,  and  the  horse 
that  height  was  obliged  to  carry  nine  stone,  (126  pounds). 
Seven  pounds  were  taken  from  the  weight  for  every  inch  below 
fourteen  hands,  and  seven  pounds  added  for  every  inch  above 
fourteen  hands.  A  few  pounds  additional  weight  was  regarded 
as  so  serious  a  matter,  that  it  was  said  seven  pounds  in  a  mile 
race  Avas  equivalent  to  a  distance. 

Give  Him  a  Repeat.  A  term  used  in  working  a  horse 
when  he  is  given  a  dash  of  two  miles,  the  words  meaning  an 
exercise  of  a  mile  and  repeat. 


108  HAXDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Given  the  Needle,  It  is  said  of  a  horse  that  has  been 
doped  or  drugged,  that  he  has  been  "  given  the  needle  " — mean- 
ing an  injection  by  means  of  a  hypodermic  needle. 

Glanders.  The  most  loathsome  disease  to  which  the 
horse  is  subject.  It  was  described  by  Greek  veterinarians  as 
early  as  A.  D.  381,  and  in  1G82,  an  accurate  account  of  the 
nature  of  the  disease  was  published  by  Sallysel,  the  stable  mas- 
ter of  Louis  XIV.,  of  France.  Glanders  is  characterized  by  a 
peculiar  deposit  with  ulceration,  on  tlie  membrane  of  the  nose 
and  in  the  lungs ;  and  farcy  —  which  is  one  and  the  same  dis- 
ease modified  by  the  cause  which  originates  them — by  deposits 
of  the  same  material  and  ulcerations  of  the  lymphatics  of  the 
skin.  The  former  is  the  more  active  form  of  the  disorder ;  the 
latter  is  the  slow  type  fastening  upon  general  debility.  Each 
has  its  acute  and  chronic  form,  the  former  usually  resulting 
from  inoculation,  and  is  always  fatal — there  is  no  known  cure. 
Dr.  James  Law  says  the  treatment  in  all  its  forms  and  of  acute 
farcy  with  open  sores,  "  should  be  legally  prohibited  because  of 
the  danger  to  man  as  well  as  animals."  Always  consult  a  vet- 
erinary inspector  or  official  commissioner.  It  is  without  doubt 
the  worst  form  of  unsoundness  in  horses. 

[Law.]  The  moment  tlmt  symptoms  of  jrlaiiders  appear  in  a  horse — 
indications  of  the  ineipiency  of  tlie  disease  —  tiiat  is,  if  he  really 
have  the  seeds  of  it  in  him,  lie  is  unsound,  although  it  may  be  some 
time  before  the  disease  becomes  fully  developed  in  its  niost  offen- 
sive conditions,  and  it  is  the  future  history  of  the  case  which  is  to 
show  whetlier  it  was  the  glanders  or  not.  —  Massachusetts  Reports, 
10  Gushing,  (1857),  520. 

Glomes  of  the  Frog.  The  rounded  projections  or 
ends  of  the  branches  of  the  frog  are  called  the  glomes,  forming 
the  lower  part  of  the  heels. 

Gloves.  In  the  steel  protected  driving  gloves  the  fingers 
are  protected  by  small,  flat  steel  staples.  The  gloves  always  con- 
tinue soft  and  pliable,  and  they  are  very  strong  and  durable. 

G.  N.  H.  [Eng.]  The  letters  signify  Grand  National 
Hunt,  a  steeple  chase  run  over  different  courses  each  year. 

Go.  The  magic  word  that  starts  all  the  horses  of  the 
trotting  field ;  one  for  which  drivers  listen  with  intense  desire 
as  it  gives  them  the  right  to  a  fair  race  and  no  favor. 

Go  as  They  Please.  A  race  in  which  it  is  held  that 
the  performance  shall  be  in  harness,  to  wagon  or  under  the 
saddle ;  but  after  the  race  is  commenced  no  change  can  be 
made  in  the  manner  of  going,  and  the  race  is  held  to  have  com- 
menced when  the  horses  appear  on  the  track. 

Go  to  Pieces.  A  horse  that  is  unmanageable  in  a  race 
or  lieat,  is  unsteady,  flighty,  acts  badly,  and  wiU  not  settle  to  a 
gait,  is  said  to  "  go  to  pieces." 


HAKDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  109 

Go  With  His  Horse.  A  phrase  signifying  that  the 
rider  should  give  himself  up  completely  to  the  motion  and 
spirit  of  his  horse,  on  the  great  strides  of  the  finish. 

G-odoIpliin  Arabian.  One  of  the  three  famous  horses 
upon  which  rests  the  foundation  of  the  modern  English  thor- 
oughbred. ]le  was  a  brown  bay,  stood  about  15  hands  high, 
with  an  unusually  high  crest,  arched  almost  to  a  fault.  lie  was 
probably  foaled  about  172-1 ;  and  although  called  an  Arabian, 
w^as  unquestionably  a  Barb.  Said  to  have  been  imported  into 
England  from  France,  and  it  is  said  he  had  actually  been  in  use 
as  a  cart  horse  in  the  streets  of  Paris,  from  which  ignoble  posi- 
tion he  was  rescued  by  Mr.  Coke,  who  presented  him  to  Mr. 
Williams,  keej^er  of  the  St.  James  Coffee  House,  by  whom  he 
was  presented  to  Lord  Godolphin,  hence  his  name.  He  died  at 
Gogmagog,  Cambridgeshire,  in  1753,  being,  as  is  supposed,  in 
his  twenty-ninth  year.  Despite  his  unknown  blood  and  breed- 
ing, it  is  generally  conceded  that  he  contributed  more  to  the 
quality  of  the  thoroughbred  horse,  than  any  other  stallion 
either  before  or  since  his  time. 

Going  for  the  Gloves.  Betting  with  utter  disregard 
to  means  of  payment. 

Going"  Within   Himself.      When  a  horse  is  making 

high  speed  w4th  perfect  ease,  he  is  said  to  be  "  going  within 

himself." 

Gameness  and  condition  and  all  that  won't  prevail  over  a  competitor 
tliat  can  throw  dust  In  your  eyes  while  going  within  himself.— 
Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Good  Breaker.     A  horse  so  trained  that   he  recovers 
quickly  in  breaking ;  one  which  instantly  settles  to   his  gait 
after  a  misstep  in  which  he  breaks. 
Wedgewood  was  a  good  breaker. —  Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Good  Day,  Good  Track.  When  a  match  is  made 
"  good  day,  good  track,"  it  means  that  all  the  conditions  must 
be  favorable  or  the  race  will  not  take  place.  Not  only  must 
the  weather  be  fair  but  the  track  also  must  be  in  good  condi- 
tion. Even  if  the  day  be  pleasant,  and  a  rain  on  the  previous 
day  has  rendered  the  track  soft  or  unfit  for  the  race,  the  match 
cannot  occur. 

Good    Hands.     [Eq.]     Good    hands    in    horsemanship 

may  be  described  as  the  happy  art  of  using  the  reins  so  as  to 

restrain  the  horse  by  delicate  manipulation  and  not  by  mere 

hauling  at  the  mouth,  and  to  enable  the  rider  to  conform  to 

the  movements  of  his  mount  in  the  best  possible  manner. 

A  very  essential  requisite  in  every  man,  in  order  to  become  a  good 
horseman  and  rider,  is  tiie  quality  known  as  good  hands;  witliout 
this,  most  bits  on  awkward  liorses  "are  ineffectual.    Good  hands  with 


110  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  ' 

almost  any  kind  of  bit,  providing  the  horse  gets  a  good  amoTint  of 
work,  will  generally  have  the  effect  of  making  him  go  quietly  in 
time.— The  Praeticai  Horse  Keeper,  George  Fleiiiing,  LL.D.,  V.S. 
A  light,  yet  firm,  an  elastic,  yet  steady  hand  on  the  rein  is  wliat  is 
wanteil. — Charles  Marvin. 

Goodwood  Races.  So  called  from  Goodwood  Park, 
the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  in  which  they  are  held. 
The  park  is  in  Sussex,  three  miles  from  Chichester,  Eng.  The 
races  begin  the  last  Tuesday  in  July  of  each  year,  and  continue 
four  days,  in  which  Thursday,  which  is  called  Cup  Day,  is  the 
principal.  These  races,  being  held  in  a  private  park,  are  very 
select  and  are  admirably  managed.  Goodwood  Park  was  pur- 
chased by  Charles,  First  Duke  of  Richmond,  of  the  Compton 
family,  then  resident  in  the  village  of  East  Lavant,  and  the 
races  were  begun  by  the  Duke,  who  died  in  1806. 

Gr.  m.  These  letters  in  a  summary  or  list  of  entries 
following  the  name  of  a  horse,  signify  gray  mare. 

Grain  Burnt;  Burnt  Up.  Said  of  a  horse  in  a 
shrunken,  fevered,  pinched  condition,  w^hich  has  been  caused  by 
having  been  fed  too  much  grain ;  the  result  of  forced  feeding 
of  grain  and  too  little  hay ;  especially  noticeable  among  horses 
kept  in  city  stables.  It  is  very  seldom  that  the  condition  is  due 
to  constitutional  defect. 

Grand  Circuit.  A  term  applied  to  the  great  American 
trotting  circuit  which  includes  iSTew  York,  Springfield,  Buffalo, 
Rochester,  Utica,  Cleveland,  Pittsburg,  Detroit,  and  other  cities, 
changes  in  the  number  being  due  from  year  to  year  to  local 
causes.     Originally  called  the  Grand  Central  Circuit. 

Grease ;  Canker ;  Scratches.  A  specific  affection  of 
the  heels  of  horses,  associated  with  the  growth  of  a  parasitic 
fungus ;  an  offensive  discharge  from  the  numerous  oil-glands, 
and  often  the  formation  of  red,  raw  excrescences  from  the  sur- 
face known  as  grapes.  "  It  is,"  says  Dr.  Edward  Mayhew,  M. 
R.  C.  V.  S.,  in  his  important  w^ork  on  the  diseases  of  the  horse, 
"  a  disgrace  to  every  person  connected  with  the  building  in 
which  it  occurs ;  it  proves  neglect  in  the  proprietor,  and  want 
of  fitness  or  positive  idleness  in  the  groom."  Until  cured,  grease 
is  an  unsoundness. 

Great  Trochanter.     A  muscle  situated  in  the  haunches 

whose  office  is  to  give  speed  to  the  movements  of  the  hind  leg, 

abduct  the  thigh,  and  assist  in  rearing. 

The  length  and  volume  of  its  muscular  fibers  enable  it  to  keep  up  a 
sustained  action  from  the  time  the  hind  foot  takes  the  ground  or  in 
advance  of  the  center  of  gravity,  until  it  leaves  it  after  completing 
its  propulsive  effect.  When  the  foot  is  off  the  ground  it  furnishes 
the  sinews  of  war  offensive  and  defensive.  The  distance  from  the 
insertion  to  the  fulcrum  or  head  of  the  bone  being  so  short,  it 
causes  the  foot  when  free  from  the  ground  to  move  with  great 
velocity.— Tlie  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillmau. 


■  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  HI 

Green  Horse.  A  horse  that  has  never  trotted  or  paced 
for  premiums  or  purse,  either  double  or  single. 

Grinding.  A  peculiar  grinding  motion  of  the  hind 
foot  upon  the  ground,  which  attends  the  articulation  of  the 
hind  feet  of  some  horses.  Like  stringhalt  and  cocked  ankles, 
grinding  is  not  only  confined  to  the  hind  limbs  and  feet,  but 
entirely  among  four  footed  animals  to  the  horse.  The  action 
is  a  grinding  motion  of  the  heel  sometimes  outwardly,  some- 
times inwardly.  It  is  performed  through  the  agency  of  some 
of  the  ligaments  that  are  not  sufficiently  powerful  to  act  in 
opposition  to  the  flexor  and  extensor  tendons.  All  the  methods 
known  to  farriery  have  been  used  to  prevent  it,  but  absolutely 
in  vain. 

Grog-g-iness ;  Groggy  Gait.  A  term  applied  to  the 
peculiar  knuckling  of  the  fetlock  joint,  and  the  tottering  of  the 
w^hole  of  the  fore  leg.  It  is  difficult  to  locate  it  in  any  partic- 
ular joint,  and  it  seems  oftenest  to  result  from  a  want  of 
power  in  the  ligaments  of  the  joints  generally,  produced  by 
frequent  strains,  severe  sprains,  or  by  ill-judged  and  cruel 
exertion.     It  is  a  legal  unsoundness. 

Groom ;  Grooming.  One  having  the  care  of  horses ; 
the  act  of  dressing  or  cleaning  a  horse.  The  grooming  which 
each  horse  receives  should  be  adapted  to  its  individual  peculiar- 
ities, and  particular  attention  should  be  paid  to  the  brushes  and 
instruments  used  in  the  operation.  Some  horses  can  be  rub- 
bed with  a  stiff  brush,  others  must  have  a  very  soft  one — a 
wisp  of  straw  or  a  soft  cloth.  After  the  dandruff  and  dirt  have 
been  removed,  the  best  grooms  rarely  resort  to  anything  else  than 
the  palms  of  the  hands  and  sides  of  the  arms  up  to  the  elbows 
— as  nothing  else  will  so  make  the  coat  smooth  and  glossy. 

Grossness.  Superfluous  flesh ;  an  undesirable  quality 
or  characteristic  in  a  horse  for  speed  or  road  purposes. 

Grunting.  A  peculiar  sound  connected  with  the  emis- 
sion of  the  breath  when  the  animal  is  suddenly  moved,  or 
started,  or  struck  at.  If  the  horse  grunts  at  such  times  he  is 
further  tested  for  roaring.  Grunters  are  not  always  roarers, 
but  as  it  is  a  common  thing  for  a  roarer  to  grunt,  such  an 
animal  must  be  looked  upon  with  suspicion  until  he  is 
thoroughly  tried  by  pulling  a  load,  or  being  made  to  gallop 
up  hill. 

Guaranteed  Stake.  A  stake  with  a  guarantee  by  the 
party  or  association  opening  it,  that  the  sum  shall  not  be  less 
than  the  amount  named ;  the  prize  being  the  total  amount  of 
money  contributed  by  the  nominators,  all  of  which  belongs  to 


112  HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TURF. 

the  winner  or  the  winners ;  although  such  stake  does  not  entitle 
the  giver  to  any  excess,  unless  so  stated  in  the  published 
conditions. 

Guards  of  the  Bit.  The  side-pieces  or  cheeks  attached 
to  the  ends  of  the  bit,  connected  with  which  are  rings  for 
receiving  the  reins  and  cheek  pieces  of  the  headstall  or  bridle. 

Guard-rail.  The  pole  around  the  inner  circle  of  a  race 
track  ;  the  hub  rail. 

Gullet-plate.  The  iron  arch  under  the  pommel  of  the 
saddle. 

Gums.     The  fleshy  parts  of  the  sockets  of  the  teeth. 

Guy.  Bay  gelding;  foaled  1880.  By  Kentucky  Prince ; 
dam,  Flora  Gardiner,  by  Seely's  American  Star.  Holding  the 
World's  record  to  close  of  1893;  one  mile  to  wagon,  made  at 
Detroit,  Michigan,  July  18,  1893,  in  2:13. 


H 

Half  Forfeit.  As  a  definition  of  the  half  forfeit  system 
in  running  races  take  the  following  example  :  A  sweepstake 
for  three-year  olds,  $50  each,  half  forfeit;  $1000  added,  of 
which  $200  to  second,  $100  to  third,  etc.  In  such  a  race  each 
horse  that  started  would  pay  $50,  and  each  horse  that  sub- 
scribed to  the  stake  and  failed  to  start  would  owe  $25,  (half 
forfeit) ;  or  in  other  words  would  owe  a  sum  equal  to  half  of 
the  starting  fee.  At  the  East  if  not  paid,  the  owner  of  the 
horse  and  the  horse  against  which  the  forfeit  existed  would  be 
put  in  the  forfeit  list,  and  the  owner's  entries  and  the  horse's 
entry,  if  sold,  would  not  be  accepted  to  future  races  until  the 
forfeit  was  paid.  In  the  West  an  order  would  be  issued 
against  the  owner  and  horse,  and  if  the  forfeit  were  lodged  the 
owner  could  not  start  a  horse  nor  could  the  horse  start,  until 
payment  was  made.  As  a  rule,  all  entrance  money  and  forfeits 
go  to  the  winner.  Thus,  there  is  this  difference  to  the  forfeit 
systems  East  and  AVest :  In  the  East  the  clubs  collect  through 
the  forfeit  list  for  the  winner ;  at  the  West  orders  are  issued 
to  the  winner  and  he  does  his  own  collecting  by  lodging 
forfeits  with  the  secretary  when  the  horse  or  owner  are  start- 
ing in  races.  At  the  South  the  clubs  have  entirely  discarded 
the  forfeit  system,  and  make  the  stakes  entirely  on  the  cash 
entrance  plan. 

Half-g'viarcls  to  a  bit  is  a  compromise  between  the  snaf- 
fle and  the  common  bridoon  with  rings  only.  Instead  of  full 
guards  both  above  and  below  the  rings  to  rest  upon  the  cheek 
and  prevent  the  bit  from  being  drawn  through  the  mouth, 
only  that  part  or  half  of  the  guard  below  the  ring  or  bar,  is 
retained. 

Half  Mile  Running.  World's  record  to  close  of  1893  : 
Geraldine,  at  Morris  Park,  West  Chester,  N.  Y.,  August  30, 
1889,  0:46.  Heat  race:  Aged  horses,  Bogus,  113  lbs.,  at 
Helena,  Montana,  August  28,  1888,  0:18  ;  0:48.  Four-year-olds, 
Eclipse  Jr.,  Dallas,  Texas,  November  1,  1890,  0:48;  0:48;  0:48. 

Halters  are  made  in  considerable  variety,  being  plain 
neck  of  either  leather  or  rope,  and  leather  headstall  with  rope 
tie.  These  are  of  many  patterns ;  plain,  or  with  fancy  trim- 
mings in  brass  and  nickel,  in  black  or  russet  leather.  Web 
8  113 


114  HAI^DBOOK   OF  THE   TURF. 

halters  are  in  scarlet,  blue,  and  other  colors.  One  of  the  best 
practical  halters  is  the  ordinary  leather  headstall,  with  fore- 
head, throat  and  nose-bands,  on  which  should  be  a  ring  under 
the  chin  for  attaching  a  rope,  chain  or  leather  strap. 

Halter-Breaking-;  Haltering-.  The  act  of  accus- 
toming a  colt  to  the  use  and  discipline  of  the  halter ;  one  of 
the  first  lessons  in  colt  education. 

Halter-Pulling.  One  of  the  very  worst  faults  a  horse 
can  have,  the  result  of  defective  and  ignorant  training.  A 
person  is  never  safe  with  a  horse  that  has  contracted  this 
habit,  and  it  is  a  habit  very  hard  to  overcome.  The  best 
method  is  to  take  an  ordinary  halter,  having  a  lead  sufficiently 
long  to  pass  through  the  halter-ring,  then  back  between  the 
fore  legs  and  under  a  surcingle,  and  attach  to  a  strap  around 
the  ankle  of  one  hind  foot.  Be  careful  that  the  halter-ring  is 
sufficiently  strong  to  resist  the  pull.  As  the  colt  pulls  on  the 
halter  it  draws  both  ways — upon  the  head  in  front,,  and  also 
on  the  hind  foot.  The  colt  will  find  that  by  stepping  forward 
the  pull  upon  the  hind  foot  will  lessen,  and  he  will  rarely 
make  more  than  two  or  three  attempts  to  pull  back.  This 
treatment  should  never  be  attempted  when  the  colt  has  the 
harness  on,  but  always  when  in  the  stall  or  when  hitched  to  a 
post.  After  this  treatment,  kindness  and  gentleness  will  com- 
plete the  w^ork  of  reform  from  this  extremely  bad  fault. 

Hambletonian,  Rysdyk*s.  Founder  of  the  greatest 
trotting  family  the  world  has  ever  seen.  Foaled  May  5,  1849, 
at  Sugar  Loaf,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.  Bred  by  Wm.  M. 
Rysdyk.  By  Abdallah,  (son  of  thoroughbred  ^Mambrino,  by 
imported  JNlessenger,  and  a  trotting  mare  called  Amazonia, 
pedigree  unknown) ;  dam,  the  Charles  Kent  mare,  by  imported 
Bellfounder,  a  Norfolk  trotter;  second  dam,  One-Eye,  by 
Bishop's  Hambletonian,  a  thoroughbred  ;  third  dam,  Silvertail, 
by  imported  Messenger.  lie  was  a  beautiful  bay,  with  both 
hind  feet  white,  and  a  small  star  in  forehead.  His  shoulders 
and  quarters  were  so  massive  that  his  exceptionally  round 
barrel  seemed  somewhat  light.  His  neck  was  short  and 
straight,  and  he  had  a  large,  coarse  head,  though  it  was  bony 
and  expressive.  He  stood  firm  and  solid,  on  feet  perfect  in 
shape  and  texture ;  and  his  legs  were  flat,  clean,  heavily  mus- 
cled, and  free  from  gumminess  or  swelling,  even  when  he  was 
old.  His  rump  was  rather  round,  than  sloping,  and  his  tail 
was  set  low  and  carried  low.  He  stood  15.1  at  the  withers, 
and  15.3  at  the  rump.  His  knee  was  13|-  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence, his  hock  17|-  inches  in  circumference.  From  the  center 
of    the    hip-joint    to   the    point   of    the    hock   he   measured 


HANDBOOK    OF  THE  TURF.  115 

41  inches,  and  from  the  point  of  the  stifle  to  the  point 
of  the  hock,  the  length  of  his  thigh  was  24  inches.  His 
chief  points  of  excellence  were  his  long,  trotting  gait,  his 
muscular  development,  and  the  fine  quality  of  his  bones  and 
sinews.  He  was  never  engaged  in  a  race,  and  never  had  a 
record  at  any  rate  of  speed ;  but  as  a  three-year-old  he  trotted 
in  public  on  Union  Course,  L.  I.,  in  2:48^.  Forty  of  his  sons 
and  daughters  have  made  records  ranging  from  2:17|  to  2:30, 
including  Dexter,  2:17|;  Nettie,  2:18,  and  Orange  Girl,  2:20. 
One  hundred  and  thirty-eight  of  his  sons  are  sires  of  eleven 
hundred  and  one  trotters,  and  seventy-one  pacers,  with  records 
ranging  from  2:08|  to  2:30 ;  and  sixty-nine  daughters,  (to  the 
close  of  1893),  have  produced  eighty-seven  trotters  and  two 
pacers,  with  records  of  2:30  or  better.  "  He  is  not  only  first 
as  a  sire  of  trotters,  but  as  the  progenitor  of  the  producers  of 
trotters,  both  male  and  female,  he  is  incomparably  above  all 
others  of  his  generation."  He  died  at  Chester,  N.  Y.,  March 
27,  1876. 

Hammering'.  Punishing  a  beaten  horse ;  or  whipping 
a  horse  at  the  finish  when  it  is  impossible  for  him  to  win,  are 
acts  known  as  "hammering." 

Hamstring.  The  great  tendon  or  sinew  at  the  back  of 
the  hock  on  the  hind  leg  of  the  horse. 

Hand.  A  measure  of  four  inches ;  the  standard  division 
of  measurement  for  horses  ;  a  palm. 

Hand-Gallop.     [Eng.]      Explained  by  the  quotation : 

The  hand-gallop  is  play;  the  pace  of  i)leasure  parties  not  hurried;  of 
hunting  men  going'to  cover  with  a  half  hour  to  spare.— Book  of  the 
Horse,  Samuel  Sidney. 

Hand-Loops.  Loops  attached  to  reins  for  the  purpose 
of  getting  a  better  control  of  the  horse,  and  managing  him 
more  easily.  There  are  usually  three  hand-loops,  or  straps,  to 
each  rein,  about  one  foot  apart. 

Handicap.  An  extra  burden  placed  upon,  or  a  special 
requirement  made  of,  a  superior  competitor  in  favor  of  an 
inferior,  in  order  to  make  their  chances  of  winning  more  equal. 
In  a  horse  race  the  adjudging  of  various  weights  to  horses  dif- 
fering in  age,  power  or  speed,  in  order  to  place  them  all,  as 
far  as  possible,  on  an  equality. 

Handicapper.  An  officer  of  the  turf  assigned  to  deter- 
mine the  amount  of  the  handicaps  in  a  race  or  contest  of 
speed.  It  is  said  that  an  experienced  handicapper  can  so 
weight  two  horses  of  different  ages  and  different  degrees  of 
power,  that  they  will  run  to  a  head-and-head  finish. 

Handicap   Race.       A  race  for  which  the  horses   are 


116  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TTJEF. 

weighted  according  to  their  merits,  in  the  estimation  of  the 

handicapper,  for  the  purpose  of  equalizing  their  chances  of 

winning. 

We  never  conld  see  any  object  in  handicap  racing,  except  to  enable  a 
poor  horse  to  beat  a  good  one.  To  this  we  may  add  tiie  opportunity 
to  bet  Avlietlier  tliis  horse  can  caiTy  ten  or  twenty  pounds  more 
weiglit  tlian  that  one,  and  beat  him.— Wallace's  Montlily. 

Handler.  One  who  breaks,  educates  or  handles  colts, 
giving  them  their  first  lessons  in  good  service,  as  distinguished 
from  a  trainer  or  driver  in  races. 

Handling'  Reins.  Keins  used  in  handling,  or  educa- 
ting colts  to  the  bit.  They  are  usually  made  of  hard  rope  line, 
about  fifteen  feet  long,  with  loops,  or  handles  made  of  double 
plaited  rope  the  size  of  an  ordinary  clothesline.  They  are 
fastened  t>y  spring  hooks  to  the  rings  of  the  bit,  and  pass 
through  t'^rrets  on  the  pad  of  the  surcingle,  to  the  hands  of 
the  person  handling  the  colt. 

Hands  on  the  Reins.  [Eq.]  A  great  English  rider 
has  said :  "  One  oitght  to  ride  as  though  he  had  a  silken  rein 
in  his  hand  as  fine  as  hair,  and  that  he  was  afraid  of  breaking 
it."  The  rider  should  ncA^er  keep  a  dead  pull  on  the  reins,  but 
"  give  and  take,"  so  that  the  horse  may  understand  his  wishes 
by  the  feeling  of  his  mouth. 

Hang  ovit  tlie  Prizes.  A  term  used  in  referring  to 
the  premiums,  stakes  and  purses  published  in  the  programme  of 
a  race  meeting.     To  "  hang  out,"  is  to  offer  certain  prizes. 

Haras.  A  French  term  denoting  a  stud  of  horses,  and 
applied  generally  to  the  stud  establishment  of  the  National 
government.  These  breeding  establishments  are  governed  by 
strict  regulations,  and  a  law  of  August  14,  1885,  also  provides 
for  an  inspection  as  to  the  character  and  somidness  of  the 
stallions  in  private  ownership,  which  may  be  advertised  for 
public  use,  and  the  law  is  rigidly  enforced.  It  provides  that  a 
stallion  cannot  be  employed  without  being  first  approved  and 
authorized  by  the  Administrator  of  the  Haras — or  master  of 
the  stud — and  he  must  haA^e  a  certificate  that  he  is  free  from 
certain  specified  unsoundnesses.  This  certificate  is  in  force 
for  only  one  year,  and  is  not  issued  until  an  expert  official 
examination  of  the  animal  has  been  made.  Violations  are 
punished  by  fines  imposed  on  the  driver  and  groom.  Every 
owner  of  a  stallion  advertising  his  horse  for  breeding  purposes 
must  notify  the  Prefect,  and  the  animal  is  inspected  by  a  com- 
mittee, consisting  of  a  veterinarian,  a  breeder  and  a  govern- 
ment inspector.  Terms  like  "  the  flower  of  the  haras,"  "  the 
gem  of  the  haras,"  are  often  met  with  in  turf  journals  or 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TUKF.  117 

books,  meaning  the  very  choicest  and  finest  bred  of  the  ani- 
mals in  the  stud. 

Hard  Mouth.  When  a  horse  has  a  confirmed  hard 
mouth  it  is  regarded  as  a  serious  vice. 

Harem.     A  term  applied  to  a  collection  of  brood  mares. 

Harness.  The  working-gear,  or  tackle,  of  a  horse,  to 
connect  him  to  a  sulky  or  vehicle.  It  consists  of  the  following 
parts :  Crown-piece ;  cheek-piece ;  front ;  blinds ;  nose-band ; 
bit ;  curb  ;  check ;  throat-latch ;  rein ;  breastplate ;  martin- 
gale ;  trace-tug ;  trace ;  saddle ;  turrets ;  belly-band,  (girth)  ; 
turn-back,  (ba<jk  strap)  ;  crupper ;  breeching ;  breeching-strap ; 
hip-strap.  Track  harness  weigh  from  seven  and  a  quarter  to 
twelve  pounds,  all  complete,  the  average  weight  being  from 
eight  to  nine  pounds. 

Harness  Meeting-.     A  race  to  sulkies. 

Harness  Turf.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  trotting  turf 
as  distinguished  from  the  running  turf. 

Harro\irs,  for  dressing  or  finishing  the  surface  of  a  track. 
Track  harrows  are  made  in  two  forms — square  and  triangular, 
of  the  best  wagon  timber,  and  generally  twelve  feet  on  each 
side.  The  square  harrows  are  made  of  three  pieces  one  way, 
and  four  the  other,  each  of  two  by  four  inch  material.  In 
each  of  the  four  cross-pieces  are  thirty  teeth,  or  one  hundred 
and  twenty  in  all.  Within  the  outer  frame  of  the  triangular- 
shaped  harrow  are  braces  forming  a  smaller  frame  of  the  same 
shape,  but  exactly  reversed  from  the  larger  or  outer  one,  the 
points  of  the  smaller  one  being  at  the  centre  of  the  outside 
pieces.  The  outside  pieces  of  this  harrow  are  two  by  eight 
inches ;  and  the  inside  pieces  two  by  four  inches.  In  the  out- 
side pieces  are  three  rows  of  teeth,  one  hundred  and  four  teeth 
to  each  piece ;  and  in  the  inside  pieces  are  two  row^s  of  teeth,  or 
thirty  teeth  to  each  piece,  making  a  total  of  four  hundred  and 
two  teeth.  These  teeth  are  60-penny,  forged,  steel  wire  nails, 
six  inches  long,  set  so  firm  in  the  frame  work  that  they  may  be 
adjusted  to  depth  as  required,  the  general  rule  being  to  have 
them  so  set  as  to  make  channels  one-half  an  inch  apart,  and 
from  one-fourth  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  deep  on  the  face  of 
the  track.  When  more  than  one  harrow  is  used  with  the  same 
team  in  dressing  a  track,  as  is  usually  the  case,  they  are  drawn 
diagonally,  so  that  one  will  not  follow  directly  behind  the 
other,  but  behind  and  outside  of  the  other ;  hence  once  around 
the  track  will  dress  a  section  of  from  twenty-four  to  thirty- 
six  feet  of  its  width.  Such  a  triangular  harrow  as  is  described 
will  weight  300  pounds. 


118  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Haunch.  The  upper  thigh  of  the  hind  leg  of  the  horse ; 
situated  between  the  gaskin,  or  lower  thigh,  below;  and  the 
point  of  the  quarter,  above. 

Head.  The  head  of  a  horse,  by  aside  view,  is  divided 
from  the  neck  by  a  line  proceeding  from  the  back  of  the  ear, 
along  the  rear  edge  of  the  lower  jaw,  to  its  angle.  It  embraces 
the  following  named  regions,  or  parts,  viz. :  Ear,  poll,  fore- 
head, face,  nostrils,  muzzle,  mouth,  cheek,  eye,  jowl,  lower  jaw, 
inter-maxillary  space. 

Head,  Lead  of  the.  In  speeding,  the  horse  should  be 
allowed  to  follow  its  instinct  in  fixing  the  position  of  the  head 
— there  can  be  no  safer  or  more  successful  rule  in  training  than 
this ;  indeed,  it  is  one  of  the  golden  rules  in  horse  discipline. 

Headstall.  The  name  given  to  the  leather  work  of  the 
upper  part  of  a  bridle  when  in  collected  form,  and  to  which  the 
snaffle  or  bit  and  bridoon  is  attached. 

Heat.  An  act  requiring  intense  and  uninterrupted  effort ; 
great  activity ;  as  to  do  a  thing  at  a  heat ;  one  part  of  a  race, 
or  once  around  a  course  in  a  race.  In  trotting  races,  heats 
best  three  in  five ;  a  horse  not  winning  a  heat  in  the  first  five 
trotted  cannot  start  in  the  sixth  iinless  he  shall  have  made  a 
dead  heat.  In  running  races  of  heats  best  two  in  three,  a  horse 
that  actually  wins  two  heats,  or  distances  the  field,  wins  the 
race ;  and  a  horse  running  in  two  consecutive  heats,  without 
winning,  or  running  a  dead  heat,  cannot  again  start  in  the 
race.  In  a  running  race  of  heats  best  three  in  five,  a  horse 
that  wins  three  heats,  or  distances  the  field,  wins  the  race ;  and 
a  horse  running  in  any  three  consecutive  heats,  without  win- 
ning, or  running  a  dead  heat,  is  not  allowed  to  again  start  in 
the  race. 

Heaves.  Broken  wind ;  asthma ;  a  disease  of  the  organs 
of  breathing  caused  by  the  rupture  of  the  air  cells,  which  pre- 
vents the  animal  from  expelling  air  from  the  lungs  without  a 
double  effort.     A  legal  unsoundness. 

Hedge.  To  protect  by  betting  on  both  sides ;  or,  in  other 
words,  after  having  bet  on  one  side,  to  bet  also  on  the  other 
side,  in  order  to  guard  one's  self  against  loss  w^hatever  the 
result  may  be. 

No  bet  is  good  till  it  is  well  liedged.— Blue  Ribbon  of  the  Turf,  Louis 
Henry  Curzon. 

Heels.  The  posterior  part  of  the  horse's  foot,  formed  by 
the  angles  of  inflection  of  the  extremities  of  the  hind  portion 
of  the  hoof. 

Heels  of  the  Shoe.  The  rear  part  of  the  web  or  plate 
of  the  shoe  protecting  the  heels  of  the  foot. 


HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF.  119 

Helper.  A  groom;  rubber,  or  assistant;  one  who  helps 
in  the  care  of  a  horse  at  a  race,  in  a  subordinate  position. 

Helping.  A  term  used  to  designate  any  action  by  an 
offending  horse,  rider  or  drive.-,  by  which  any  horse  is  enabled 
to  come  to  the  wire  in  an  unfair  manner,  and  by  which  the 
progress  of  another  horse  is  impeded.  The  trotting  rules 
demand  that  no  horse,  rider  or  driver  shall  jostle,  cross,  or 
strike  another  horse,  rider  or  driver,  during  a  heat ;  nor  swerve, 
carry  him  out,  sit  down  in  front  of  him,  or  do  any  other  act 
coming  under  the  head  of  "helping,"  under  liability  of  fine, 
suspension  or  expulsion. 

Heredity.  In  breeding,  the  influence  of  parents  upon 
their  offspring ;  the  fact  or  principle  of  inheritance  or  the  trans- 
mission of  physical  and  mental  characteristics  from  one  gene- 
ration of  ancestors  to  those  following  them. 

Hero  of  Chester.  A  term  universally  applied  to  the 
great  sire,  Hambletonian. 

Herod  Blood.  In  the  English  thoroughbred  pedigrees, 
founded  by  the  Byerly  Turk,  a  celebrated  charger  owned  by 
Capt.  Bverly  of  Ireland,  in  the  time  of  King  AVilliam's  wars, 
in  1689." 

Hidden  Quality.  An  element  of  speed  in  many  pedi- 
grees which  trace  to  unknown  sources,  but  one  of  uncertainty 
at  best,  and  in  the  formation  of  a  family  of  trotters  its  evolution 
must  ever  be  a  matter  of  doubtful  experiment. 

Hig"!!  Blowing.  A  term  applied  to  a  noisy  breathing 
made  by  some  horses,  produced  wholly  by  the  action  of  the 
nostrils — a  distinctly  nasal  sound,  and  by  no  means  to  be- con- 
founded with  roaring.     It  is  a  habit ;  not  an  unsoundness. 

Hig'li-bred.  A  meaningless  term  in  common  use,  one 
applied  alike  to  the  trotting  horse,  the  cross-bred  Percheron,  or 
any  other  class,  by  which  people  are  often  deceived  at  the 
hands  of  the  horse  sharp,  regarding  the  pedigree  or  value  of 
an  animal.  It  possesses  no  significance,  and  has  no  proper 
place  in  the  turf  vocabulary. 

High- j  limp.  In  the  high-jump,  photographs  sliow  that 
the  fore  feet  first  strike  the  ground  after  clearing.  All  high 
jumpers,  as  distinguished  from  broad  or  hurdle  jumpers,  land 
on  their  fore  feet  first.  At  the  Madison  Square  Garden,  (Xew 
York),  fair  of  1891,  the  mare  Maud  got  over  a  fence  seven  feet 
high  and  landed  on  her  fore  feet  so  nearly  perpendicular  that 
had  not  the  grooms  laid  hold  of  her,  she  must  have  completed 
a  somersault. 

High-wheel.     The  old  standard  sulky. 


120  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

Hind  Action.  Perfect  hind  action  in  the  trotter  is  just 
sufficiently  wide  to  prevent  interference  with  the  fore  legs  and 
feet;  and  yet,  brought  as  nearly  as  it  can  to  approach  to  a 
straight  line  with  the  forward  action,  without  interference,  or 
the  least  loss  of  muscular  power. 

Hippoclroming'.  An  old  term,  said  to  have  been  first 
used  by  George  Wilkes  in  1857,  to  denote  the  plan  of  taking 
tw^o  well  known  horses  together  through  the  country  to  trot 
for  purses  and  divide  the  profits.  The  plan  met  with  great 
opposition  when  first  started.  Flora  Tenij)le  and  Lancet  w^ere 
the  first  horses  to  trot  together  in  this  way,  Avhich  they 
did  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  September  2,  1857.  Kow  termed 
"  campaigning." 

Hippometer.  A  French  term  for  a  standard  adjustable 
instrument  for  measuring  the  height  of  horses — consisting  of  an 
upright  standard,  an  arm  to  rest  on  the  shoulder,  and  register- 
ing the  height  in  centimetres. 

Hippometric  Cane.  A  cane  which  pulls  out  in  seg- 
ments, one  within  the  other,  being  a  metallic  rod  within  a 
hollow  rattan  staff  or  cane,  and  fastened  in,  when  closed,  by 
means  of  springs.     Used  for  measuring  the  height  of  horses. 

Hippopliag-y.  The  consumption  of  horse  meat  as  human 
food. 

Hippopliile.  A  horse  fancier;  one  who  has  a  special 
love  or  fondness  for  horses. 

Hip-Straps.  The  pieces  of  a  harness  attached  to  the 
back  straps,  on  each  side,  which  hold  the  breeching-straps  and 
breeching  in  place. 

Hiring'  Horses.  [Law.]  When  a  horse  is  let  out  for 
hire  for  the  purpose  of  performing  a  particular  journey,  the 
person  letting  warrants  it  fit  and  competent  for  such  journey ; 
and  the  owner  of  the  horse  is  liable  for  any  accident  which 
may  befall  it  when  used  with  reasonable  care  by  the  person 
hiring  it. 

History.  The  three  great  periods  into  which  the  history 
of  the  English  turf  and  the  breeding  of  horses  is  naturally 
'divided,  are  :  1.  From  the  beginning  of  history  to  the  end  of  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  (1603),  or  before  the  times  of  the 
thoroughbred  horse;  2.  from  the  ascension  of  James  I.  in  1G03, 
to  the  year  1791,  the  first  publication  of  the  Stud  Book,  the 
period  of  the  making  of  the  thoroughbred  horse,  and ;  3,  from 
1791  to  the  present  day.  Races  w^ere  known  in  very  early 
times.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  (1154-1189),  tournaments 
began  to   be   of   frequent   occurrence,  and   one  writer,   Fitz- 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  121 

Stephen,  mentions  the  delight  taken  by  the  people  of  London 
in  this  diversion.  In  132U  Edward  III.  purchased  running 
horses,  and  in  the  ninth  year  of  his  reign  received  a  present  of 
two  running  horses  from  the  King  of  Navarre.  Henry  VIII., 
(118:3-1485),  took  great  pains  to  improve  the  royal  stud,  and 
imported  horses  from  Turkey,  Naples  and  Spain.  Jn  1002  the 
first  Arabian  horses  were  imported,  and  races  were  run  for 
silver  bolls  at  many  places.  Oliver  Cromwell,  (1(55;M060),  kept 
a  racing  stud  and  patronized  the  turf.  During  the  reign  of 
Charles,  (1660-1085),  he  imported  horses  of  Eastern  blood, 
which  was  continued  by  his  successors,  and  led  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  thoroughbred  horse.  During  the  reign  of  this 
monarch  it  was  proclaimed  that  persons  in  His  Majesty's  ser- 
vice in  riding  should  not  use  any  snaffles  but  bits.  This  was 
probably  because  bits  were  more  becoming  and  better  suited  to 
the  troops,  as  snaffles  were  in  general  more  fit  for  "times  of 
disport,"  by  which  racing  and  the  chase  were  undoubtedly 
meant.  During  the  reign  of  George  II.,  1727,  statutes  were 
enacted :  That  no  plates  or  matches  were  to  be  run  for  under 
£50  in  value,  except  at  Newmarket  and  Black  Hambleton,  on 
a  penalty  of  £200  to  be  paid  by  the  owner  of  each  horse  run- 
ning, and  £100  by  the  person  who  advertised  the  plate;  that 
no  person  should  run  any  horse  at  a  race  but  his  own ;  that 
every  horse  race  was  to  be  begun  and  ended  the  same  day.  The 
objects  of  these  statutes  were  "the  preventing  the  multiplicity 
of  horse  races ;  the  encouragement  of  idleness,  and  the  impov- 
erishment of  the  meaner  sort  of  people."  An  act  for  the  sup- 
pression of  races  by  ponies  and  weak  horses  was  passed  during 
the  reign  of  George  III.,  1739.  At  this  time  races  were  held 
in  one  hundred  and  twelve  cities  and  towns  in  England. 
During  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  racing  declined 
very  much  and  numbers  of  meetings  were  discontinued,  this 
result  being  due  to  the  wars  then  raging.  But  from  the 
beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  especially  after  the 
conclusion  of  the  French  war  of  1815,  racing  again  revived.  A 
great  number  of  matches  and  stake  races  were  established, 
records  of  the  latter  having  occurred  as  early  as  1828.  The 
royal  stud  was  sold  on  the  ascension  of  Queen  Victoria,  in  1837. 
Just  when  racing  began  in  America,  is  not  easy  to  determine ; 
but  it  is  a  well  attested  fact  that  pacers  were  bred  and  paced, 
especially  in  Rhode  Island,  during  the  last  decades  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  Pacing  races  took  place  between  the 
gentry  of  Rhode  Island  and  Virginia,  in  and  about  Phila- 
delphia, early  in  the  eighteenth  century.  In  1665,  Governor 
Nichols  established  a  race  course  at  Hempstead  Heath,  L.  I., 
N.  Y.,  and  ordered  that  a  plate  should  be  run  for  every  year. 


122  HANDBOOK   OP   THE   TURF. 

In  1669,  Governor  Lovelace,  who  succeeded  Governor  Xichols, 
ordered  races  to  be  run  on  Hempstead  Heath,  but  from  that 
time  for  nearly  a  hundred  years,  history  is  quite  silent  on  the 
subject  of  horse  racing.  Then  it  revived,  and  one  historian 
says  "there  was  no  end  to  scrub  and  pace  racing  in  all  parts 
of  the  middle  and  southern  colonies,  and  particularly  on  the 
good  and  shaded  roads  of  Manhattan  Island."  As  wealth  and 
leisure  increased  in  the  country,  after  the  close  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  the  sport  of  racing  grew  so  rapidly  that  laws  for 
its  suppression  were  passed.  Pennsylvania  passed  such  laws 
in  1794,  1817  and  1820;  New  Jersey  in  1797,  followed  by  the 
States  of  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  probably  all  the  other 
New  England  States.  The  first  recorded  trotting  j^erformance 
in  this  country  was  by  the  horse  Yankee,  at  Harlem,  K.  Y., 
July  6,  1806,  over  a  track  said  to  have  been  short  of  a  mile,  in 
2:59.  At  Philadelphia,  in  1810,  the  Boston  horse  trotted  a 
mile  to  harness  in  2:48^.  The  earliest  organized  effort  in 
behalf  of  trotting  in  this  country  was  started  at  Philadelphia 
in  1828,  by  the  establishment  of  the  Hunting  Park  Associa- 
tion. See,  Sport  of  Kings,  Queens  of  the  Turf,  Trotting 
Families,  Extreme  Speed,  and  celebrated  individual  horses. 

Hitcli.  To  hobble ;  an  unsteady  gait  which  crosses  and 
jerks. 

Hitch.  A  team ;  a  horse  or  horses  harnessed  to  a  buggy 
is  said  to  be  a  "hitch,"  and  if  fine,  is  properly  called  a  nice 
hitch ;  a  good  hitch. 

Hock.  The  hock  is  placed  between  the  gaskin  and  the 
hind  cannon  bone,  from  which  it  may  be  separated  by  a  line 
drawn  across  this  bone  at  the  point  at  which  its  head  begins  to 
enlarge  in  order  to  form  a  joint  with  the  lower  bones  of  the 
hock.  The  hock  in  the  horse  represents  the  heel  in  man,  and 
the  elongations  of  bones  and  corresponding  tendons  are  neces- 
sary modifications  of  the  plan  for  the  development  of  speed. 

The  lioek  joint  is  unique  in  construction.  The  interlocking  giooves  of 
this  joint  are  not  direct,  us  In  otlier  hinge  joints  of  the  body,  and 
as  the  corresponding  joint  in  man  is,  but  oblique,  so  tliat  when 
flexion  takes  jilace  at  that  joint,  tlie  lower  ray  is  carried  obliquely 
outward,  and  when  tlie  other  leg  is  passed,  and  the  extension  takes 
place  again,  its  action  is  reversed  and  tlie  foot  is  returned  to  the 
pt)sition  required  to  support  the  center  of  gravity.  By  this  simple 
contrivance  the  danger  of  accident  isplaced  beyond  tiie  will  of  tlie 
animal,  and  in  well  formed  horses  beyond  the  possibility  of  acci- 
dent. Some  horses  circumduct  the  h'ind  feet  more  than  others, 
and  in  otliers  the  stifle  action  is  most  marked;  but  it  is  not  com- 
mon to  see  both  excessive  in  the  same  horse.  There  is  often  con- 
siderable difference  in  different  horses  in  the  length  of  the  hock. 
The  long  hock  gives  the  greatest  power,  for  the  reason  that  the 
leverage  is  greater;  but  what  is  gained  in  power  is  lost  in  speed. 
—The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Hock,  Point  of.     The  bony  projection  at  the  back  and 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  123 

top  of  the  hock.  The  parts  of  the  hind  leg  below  the  hock  are 
similarly  named  to  those  of  the  fore  leg  below  the  knee. 

Hock  Strap.  A  spreader  used  to  prevent  the  hopping 
or  sidewise  gait  of  the  horse.  It  is  a  stout,  elastic  band  of 
rubber  w^ebbing,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  wide,  with  two 
small  straps  and  buckles  at  the  ends  used  to  tighten  it.  Attach 
this  to  the  leg  just  above  the  hock,  (not  the  leg  with  which  the 
horse  hops,  but  the  one  carried  out),  draw  moderately  tight, 
and  its  use  will  tend  to  regulate  the  action  of  the  leg  which 
the  horse  uses  out  of  line. 

Hog  on  the  Bit.  A  hard  puller,  and  especially  a 
borer  or  puller  to  one  side,  is  said  to  "hog  on  the  bit." 

Hog'g'ing".  The  custom  of  cutting  off  the  mane  of  the 
horse  in  a  sort  of  pompadour  style,  so  that  the  hairs  are 
about  the  length  of  hog's  bristles.  The  delineations  of  horses 
in  Egyptian,  Persian  and  Grecian  monuments  and  sculpture, 
represent  them  with  the  mane  hogged ;  and  this  fashion  pre- 
vailed to  a  considerable  extent  in  England,  in  the  early  part  of 
this  century,  "when,"  says  Kev.  J.  G.  Wood,  "a  sham  classi- 
cal mania  reigned  in  the  fashionable  world."  It  is  not  harm- 
ful to  the  horse ;  it  may  not  come  under  the  head  of  mutila- 
tion, but  it  is  both  unnatural  and  unnecessary. 

Hold  Over  Tlieni.  A  term  used  to  denote  that  the 
horse  of  which  it  is  said  has  more  speed  than  his  opponents. 
Thus  John  Splan  says :  "  Lady  Thorne  was  pitted  against 
George  Wilkes,  Dexter,  Lucy,  Goldsmith  Maid,  American  Girl, 
Mountain  Boy  and  George  Palmer,  and  held  over  them  in 
nearly  all  her  engagements." 

Hold  the  Horse  Tog-ether.  Used  to  denote  the  art 
of  saving  a  horse  at  the  finish,  especially  in  a  running  race, 
from  overdoing  himself  when  there  is  no  occasion  for  it ;  the 
act  of  easing  up  on  the  horse  at  the  bit,  an  inch  at  a  time,  as 
the  situation  of  the  finish  among  the  contestants  allows;  to 
drive  without  forcing  the  horse. 

Holders.  Hand  loops  attached  to  the  reins  for  the  pur- 
pose of  better  holding  and  controlling  the  horse,  particularly  if 
he  is  a  hard  puller. 

Have  the  reins  made  the  ri<;ht  length,  and  don't  have  three  or  four 
yards  of  leather  hanging  down  behind  the  sulky.  Have  the  holders 
on  the  reins  good  length  and  wide,  and  be  sure  that  you  have  them 
in  exactly  tlie  right  place,  so  that  if  the  horse,  from  any  cause, 
either  from  breaking  or  otherwise,  should  take  an  extra  hold  of 
the  bit  you  are  ready  and  in  the  right  position  to  handle  him  with 
ease.  I  drive  all  my  horses  with  holders  on  the  reins,  and  I  think 
no  man  should  ever  drive  in  a  race  without  them.— Life  with  the 
Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Hole  in  Him.  A  defect.  "  That  horse  has  a  hole  in 
him,"  means  that  he  has  an  out,  an  unsoundness,  a  fault. 


124  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUKF. 

Hollow  of  the  Pastern.     The  hollow  at  the  back  and 

lower  part  of  the  pastern  joint. 

Home.  The  goal;  the  ultimate  point  to  which  the 
horse  runs;  the  line  which  every  rider  or  driver  hopes  to 
reach  first. 

Homestretch.  That  part  of  the  track  between  the  last 
turn  and  the  wire,  usually  wider  and  more  level  than  any 
other  section  of  the  trotting  course ;  the  real  battle  ground  of 
the  contending  horses  in  a  race.  The  rules  governing  horses 
in  a  race  on  the  homestretch,  are,  j)erhaps,  more  carefully 
made  than  those  covering  any  other  part  of  the  track,  with  a 
view  of  protecting  every  horse  and  giving  to  each  the  best  pos- 
sible chance  to  win.  They  provide  that  when  the  foremost 
horse  or  horses  come  out  on  the  homestretch  they  shall  each 
keep  the  positions  first  chosen,  under  penalty  of  being  ruled  out. 
The  hindermost  horse  or  horses,  when  there  is  sufficient  room 
to  pass  on  the  inside,  or  in  fact,  anywhere  on  the  homestretch, 
without  interfering  with  other  horses  have  the  right  to  do  so, 
and  any  one  interfering  to  prevent  such  passing  is  ruled 
out  by  the  judges.  If  in  attempting  to  pass  another  horse, 
however,  a  horse  should  at  any  time  sAverve  or  cross,  so  as  to 
impede  the  stride  of  a  horse  behind  him,  such  horse  is  not 
entitled  to  win  the  heat. 

Hood.  A  protective  covering  for  the  horse's  head. 
Hoods  are  used  for  both  sweating  and  cooling-out  purposes, 
and  are  made  of  various  patterns.  They  embrace  long  hoods 
which  cover  the  face  in  front  and  extend  to  the  withers ; 
shorter  ones  which  drop  just  below  the  eyes  and  cover  half  of 
the  crest ;  throat  hoods  or  jowl  sweaters ;  cooling  hood,  both 
long  and  short ;  goggle  hoods,  etc.  They  are  usually  made  of 
Canton  flannel  or  California  wool  goods  in  plain  and  fancy 
colors ;  heavy  or  light  weight,  according  to  the  purpose  for 
which  they  are  used,  and  in  a  wide  variety  of  styles  and  pat- 
terns of  texture. 

I  do  not  believe  in  getting  flesli  off  a  horse  -with  a  sweat-blanket  or 
hood— work  it  off  in  the  natural  way. — Training  the  Trotting  Horse, 
Charles  Marvin. 

Hood.  A  canvas  covering  which  buttons  upon  and 
closely  envelopes  the  skeleton  body  or  foot-rest  of  road  and 
speed  carts,  as  a  protection  to  the  legs  of  the  driver  from  mud 
or  dirt.     It  is  adjustable,  and  taken  off  when  not  wanted. 

Hoof.  The  horny  box  which  encloses  the  horse's  foot. 
In  general  terms  the  front  part  of  the  hoof  near  the  gi'ound 
surface  is  called  the  toe,  the  two  sides  of  which  are  designated 
as  outside  and  inside  toe ;  the  lateral  or  side  portions  consti- 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  125 

tute  the  quarters;  the  rear  parts  on  the  ground  surface  the 
heels.  The  general  shape  is  that  of  the  half  of  a  cylinder -cut 
obliquely  across  its  middle,  and  resting  on  the  surface  of  this 
section.  In  nearly  all  feet,  however,  it  is  slightly  conical. 
Specifically  the  hoof  is  separated  into  these  portions,  viz  :  the 
wall ;  the  sole ;  the  frog.  The  wall  is  the  outer  portion  of  the 
hoof,  and  is  divided  into  a  hard,  fibrous  covering  called  the 
crust ;  and  a  soft,  inner  layer  of  non-fibrous  horn.  The  sole 
is  a  thick  horny  plate  between  the  border  of  the  wall  and  its 
reflected  prolongations,  occupying  what  is  termed  the  inferior 
face  of  the  hoof.  The  frog  is  a  mass  of  horn,  pyramidal  in 
snape,  situated  between  the  two  re-entering  portions  of  the 
wall,  having  a  base,  four  sides  and  a  summit.  Within  this 
box  or  hoof  is  contained  the  coffin,  navicular  and  part  of  the 
small  pastern  bones;  the  sensitive  laminae;  the  plantar 
cushion,  and  the  lateral  cartilages.  Generally  the  hoofs  of  the 
fore  feet  are  broader  and  rounder  in  front ;  those  of  the  hind 
feet  narrower  and  more  pointed.  The  right  and  left  hoofs  of 
either  leg  can  be  distinguished  by  observing  that  the  inner 
edge  of  the  wall  is  flatter  and  the  outer  edge  more  convex. 

The  hoof  groAvs  more  rapidly  in  warm,  dry  climates,  than  in  cold,  Avet 
ones;  in  healthy,  energetic  animals,  tlian  in  those  which  are  soft 
and  weak;  during  exercise,  than  repose;  in  young,  than  in  old 
anlnials.  In  winter  it  widens,  becomes  softer  and  grows  but  little; 
in  summer  it  is  condensed,  becomes  more  rigid,  concave  and  resist- 
ing, is  exposed  to  severer  wear,  and  grows  more  rapidly.  This 
variation  is  a  provision  of  Nature  to  enable  the  hoof  to  adapt  itself 
to  the  altered  conditions  it  has  to  meet— hard  horn  to  hard  ground; 
soft  horn  to  soft  ground.— Horse  Shoes  and  Horse  Shoeing,  George 
Fleming,  LL.D.,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S. 

In  a  state  of  Jiature  the  hoof  preserves  its  form  and  qualities  under 
the  following  conditions:  1.  Its  elasticity  is  complete  when  the 
frog  is  in  full  relation  with  the  ground;  2,  its  constant  use  main- 
tains a  proper  length  and  a  regular  axis;  3,  the  sole  has  all  its 
thickness,  all  its  strength,  and  prevents  contraction  of  the  heels; 
4,  the  hairs  of  the  coronet  cover  and  protect  the  cutidure,  the 
varnish  of  the  wall,  (periople),  protects  the  horn  against  alterations 
of  dryness  atid  humidity;  5,  the  moisture  of  the  soil,  the  dew,  and 
the  freshness  of  the  pasture  maintaining  it  in  a  state  of  humidity 
favorable  to  the  preservation  of  its  form.  It  requires  about  eight 
months  for  the  production  of  a  completely  new  hoof.  All  loss  of 
substance  to  the  wall  is  therefore  reduced  very  slowly;  whence 
the  lesson  is  taught  that  we  should  avoid  this  loss  as  much  as 
possible.  The  healthy  foot  is  a  very  beautiful  object.— Exterior  of 
the  Horse,  Armand  Gouboux  and  Gustave  Barrier. 

Hopping.  Wobbling;  the  motion  of  going  crooked 
behind.  In  doing  so  the  horse  shortens  the  stride  of  one  hind 
foot,  places  it  under  or  between  his  fore  feet  and  carries  the 
other  one  out,  thus  causing  the  hip  to  hop  or  wobble  behind. 
Some  horses  will  hop  and  go  sideways  to  avoid  scalping,  hit- 
ting shins  or  quarters.  The  remedy  then  consists  in  skillful 
shoeing  and  proper  booting.  Some  horses  will  hop  when  their 
heads  are  checked  out  of  a  natural  position,  either  too  high  or 
too  low.     Radical  changes  in  shoeing,  such  as  changing  light 


126  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUEF. 

shoes  for  heavy  ones,  and  vice  versa  will  sometimes  cure  hop- 
ping. Difference  in  the  length  of  stride  of  fore  feet,  arising 
from  faulty  conformation  or  other  irregularity,  will  often 
cause  the  horse  to  go  crooked  behind.  In  such  cases  it  can  be 
remedied  by  adding  more  weight  to  the  foot  which  steps  the 
shortest. 

Hopples;  Hobbles.  A  device  used  for  changing  the 
gait  of  a  horse  from  a  pace  to  a  trot ;  from  a  trot  to  a  pace,  or 
for  holding  a  horse  steady  at  either  gait.  There  are  several 
patterns.  They  are  usually  made  of  leather,  covered  with 
lambswool,  wdth  elastic  connections  by  which  to  draw  the  leg 
back  to  the  gait  desired.  They  are  changable,  and  may  be  so 
adjusted  as  to  act  as  cross  straps,  or  in  a  straight  line  from 
fore  to  hind  legs. 

Horny  Sole.  A  concave  plate  contained  within  the 
lower  margin  of  the  wall  of  the  horse's  foot  covering  the  lower 
face  of  the  pedal  bone.  It  is  thickest  around  its  outer  border 
where  it  joins  the  wall,  and  thinnest  in  the  center  where  it  is 
most  concave.  It  is  less  dense  and  resisting  than  the  wall  of 
the  hoof,  and  is  designed  more  to  support  weight  than  to  stand 
wear.  It  has  a  characteristic  of  breaking  off  in  flakes  on  the 
ground  face  when  the  fibers  become  long. 

Horse.  A  well  known  and  most  noble  domestic  animal 
of  the  genus  Equus ;  family  Equid?e ;  sub-order  Perissodactyla, 
(odd-toed) ;  order  Ungulata,  (hoofed) ;  class  Mammalia.  The 
name  of  a  genus  corresponds  to  the  surname  or  family  name 
of  persons  of  civilized  nations,  but  in  the  language  of  science 
it  always  precedes  the  specific  name,  which  corresponds  to  our 
given  or  Christian  name.  The  horse  is  distinguished  from  all 
other  members  of  the  Equidae,  by  the  long  hairs  of  the  tail 
being  more  abundant  and  growing  from  the  base  as  well  as 
from  the  ends  and  sides ;  and  also  by  possessing  a  small  bare 
callosity  on  the  inner  side  of  the  hind  leg,  just  below  the  hock, 
as  well  as  one  on  the  inner  side  of  the  forearm  above  the  knee, 
common  to  all  the  genus.  The  mane  is  longer  and  more  flow- 
ing, the  front  part  of  it  drooping  over  the  forehead,  forming 
the  forelock ;  the  ears  are  shorter,  the  limbs  longer,  the  feet 
broader  and  the  head  smaller.  By  the  agency  of  man  horses 
are  now  diffused  throughout  almost  the  whole  of  the  inhabited 
portions  of  the  globe,  and  the  great  modifications  they  have 
undergone,  in  consequence  of  domestication  and  selection  in 
breeding,  are  well  illustrated  by  comparing  such  extremes  as 
the  Shetland  pony,  dwarfed  by  scanty  food  and  a  rigorous 
climate,  standing  from  9.2  to  10.2  hands  high;  the  thorough- 
bred race-horse  of  16.2  hands  high,  and  the  gigantic  London 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  127 

dray-horse  of  from  17  to   18  hands  high.     There  are  seven 

modifications  of  the  horse  type,  at  present  existing,  sufficiently 

distinct  to  be   reckoned   as  species   by   all  zoologists.     There 

were   in   the    United    States    at   the  close    of   the   year    1893 

16,081,139   horses  of  all  ages,  valued  at  $709,224,799.     The 

four  leading  horse  producing  states  are :     Iowa,  with  1,367,329  ; 

Illinois,    with    1,308,771;    Texas,    with    1,183,895;    Missouri, 

with  1,008,361.     Aside  from  the  recognized  trotting  bred  and 

running  bred  horses  in  this  country  the  generally  recognized 

breeds   or   sub-families    are :    Clydesdale,    Percheron,    French 

Coach,    Yorkshire    Coach,    Cleveland     Bay,    English     Shire, 

Suffolk  Punch,  Hackney. 

In  the  choice  of  a  horse  and  a  wife  a  man  must  please  himself  .—G.  J. 
Wliyte-Melville. 

Horse.  [Law.]  The  legal  definition  of  a  horse  is :  A 
hoofed  quadruped  of  the  genus  Equus,  (E.  caballus),  having 
one  toe  to  each  foot,  a  mane,  and  a  long  flowing  tail.  The 
term  horse  embraces  generally  all  the  classes  and  sexes.  It  has 
been  decided  that  a  ridgiing  is  not  a  gelding,  but  a  horse. — 
Chattel  Mortgage.  It  has  been  decided  that  a  colt  born  of  a 
mare  which  is  held  under  mortgage  belongs  to  the  holder  of  the 
legal  title,  the  mortgagee ;  but  to  make  a  chattel  mortgage  good 
to  hold  the  colt  he  must  show  that  it  was  conceived  prior  to  the 
date  of  his  mortgage. — Exemptiom.  The  exemption  of  a  horse 
from  execution  under  the  exemption  act  in  Texas,  includes 
everything  absolutely  essential  to  its  beneficial  enjoyment,  as 
bridle,  saddle  and  martingale.  It  has  been  held  that  a  horse 
standing  at  a  farrier's  to  be  shod,  is  exempt  from  distress  on 
the  plea  of  public  utility. — Leaving  at  an  Inn.  The  tendency 
of  modern  cases,  says  the  American  and  English  Encyclopedia 
of  Law,  xi,  23,  (1890),  is  to  hold  that  merely  leaving  a  horse 
at  an  inn  cannot  of  itself  suflice  to  constitute  one  a  guest, 
though,  according  to  the  earlier  cases,  and  others  which  have 
followed  their  views,  it  is  not  essential,  in  order  to  constitute 
one  a  guest,  in  legal  contemplation,  that  he  should  receive  per- 
sonal entertainment  at  the  inn ;  but  it  may  be  enough  that  he 
leave  his  horse,  particularly  if  he  be  a  traveler  in  the  strict 
sense.  The  older  doctrine  that  the  mere  leaving  a  horse  at  an 
inn  may  constitute  the  owner  a  guest,  is  supported  in  the  lead- 
ing American  case  in  which  this  view  is  taken,  by  an  early 
English  decision,  recognizing,  by  a  divided  court,  the  lien  of  an 
inn  keeper  in  regard  to  a  horse  left  at  his  stable  by  a  traveler 
who  did  not  himself  put  up  at  the  inn,  and  is  fm'ther  sustained 
by  judicial  declarations  and  statements  of  legal  writers.  It 
also  receives  qualified  support  in  this  country  from  a  modern 
leading  case,  where  the  point  does  not  seem   to  be  directly 


128  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

involved  •  and  from  a  recent  case  in  which  a  preference  is  given 
to  the  view  cf  the  older  authorities,  and  it  is  held  that  a  trav- 
eler or  waj^arer  journeying  over  the  country  becomes  a  guest 
by  obtaining  and  paying  for  entertainment  for  his  beasts  at  an 
inn ;  but  in  both  these  cases  the  doctrine  is  apparently  confined 
to  those  who  are  travelers  or  wayfarers  as  distinguished  from 
residents  But  where  one  leaves  his  horse  with  an  inn  keeper 
with  no  intention  of  stopping  at  the  inn  himself,  but  stops  at  a 
relative's  house,  he  is  not  a  guest  of  the  inn,  and  the  liability 
of  the  landlord  is  simply  that  of  an  ordinary  bailee  for  hke. 

If  a  person  who  is  traveling  over  the  country  from  place  to  place,  or 
from  one  phice  to  another  and  returning,  has  occasion  to  seek 
entertainment  for  liis  horse  or  horses,  alone,  and  obtains  it  for  them 
upon  consideration  of  reward  or  pay  charged  liim  by  tlie  liost  or 
landlord,  he  is  in  the  legal  sense  a  guest,  as  niucli  as  if  he  had  him- 
self received  personal  entertainment,  and  wliile  such  entertain- 
ment for  his  beasts  continues,  if  any  damage  or  injury  happens  to 
them,  or  they  be  stolen,  he  is  absolutely  liable  for  them  to  the  same 
extent  as  if  he  had  undertaken  against  the  particular  damage  by  a 
special  arrangement.— Atlantic  Reporter,  Vol.  8,  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
(Del.),  228 

The  existence  of  an  inn  involves,  in  legal  contemplation,  a  stable 
attached  to  it  also,  and  travelers  with  horses  and  carriages  are  not 
to  be  prestimed  to  put  them  up  at  an  inn  otherwise  than  as  inn 
stables  strictly,  whereas  those  not  travelers, but  merely  putting  up 
their  teams  at  the  inn  slables  as  a  livery,  (as  in  the  case  Mith  per- 
sons residing  near  towns,  who  use  such*  slables  as  mere  conven- 
iences), are  not  to  be  considered  in  the  light  of  guests  and  entitled 
to  tiie  same  degree  of  protection  as  travelers  are. — Atlantic  Reporter, 
Vol.  8,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  (Del.),  260. 

If  a  guest  goes  to  an  inn  and  leaves  his  horse  there  with  the  host  and 
goes  away  himself  for  a  time,  and  in  his  absence  the  horse  is  stolen, 
the  host  is  chargeable  on  account  of  the  profit  arising  from  the 
keeping  of  the  horse. — American  Decisions,  A.  C.  Freeman,  San 
Fran(!isco,  1880,  254-25 J. 

By  the  rules  of  the  American  Turf  Congress  the  word  horse  is  under- 
stood to  include  mare  or  gelding. 

Horse  Breeders'  Registry,  The,  for  the  registration 
of  trotting  and  pacing  horses,  according  to  established  rules 
and  classes.  Headquarters,  Boston,  Mass.  Rules  governing 
admission  to  registry : 

First:  Any  stallion  that  has  himself  a  trotting  record  of 
2:30  or  better,  or  pacing  record  of  2:25  or  better,  provided  any 
of  his  get  has  a  trotting  record  of  2:35  or  better,  or  pacing 
record  of  2:30  or  better,  or  provided  his  sire  or  dam  is  aheady 
standard. 

Second :  Any  mare  or  gelding  that  has  a  trotting  record 
of  2:30  or  better,  or  pacing  record  of  2:25  or  better. 

Third:  Any  horse  that  is  the  sire  of  two  animals  Avith  a 
trotting  record  of  2.30  or  better,  or  pacing  record  of  2:25  or 
better,  or  one  trotter  with  a  record  of  2-30  or  better,  and  one 
pacer  with  a  record  of  2:25  or  better. 

Fourth :  Any  horse  that  is  the  sire  of  one  animal  with 
a  trotting  record  of  2:30  or  better,  or  pacing  record  of  2:25  or 


HANDBOOK    or   THE   TURF.  129 

better,  provided  he  has  either  of  the  following  additional  quali- 
fications, viz:  (a),  a  trotting  record  himself  of  2:35  or  better, 
or  pacing  record  of  2:30  or  better;  (b),  is  the  sire  of  two  other 
trotters  with  records  of  2:35  or  better,  or  pacers  with  records 
of  2:30  or  better,  or  one  trotter  with  a  record  of  2:35  or  better, 
and  one  pacer  with  a  record  of  2:30  or  better;  (c),  has  a  sire 
or  dam  that  is  already  standard. 

Fifth:  Any  mare  that  has  produced  a  trotter  with  a 
record  of  2:30  or  better,  or  pacer  with  a  record  of  2:25  or 
better. 

Sixth '  The  progeny  of  a  standard  horse  when  out  of  a 
standard  mare. 

Seventh :  The  progeny  of  a  standard  horse  when  out  of  a 
mare  by  a  standard  horse. 

Eighth :  The  progeny  of  a  standard  horse  when  out  of  a 
mare  whose  dam  is  standard. 

Ninth :  Any  mare  that  has  a  trotting  record  of  2 :  35  or 
better,  or  a  pacing  record  of  2  :  30  or  better,  provided  either  her 
sire  or  dam  is  standard. 

Class  Mules :  I.  This  includes  only  horses  standard  under 
either  rule  2,  3  or  4,  and  mares  standard  under  rules  2  and  5. 
Every  animal  in  this  class  must  be  either  a  performer  or  pro- 
ducer— II.  This  includes  only  the  produce  of  mares  in  class 
I.,  when  by  stallions  in  class  I.  Every  animal  in  this  class 
must  have  a  performer  or  producer  for  both  sire  and  dam. 
— III.  This  includes  only  the  produce  of  a  mare  in  class  I., 
when  by  any  standard  stallion  not  in  class  I.,  also  the  standard 
produce  of  any  mare  not  in  class  L,  when  by  a  stallion  belong- 
ing to  class  I. — IV.  Includes  all  standard  bred  animals  not 
embraced  in  the  other  three  classes. 

Horse-leap  Church.  A  church  near  Kilbeggan  in  the 
county  of  AVest  jNIeath,  Ireland,  which  takes  its  name  from  a 
remarkable  leap  that  was  made  near  it  by  a  horse  while  hunting 
with  hounds.  It  was  over  a  narrow  road,  on  either  side  of  which 
there  was  a  stone  wall.  The  horse  took  both  walls  and  the 
road  in  one  leap  thus  clearing  all  from  field  to  field.  The 
extreme  distance  was  thirty-six  feet. 

Horseman.  One  who  has  thorough  skill  in  the  knowl- 
edge of  horses,  and  in  their  management  under  all  conditions ; 
a  person  who  fancies,  sells,  buys,  drives  and  handles  horses ;  a 
rider  on  horseback. 

Horsemanship.  The  art  of  equitation.  It  generally 
refers  to  riding  ou  horseback,  and  the  management  of  horses 
under  the  saddle. 


130  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

In  horsemanship  art  and  science  are  combined,  and  so  closely  con- 
nected in  any  critical  performance  that  tliey  are  inseparable  lor 
success.  The  tlieory  and  practice  must  be  united,  as  well  in  the 
horse  as  in  liis  rider,  for  in  equestrian  feats  tliese  are  the  exercise 
and  power  of  mind  over  matter,  and  wiien  theory  and  practice  are 
unitetland  in  proportion,  and  tlie  material  and  opportunities  good, 
success  follows.— Tlie  Bridle  Bits,  Col.  J.  C.  Battersby. 

Horse  Measurement.  In  taking  the  measurement  of 
a  horse,  length  is  obtained  from  the  point  of  the  buttock  to  the 
point  of  the  shoulder,  and  height  both  at  the  croup  and  the 
withers.  Other  measurements  are :  Length  of  head  from  the 
poll  to  the  muzzle ;  length  of  crest,  or  arch  of  neck  from  the 
poll  to  the  withers ;  length  of  back  from  the  withers  to  the 
croup ;  width  of  chest  at  the  shoulder  points ;  width  of  hips ; 
width  of  forehead.  These  are  made  with  a  rule  having  two 
short  arms ;  one  fixed  at  one  end,  the  other  moveable  and  slid- 
ing along  the  face  of  the  rule  to  the  point  of  contact.  Other 
lines  of  measurement  are :  The  girth ;  length  from  dock 
to  stifle ;  length  from  hock  to  whirlbone  ;  size  around  the  gas- 
kin;  size  around  the  forearm;  size  around  the  shank;  size 
around  the  front  cannon ;  size  around  the  coronet.  These  lat- 
ter are  best  made  with  a  common  tape  measure. 

Horse  Motion.  That  pectiliar  jerking,  jogging,  or  up- 
and-down  motion  of  a  sulky,  road  cart  or  other  two  wheeled 
vehicle  whereby  it  partakes  of  the  motion  of  the  horse  in  what- 
ever gait  he  may  be  going,  is  termed  "  horse  motion." 

Horse  Racing'.  The  practice  or  sport  of  running  or 
trotting  horses ;  a  race  by  horses ;  a  match  of  horses  at  trotting 
or  running. 

Horse-sUarp.     A  term  applied  to  a  person  who  practices 

deception  and  fraud  in  the  sale  of  a  horse ;  a  pedigree-swindler ; 

a  horse-leech ;  one  who  claims  fraudulent  records  of  speed,  and 

deceives    in    regard    to    the    age    and    soundness    of    horses 

which  he  sells. 

The  horse-sharp  is  in  general  a  very  versatile  rascal.  In  the  village 
bar-room  or  around  tlie  stable  doors  he  talks  loud  and  persistently, 
and  can  crowd  more  lies  into  a  given  number  of  words  tlian  any 
other  specimen  of  degraded  humanity.  In  short,  whether  he  mis- 
represents his  own  horse's  pedigree  or  slanders  his  neighbor's 
horse,  he  is  a  wholly  dirty  individual  whom  an  honest  man  instinct- 
ively feels  that  he  soils  liis  hands  by  touching,  and  who  is  a  good 
fellow  to  keep  wholly  clear  of.— Wallace's  Monthly. 

Horse  Tax.  [Eng.]  The  horse  tax  in  England  was 
imposed  in  1784,  and  was  then  levied  on  all  saddle  and  coach 
horses.  Its  operation  was  extended,  and  its  amount  increased 
in  179G,  and  again  in  1808.  The  existing  duty  is  upon 
"  horses  for  riding  "  only. 

Horsy.  A  word  used  to  indicate  that  a  person  is  fond 
of,  or  interested  in  horses  ;  especially  devoted  to,  or  interested  in 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  131 

horse-breeding  or  horse-racing;  relating  or  having  to  do  with 
horses  and  turf  matters. 

Hot  Fitting.  Fitting  the  shoe  to  the  horse's  foot  while 
the  shoe  is  hot — a  practice  ahuost  universally  followed,  for- 
merly, but  now  rarely  used;  a  method  obsolete  with  the  best 
farriers. 

Hoiir.  Trotting  races  are  started  at  two  o'clock  p.  m., 
from  the  first  day  of  April  to  the  15th  day  of  September,  and 
after  that  date  at  one  o'clock  p.  m.,  until  the  close  of  the  season. 

Housings.  A  covering.  The  name  derived  from  a 
coarse  sort  of  tapestry  or  carpet  work,  used  in  the  East  for 
housings  or  coverings  of  saddles ;  hence,  the  trappings  or  capar- 
ison of  a  horse ;  the  leather  fastened  at  a  horse's  collar  to  turn 
over  the  back  when  it  rains.  A  pad  which  covers  the  horse's 
back  under  the  harness  saddle ;  a  lay. 

Hub.  The  center  or  stock  of  a  wheel  in  which  all  the 
spokes  are  set,  and  through  which  the  axle-arm  is  placed.  In 
England  it  is  called  nave.  The  best  hubs  of  wood  are  those 
made  of  American  Elm. 

Hub  Case.  That  part  of  the  wheel  of  a  pneumatic 
sulky  which  receives  the  cone  containing  the  ball  bearings. 

Hug  the  pole ;  Hug  the  Track.  Said  of  a  horse  that 
trots  close  to  the  pole  or  guard-rail,  or  that  trots  low ;  as  in 
such  case  he  "  hugs "  or  goes  close  to  the  pole,  or  hugs  the 
ground  in  a  square,  level,  uninterrupted  gait. 

Hunting  Seat.  [Eq.]  In  horsemanship,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  riding  seat  in  racing  contests. 

The  race  riders  mount  for  other  people's  pleasure,  and  the  large  sums 
of  money  at  stake  ;  the  hunting  man  rides  for  his  own  i>leasure,  and 
is  only  answerable  to  himself  for  his  expenditure  of  horse  Jlesh.— 
Seats  and  Saddles,  Francis  Dwyer. 

Hurdle.  A  movable  fence ;  a  bar  or  frame  placed  across 
a  race  course  to  be  cleared  by  the  horses  in  a  hurdle-race. 
Hurdles  are  usually  made  three  feet  high ;  of  plank,  rods  or 
narrow  boards,  with  an  additional  foot  in  height  of  cedar  brush 
placed  above  that.  The  sections  of  hurdles  are  placed  upon 
feet,  braced,  in  order  to  make  them  stand  in  position. 

Hurdle  Race.  A  race  in  which  the  horses  are  required 
to  jump  over  hurdles  or  similar  obstacles.  Although  this  style 
of  racing  was  abandoned  throughout  the  South  and  AYest  about 
1882,  the  American  Turf  Congress  still  maintains  rules  for 
hurdle  racing.  No  such  race  shall  be  of  less  than  one  mile,  if 
a  dash  race,  or  over  less  than  four  flights  of  hurdles ;  and  in 
races  longer  than  one  mile  there  must  be  an  additional  flight 
of  hurdles  in  each  quarter  of  a  mile.     Winners  of  hurdle  races 


132  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

are  not  considered  winners  in  steeplechasing,  but  are  consid- 
ered winners  in  flat  racing.  The  term  "  winning  horse,"  with 
reference  to  those  liable  to  carry  extra  weight,  or  to  be  excluded 
from  any  race,  applies  only  to  winners  of  hurdle  races,  value 
$100  and  upward,  not  including  the  winner's  own  stake.  In 
the  absence  of  conditions  welter  weights  are  carried  in  hurdle 
races. 

Hurdle  Racing-.  This  style  of  racing  is  said  to  have 
had  its  origin  in  the  time  of  King  George  IV.,  when,  in  the 
absence  of  better  sport  a  royal  hunting  party  on  the  Downs 
near  Brighton,  amused  themselves  by  racing  over  some  flights 
of  sheep  hurdles.  The  s23ort  was  thought  to  be  so  good  that 
regular  races  over  hurdles  were  organized.  In  the  early  days 
of  the  sport  the  close-wattled  hurdle  made  of  hazel  was  always 
used.  These  were  between  four  and  five  feet  in  height  and  so 
firmly  fastened  into  the  ground  that  it  was  not  easy  to  knock 
them  down.  In  more  recent  times  the  hm-dles  were  fixed 
loosely  in  the  ground,  so  that  a  mere  tap  would,  throw  them 
over.  The  cross-country  horse  that  is  a  good  hurdle-racer 
is  regarded  as  an  undeveloped  steeplechaser.  The  hm'dles 
are  always  to  be  jumped,  not  run  through  or  knocked  down. 
The  well  trained  hurdle-jumper  will  always  judge  his  distance, 
prepare  for  the  jump,  and  glide  over  it,  or  "  take  off,"  easily. 

Hypodermic.  A  term  pertaining  to  parts  under  the 
skin ;  relating  to  a  remed}^,  or  drug,  introduced  under  the  skin 
of  the  horse  by  means  of  a  needle  or  hypodermic  syringe. 


Identification.  Facts,  testimony,  certificates,  pedigrees, 
which  help  to  distinguish  a  person  or  horse  from  all  other  per- 
sons or  horses.  By  tlie  trotting  rules,  when  a  horse  is  nomi- 
nated for  a  stake  or  purse,  his  color,  sex,  name,  age,  class,  and 
whether  entered  singly  or  in  a  double  team,  must  be  given. 
Applied  to  a  person  making  the  entry  it  includes  name,  resi- 
dence, post  office  address,  and  other  facts  to  establish  his  iden- 
tification, where  personally  unknown  to  the  officers  of  a  course. 
Heavy  fines  and  penalties  are  imposed  for  refusing  to  comply 
with  such  rules,  or  for  making  wrong  answers  to  questions. 
Similar  rules  are  enforced  by  the  Turf  Congress  governing  all 
running  races. 

Illegitimate  Racing.  [Eng.]  An  absurd  formula 
used  by  the  sporting  press  as  a  synonym  for  steeplechasing, 
hurdle-racing,  and  hunters'  flat  paces.  Previous  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Grand  National  Hunt  committee,  these  sports 
were  unregulated  by  any  code  of  law,  and  unrecognized  by  any 
racing  tribunal,  and  were  then  properly  regarded  as  illegiti- 
mate. They  are  now,  however,  as  much  under  rules  as  flat 
racing ;  notwithstanding,  the  term  continues  to  be  applied  to 
them  though  it  has  lost  its  significance. 

In-and-out  Horse.     A  horse  that  is  one  day  good,  and 

another  off,  and  not  to  be  depended  upon  ;  either  from  being 

sick,  sore,  or  from  some  unknown  cause  trotting  a  poor  race. 

J.  Q.  was  a  peculiar  horse  and  often  trotted  in-and-oiit  races,  and  some- 
times the  public  inuigines  of  such  a  hoi'se  tliat  his  driver  is  not 
honestly  trying  to  win,  wiien  the  facts  of  the  case  are  otherwise. — 
Life  Witli  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Inbred ;  In-and-in  Breeding-.  To  breed  from  ani- 
mals of  the  same  parentage,  or  from  those  closely  related. 

Infield.     The   ground   or   lawn  inside  of  the  track  or 

course. 

In-liand.  [Eq.]  A  horse  is  said  to  be  "  in  hand  "  when  he 
is  sensible  to  the  movements  of  the  rider's  legs  ;  bears  the  spur 
without  becoming  excited ;  does  not  displace  his  head  or  neck, 
thus  wasting  his  force,  the  reins  bearing  upon  the  sides  of  his 
neck,  and  is  ready  for  the  word  of  the  rider,  being  in  perfect 
equilibrium. 

133 


134  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

In  Harness.  A  trotting  race  in  harness  means  that  the 
performance  shall  be  to  a  sulky. 

In  Line.  A  term  used  in  attaching  pneumatic  wheels 
to  the  old  high  wheel  sulky.  The  wheels  must  be  in  exact  line 
in  order  for  the  best  results  as  to  speed,  and  also  for  the  life  of 
the  wheel.  If  not  properly  placed  in  line  with  the  point  of 
draught,  they  will  be  slower,  the  stress  upon  them  will  be 
greater,  and  their  life  will  be  shorter. 

In-line  Trotter.  A^ horse  whose  stride  is  in  a  straight 
line,  or  the  print  of  whose  hind  foot  at  speed,  is  in  line  with 
that  of  his  fore  foot.  It  is  said  that  Martha  Wilkes  goes  so 
near  to  line  that  a  person  standing  in  front  of,  or  behind  her 
when  at  speed,  only  sees  one  set  of  legs.  Her  stride  at  a  2:09^ 
gait  is  eighteen  and  a  half  feet. 

Incisors.  The  twelve  front  teeth  of  the  horse.  There 
are  two  dentitions  of  the  incisors,  the  first,  known  as  the  milk 
or  deciduous  teeth  ;  and  the  second,  or  permanent  teeth,  which 
replace  the  former  at  from  two  and  a  half  to  five  years  of  age. 
They  are  known  as  the  pincher  or  front  teeth  ;  the  intermediate 
teeth,  and  the  corner  teeth. 

Indications.  [Eq-]  The  principles  of  horsemanship 
require  that  the  horse  should  instantaneously  obey  the  indica- 
tions of  the  legs  and  hands  of  the  rider. 

Individuality.  That  quality,  or  distinctive  characteris- 
tic which  distinguishes  one  horse  from  another  ;  peculiarity  of 
disposition  or  make-up.  In  no  animal  is  this  characteristic 
more  positive  than  in  the  horse.  Indeed  it  may  be  said  with 
truth  that  every  horse  is  different  from  every  other  horse ;  that 
in  almost  no  resjDect  are  they  at  all  alike.  In  conformation, 
disposition,  gait,  ability  to  acquire  knowledge,  gift  of  speed, 
quickness  of  perception,  readiness  to  obey  the  driver's  or  rider's 
will,  horses  are  most  unlike.  This  individuality  is  a  matter  for 
the  closest  study,  as  it  must  determine  the  use  of  the  over-draw 
or  side  check  ;  open  or  blind  bridle ;  the  sort  of  weights,  boots 
and  bits ;  the  manner  of  shoeing,  and  a  score  of  other  details 
of  training  and  management.  Some  horses  have  an  abundance 
of  speed  for  every  race,  others  have  only  one  burst  of  speed  in 
a  mile.  Not  only  do  horses  differ  widely  from  each  other  in 
the  matter  of  gait,  but  the  different  feet  of  the  same  horse  must 
often  be  shod  with  peculiar  shoes  to  meet  peculiar  conditions. 
Hence  the  mastery  of  individuality  is  the  first  business  of  the 
trainer,  as  success  can  only  come  from  a  full  understanding  of 
the  horse's  peculiar  characteristics,  and  the  means  of  utilizing 
them  to  the  utmost  in  the  best  lines  of  his  service  to  man. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF,  135 

Indivisible  Prize.  An  indivisible  prize  is  one  in 
which  a  dead  heat  is  again  run  for  second  place,  and  in  which 
the  horses  running  agree  to  divide  the  money  or  run  for  an 
indivisible  prize. 

Inflate.  The  act  of  inflating  the  pneumatic  tire  of  a 
bike  sulky  previous  to  a  heat,  by  means  of  an  air-pump.  There 
is  of  course  more  or  less  leakage  to  these  tires,  consequent 
upon  their  age,  use,  etc.,  hence  the  act  of  inflating  must  be  per- 
formed often  or  less  frequently  as  circumstances  require. 

Inherited  Qualities.      Explained  by  the  quotation  : 

Flexibility  of  ail  iciilar  iij;anu'iits  may  be  acquired  by  early  training 
ami  retinlar  exercise,  but.  tlie  jjroportions  of  tlie  body  are  inherited. 
—The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillnian. 

Inspectors.  Under  the  old  racing  rules,  a  term  applied 
to  those  officers  of  the  course  now  known  as  patrol  judges. 

Intercliang-able  Gait.  A  horse  that  both  paces  and 
trots,  is  said  to  have  an  "  interchangeble  gait." 

Interfering.  An  animal  is  said  to  interfere  when  one 
foot  strikes  the  opposite,  as  it  passes  it,  in  motion.  The  inner 
surface  of  the  fetlock  joint  is  the  part  most  liable  to  this  injury, 
although  it  may  occur  to  any  part  of  the  ankle.  It  takes  place 
more  often  in  the  hind  than  in  the  fore  legs.  It  causes  a  bruise 
of  the  skin  and  underlying  tissues,  and  is  generally  accompan- 
ied by  an  abrasion  of  the  surface,  causing  lameness,  dangerous 
tripping  and  thickening  of  the  injured  parts.  The  trouble  is 
chiefly  due  to  deformity  or  faulty  conformation,  and  when 
arising  from  this  cause  is  not  easy  to  overcome.  But  in  many 
cases  it  may  be  prevented  by  special  shoeing.  In  general,  the 
outside  heel  and  quarter  of  the  foot  on  the  injured  leg  should 
be  lowered  sufficiently  to  change  the  relative  position  of  the 
fetlock  joint,  by  bringing  it  further  away  from  the  center  plane 
of  the  body,  thereby  allowing  the  other  foot  to  pass  by  without 
striking. 

Interplialang^eal  Articulation.  One  of  the  joints 
of  the  foot  or  leg  of  the  horse,  situated  between  any  two  suc- 
cessive phalanges  of  the  same  leg. 

Intermaxillary  Space.  A  name  given  to  the  V- 
shaped  channel,  or  groove,  formed  by  the  spread  of  the 
branches  of  the  lower  jaw, — which  should  be  sufficiently  deep  to 
make  its  presence  quite  perceptible.  Where  this  groove  is 
not  well  defined,  but  clothed  with  a  thick  tissue,  the  head  has 
a  coarse  appearance.  This  space  should  be  broad  between  the 
angles  of  the  jaw,  in  order  that  the  top  of  the  windpipe  may 
have  abundant  room  for  its  action  at  whatever  position  of  the 
head. 


136  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

Iroquois.  A  remarkable  horse,  descended  from  the  best 
and  most  successful  racing  families  in  England  and  America. 
Foaled  in  1878.  By  imported  Leamington,  son  of  Faugh-a- 
Ballagh ;  dam,  Maggie  B.  B.,  the  dam  of  Harold,  by  imported 
Australian ;  second  dam,  Madeline,  by  Old  Boston,  out  of  Mag- 
nolia, dam  of  Kentucky  by  imported  Glencoe.  His  color  is 
brown,  stands  16  hands,  with  white  stripe  in  the  face,  white  on 
the  left  fore  foot ;  he  has  a  well  placed,  oblique  shoulder,  good 
barrel,  fine  hip  and  loin,  and  sound,  good  legs  and  feet.  He 
has  been  a  fine  success  in  the  stud.  As  a  two-year-old  he  won 
the  Chesterfield  stakes  at  Newmarket,  and  Levant  stakes  at 
Goodwood,  England ;  as  a  three-year-old  he  won  the  Burwell 
stakes,  Derby  at  Epsom,  Prince  of  Wales  stakes,  Doncaster, 
St.  Leger,  Newmarket  Derby,  and  other  important  events  in 
England,  winning,  in  nine  races,  the  sum  of  £16,805. 

Irreg'ular  Race.  The  trotting  rules  provide  that  any 
public  race  at  a  less  distance  than  one  mile,  and  exceeding 
half  a  mile,  is  an  irregular  race,  and  time  made  in  any  such 
race  is  a  bar. 

Isabel.  A  family  of  celebrated  pure  cream-colored 
horses  in  Hessenhausen,  near  Hanover,  Germany,  from  which 
the  famous  cream-colored  horses  used  by  Queen  Victoria  on 
state  occasions  are  obtained. 

Isabella;  Isabelle;  Isabelline.  A  name  applied  to 
a  horse  of  a  pale  brown,  or  buff  color,  similar  to  that  of  a  hare. 
The  origin  of  the  color  is  given  by  two  French  writers,  Bouillet 
and  Littr6,  but  better  by  Isaac  DTsraeli,  in  his  Curiosities  of 
Literature.  At  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century 
Ostend  was  being  besieged  by  the  Austrians.  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Philip  II,  and  wife  of  the  Archduke  Albert,  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Netherlands,  vowed  not  to  change  her  body  linen 
till  Ostend  was  taken.  The  siege,  unluckily  for  her  comfort, 
lasted  three  years — 1601-1604 — but  the  fair  princess  kept  her 
oath ;  and  the  supposed  color  of  the  Archduchess's  linen  gave 
rise  to  a  fashionable  color  called  risabeau,  or  the  Isabella — a 
kind  of  whitish-yellow-dingy. 


J 

Jack-saddle.  Small  saddle ;  the  saddle  which  sup- 
ports the  lugs  of  a  harness,  and  which,  with  the  back-band,  or 
back-strap,  is  the  real  keel  of  the  harness. 

Jady.     Tired ;  worn  out ;  reduced  in  condition. 

Jadisli.     Said  of  a  horse  that  is  skittish,  vicious,  tricky. 

Jibbingr*     Restiveness ;  unsteady.     A  vice. 

Jimmy.     A  bad  break. 

Jockey.     The  saddle  tree  of  a  harness. 

Jockey.  A  professional  rider  of  race  horses ;  often 
applied,  though  erroneously,  to  drivers  in  harness  races.  The 
Turf  Congress  rules  provide  that  jockeys  cannot  ride  without 
first  having  obtained  a  license,  and  the  requirements  governing 
the  issuing  and  recording  of  licenses  are  exceedingly  strict. 
All  licenses  are  for  one  year,  and  expire  December  ol.  Fees 
are  regulated  by  the  Congress,  [see  Fee],  and  a  heavy  penalty 
attaches  for  receiving  or  offering  fees  for  riding,  in  excess  of 
those  stipulated  by  the  rules.  If  a  jockey  refuses  to  ride  for 
the  fee  allowed,  he  may  be  fined,  suspended  or  ruled  off.  If  a 
jockey  should  own,  in  whole  or  in  part,  a  race  horse  in  train- 
ing, he  is  not  allowed  to  ride  horses  other  than  his  own. 

Tliat  corporate  body  of  men  and  boys  to  whose  skill,  judgment  and 
honesty  is  ultimately  entrusted  the  issue  of  all  turf  contests,  and 
who  are,  tiierefore,  the  arbiters  of  each  racing  man's  destiny.— The 
Badminton  Library:    Racing,  The  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire, 
and  W.  G.  Craven. 
Jockeying.     Trickery;   a  term  applied  to  any  fraudu- 
lent transaction  concerning  a  race ;  deception  in  recommend- 
ing or  selling  a  horse. 

Jockey  Seat.  When  he  comes  to  the  finish  of  a  race, 
the  jockey  sits  down  to  ride  his  horse  just  as  the  cavalry  sol- 
dier should. 

Jockeyship.     The  science  and  art  of  race  riding. 
Jog ;  Jog  Trot.     An  idle,  listless  motion ;  a  slow  trot, 
in  which  the  space  which  the  body  of  the  horse  passes  over 
with  its  center  of  gravity  unsupported,  is  very  short. 

Jogging.  The  act  of  exercising,  or  working  a  horse  to 
keep  him  in  condition,  or  to  prepare  him  for  a  race.     There  is 

13r 


138  HAXDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

no  development  in  jogging,  and  it  is  wholly  a  preliminary 
exercise  to  bring  the  muscular  organization  to  the  point  of  sus- 
tained, determined  action.  In  jogging,  the  horse  is  generally 
attached  to  a  jogging  cart,  or  sulkyette,  which  is  easier  for 
both  horse  and  driver  than  a  sulky.  There  is  more  motion  to 
a  bike,  in  jogging,  than  to  a  high  wheel  sulky,  but  at  speed 
the  former  rides  easier.  Eight  miles  an  hour  is  the  usual 
jogging  gait. 

Jowl-piece;  Jowl-wrap.  A  sweat  bandage  about 
four  feet  long,  one  foot  wide  at  one  end,  tapering  to  six  inches 
at  the  other  end,  for  binding  around  the  throat  and  neck. 

For  sweating  out  llie  tliroat,  or  for  any  purpose  that  a  liood  answers,  I 
prefer  a  jowl-piece.  The  use  of  heavy  sweat-hoods  is,  I  am  sure, 
often  wealveninu  and  injurious,  and,  if  used  at  all,  it  should  be 
with  great  discrimination  and  care. — Training  the  Trotting  Horse, 
Charles  Marvin. 

Judg'es.  Every  race  is  mider  the  management  of  three 
judges,  one  of  whem  may  be  the  starter,  or  a  starter  may  be 
chosen,  in  addition  to  the  judges.  The  judges  may  act  as 
timers,  or  timers  may  be  a^ppointed,  independent  of  the  judges. 
Judges  must  be  in  the  stand  fifteen  minutes  before  the  time 
for  the  starting  of  every  race,  and  they  have  absolute  control 
over  all  horses,  drivers,  riders  and  assistants  during  a  race, 
with  authority  to  appoint  assistants,  remove  or  put  up  drivers 
or  riders,  and  to  fine,  suspend  or  expel  whosoever  fails  to  obey 
their  orders  or  the  trotting  rules.  The  functions  of  the  judges 
cease  when  they  have  placed  the  horses  in  a  race,  announced 
the  time — subject  to  objections  that  have  not  been  decided — 
and  affixed  their  signatures  to  the  clerk's  record  of  the  race, 
which  must  be  done  before  leaving  the  stand. 

Judg-ing  Pace.  A  trick  of  the  rider  or  driver,  by 
means  of  which  he  knows  at  just  what  pace  his  own  horse  is 
going,  compared  to  that  of  his  opponents ;  and  by  which  he  is 
able  to  regulate  his  speed  so  that  he  may  have  the  best  possi- 
ble chance  of  getting  home  successfully,  and  selecting  the 
exact  point  from  which  he  ought  to  make  his  closing  effort  at 
the  finish. 

Jump.  The  act,  on  the  part  of  a  horse,  of  taking  or 
clearing  a  fence,  ditch,  hedge,  hurdle  or  other  obstruction. 
"Throw  your  heart  over  the  fence,"  says  the  maxim,  "and  the 
horse  will  follow  if  he  can."  It  is  said  that  horses  can  jump 
walls  and  timber  highest  and  safest  when  they  are  just  well 
into  a  canter,  or  when  they  have  had  a  trot  of  twenty  yards, 
before  approaching  a  fence,  to  give  them  a  chance  to  see  some- 
thing of  the  kind  of  obstacle  they  are  to  get  over,  and  have 
got  into  their  second   or  third  stride   of  a  canter.     But  the 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE    TURF.  139 

writer  in  Badminton  says  it  is  curious  to  note,  in  a  steeple- 
chase, that  hoNvever  straight  a  horse  is  put  at  fence,  he  never 
jumps  quite  straight,  but  always  lands  a  little  to  left  or  right. 
From  various  sources  in  English  turf  history,  accounts  of 
remarkable  jumps  are  given,  some  of  which,  it  must  be  said,  do 
not  appear  to  be  absolutely  authentic.  The  horse  Proceed  is 
said  to  have  cleared  thirty-seven  feet  Avhile  running  a  steeple- 
chase in  18-47.  A  horse  called  Culverthorn  is  reported  to  have 
jumped  thirty-three  feet  on  one  occasion  ;  and  Lather,  a  hunter 
owned  by  Lord  Ingestrie,  is  said  to  have  jumped  thirty-seven  feet 
five  inches,  over  a  pit.  Sir  Charles  Knightley's  horse,  the  black 
thoroughbred  Penvolio,  jumped  thirty-one  feet  over  a  fence 
and  brook  below  Brigworth  Hill,  in  the  Patchley  Hunt.  A 
jump  over  a  brook  was  made  by  Old  Chandler,  a  famous 
steeplechaser,  ridden  by  Captain  Broadley,  in  March,  1847, 
while  running  in  the  Leamington  Cup,  Warwick,  which  meas- 
ured thirty-nine  feet,  from  the  hoof-marks  on  the  taking-olf  to 
the  hoof-marks  on  the  landing,  from  actual  measurement. 


Keeping  with  One's  Horses.  A  term  used  to 
denote  what  has  been  called  the  easiest  of  all  tactics  in  a 
running  race — that  is,  to  keep  with  one's  horses,  the  con- 
testants, until  the  finish,  and  then  to  come  away  if  one  can. 

Kegging".  A  form  of  restiveness;  a  vice.  A  restive 
horse  is  one,  under  the  saddle,  that  is  fidgety  and  uneasy,  yet 
refusing  to  go  on.  To  overcome  the  habit,  give  the  horse  a 
good  shaking  up ;  a  cut  or  two  with  the  w^hip,  a  few  digs  of 
the  spurs,  pull  him  round  and  round  to  one  side,  then  to 
another,  rein  him  back,  and  thus  tire  him  out. 

Kentucky  Saddler.  A  family  of  celebrated  horses, 
native  of  Kentucky,  founded  by  breeding  the  thoroughbred 
four-mile  race  horse,  Denmark,  by  imported  Hedgeford,  to  the 
native  or  Canadian  cross-bred  mares  of  that  State ;  hence,  the 
modern  Kentucky  saddler  is  a  cross  between  the  thoroughbred 
and  the  pacer.  The  horses  are  very  handsome,  of  good  disposi- 
tion, weigh  about  1,200  pounds,  and  are  good  jumpers.  They 
are  trained  to  the  flat-footed  walk,  or  ordinary  walk ;  the  run- 
ning walk ;  the  amble ;  the  rack,  or  single  foot ;  the  trot ;  the 
canter,  and  the  gallop. 

Keratogenous  Membrane ;  Keratopyllus  Tissue. 
The  name  of  a  membrane  of  the  horse's  hoof  which  embraces 
the  coronary  cushion ;  the  velvety  tissue,  or  formative  organ  of 
the  sole  and  frog,  and  the  laminal  tissue. 

Kerbs  ;  Chestnuts.  Epidermal  glands  on  the  curb,  or 
level  of  the  hock  joint;  and  on  the  inside  of  the  knees.  See 
Chestnuts. 

Kicking.     A  serious  vice. 

Killing  Big.  Making  a  f  ortmiate  strike  in  the  pool-box. 

Kindergarten.     The  training  ground  for  young  colts. 

Kings  of  the  Pacers.  To  close  of  1893:  One  mile 
by  a  gelding — Mascot,  by  Deceive,  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  Septem- 
ber 29,  1892,  (race  record);  and  Flying  Jib,  by  Algona,  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  September  15,  1893,  (against  time),  2:04.  One  mile 
by  a  stallion — Direct,  by  Director,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  November 
8,  1892,  2:05i.  One  mile  to  wagon — Roy  Wilkes,  by  Adrian 
Wilkes,  Independence,  Iowa,  October  30,  1891,  over  kite  track, 

140 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TUKF.  141 

2:13.  One  mile  under  saddle — Johnston,  by  Joe  Bassett, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  August  3,  1888,  2:13. 

King's  of  the  Runners.  To  close  of  1893:  One 
mile — Salvator,  four-year-old,  110  pounds,  Monmouth  Park, 
August  28,  1800,  (against  time,  straight  course),  1:35^;  Choris- 
ter, three-year-old,  112  pounds,  Morris  Park,  June  1,  1893, 1:39^. 
Two  miles — Ten  Broeck,  five-year-old,  110  pounds,  Louisville, 
Ky.,  ]May  29,  1877,  (against  time)  ;  and  Newton,  four-year-old, 
107  pounds,  Washington  Park,  (Jhicago,  July  13,  1893,  3:27^. 
Four  miles — Ten  Broeck,  four-year-old,  101  pounds,  Louisville, 
Ky.,  September  27,  187G,  (against  time),  7:15|.    See  Running. 

King-s  of  the  Trotters,  Stallion.  During  the 
period  between  1858  and  1891,  thirty-six  years,  there  have 
been  fifteen  stallion  kings  of  the  American  trotting  turf 
which  have  had  their  share  in  reducing  the  time  of  one  mile 
from  2:30  to  2:05^,  viz  :  1858  :  Ethan  Allen,  foaled  1849,  by 
Black  Hawk,  dam,  Holcomb  mare ;  New  York,  October  28 ; 
2.28.— 1859-'G7  :  George  M.  Patchen,  foaled  1849,  by  Cassius 
M.  Clay,  dam,  Sickles  mare;  New  York,  July  7,  1859;  2:2G|; 
May  16,  1860;  2:25;  May  16,  1860;  2:24;  July  2,  18G0; 
2:23i.— 1868:  Fearnaught,  foaled  1859,  by  Morrill,  dam, 
Jenny  by  the  French  horse;  July  29;  2:23^—1868:  George 
Wilkes,  foaled  1856,  by  Hambletonian,  dam,  Dolly  Spanker, 
by  Henry  Clay,  Providence,  R.  L,  October  13;  2:22.-1871-73; 
Jay  Gould,  foaled  18G4,  by  Hambletonian,  dam,  Lady  Sanford 
by  American  Star;  Buifalo,  N.  Y.,  August  11,  2:22;  August 
7,  1872;  2:21^.-1874-1884:  During  this  period  the  crown 
was  held  by  Smuggler,  with  the  exception  of  one  month  in 
1874,  when  it  was  held  by  Mambrino  Gift.  Smuggler  was 
foaled  1866,  by  Blanco,  dam,  the  Irwin  mare;  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
August  5,  1874,  2:20f;  Boston,  Mass.,  September  15,  1874; 
2:20;  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  15,  1876;  2:17^;  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  July  15,  1876;  2:17;  Cleveland,  Ohio,  July  27,  1876; 
2:16|;  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  August  10,  1876;  2:15f;  Hartford, 
Conn.;  August  31,  1876;  2:15^.  Mambrino  Gift,  foaled  1866, 
by  Mambrino  Pilot,  dam,  Waterwitch  by  Pilot  Jr. ;  Rochester, 

N.  Y. ;  August  13,  1874;  2:20 1884:     Phallas,  foaled  1877, 

by  Dictator,  dam,  Betsy  Trotwood,  by  Clark  Chief;  Chicago, 
111.,  July  14;  2:13|.  The  above  are  all  records  obtained  in 
races ;  the  records  obtained  below,  with  the  exception  of  the 
last  race  made  by  Directum,  are  races  against  time.  1884-'88 : 
Maxie  Cobb,  foaled  1875,  by  Happy  Medium,  dam,  Lady 
Jenkins  by  Black  Jack ;  Providence,  R.  I. ;  September,  30 ; 
2:13i.— 1889 :  Axtell,  foaled  1886,  by  William  L.,  dam,  Lou, 
by  Mambrino  Boy,  Terre  Haute,   Ind.,  October  11;    2:12 — 


142  HAXDBOOK    or   THE   TURF. 

1890-'91:  Nelson,  foaled  1882,  by  Young  Rolfe,  dam, 
Gretchen,  by  Gideon,  Kankakee,  111.,  September  20,  1890; 
2:11|-;  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  October  9;  2:11|;  Cambridge  City, 
Ind.,  October  21;  2:10f ;  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  September  17, 
1891;  2:10.  Allerton,  foaled  1886,  by  Jay  Bii-d,  dam,  Gussie 
"Wilkes  by  Mambrino  Boy,  Independence,  Iowa,  September  4. 
1891;  2:10;  Independence",  Iowa,  September  19,  1891;  2:09^. 
— 1891 :  Palo  Alto,  foaled  1882,  by  Electioneer,  dam,  Dame 
Winnie  by  Planet,  Stockton,  Cal.,  Xovember  17;  2:08f — 
1892:  Kremlin,  foaled  1887,  by  Lord  Russell,  dam,  Eventide, 
by  AYoodford  ^lambrino,  Xashville,  Tenn.,  Xovember  5; 
2:08i;  Xashville,  Tenn.,  Xovember  12;  2:07f.— 1893:  Direc- 
tum, foaled  1889,  by  Director,  dam,  Stem^Yinder,  by  Venture, 
Xew  York;  September  4,  2:07;  Chicago,  lU. ;  September,  15; 
2:061;  XashviUe,  Tenn.,  October  18;  2:05^. 

Kite.     The  kite-shaped  track. 

Kite  Track.  A  track  so  called  because  in  shape  it 
resembles  a  kite,  having  only  one  tm-n,  the  stretches  bearing 
towards  each  other  instead  of  running  parallel,  and  finally  con- 
verging at  a  point.  On  such  a  track  the  horses  are  started 
from  a  wire  stretched  from  one  side  of  the  judges'  stand  to  the 
opposite  side  of  the  track;  and  finish  under  another  wire 
stretched  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  judges'  stand  from  that 
by,  or  from  which,  they  are  sent  away.  All  kite  tracks  are 
one  mile  between  these  two  wires.  It  is  said  that  kite-shaped 
tracks  were  laid  out  on  the  ice  in  Canada  as  early  as  1870; 
but  the  first  one  in  the  United  States  was  devised  by  William 
B.  Fasig  of  Xew  York,  and  built  by  him  for  C.  "W.  Williams 
of  Independence,  Iowa.  Work  upon  it  was  commenced  in  the 
fall  of  1889,  and  it  was  completed  in  the  spring  of  1890,  the 
first  meeting  over  it  having  been  held  in  the  fall  of  1890.  To 
the  close  of  1893  kite  tracks  had  been  built  at  Independence, 
Iowa ;  Rockf ord.  111. ;  Sturgis,  Mich. ;  Columbia,  Tenn. ; 
Meadville,  Penn. ;  Xewark,  X.  Y. ;  Chillicothe,  Ohio;  Stock- 
ton, Cal. ;  Old  Orchard,  Maine. 

I  claim  it  is  the  fastest  form  of  a  track,  because  there  is  but  one  turn 
to  make,  and  tliat  a  long,  easy  one,  rendering  it  nearer  a  straiglit 
mile  than  can  be  secured  by  any  otlier  arrangement.  In  addition 
to  the  increase  of  speed  to  be  obtained  incident  to  making  one  turn 
instead  of  two,  every  horse  in  a  race,  except  the  pole  horse,  would 
trot  a  shorter  mile  than  on  the  regulation  track.  Assuming  the 
second  position  on  a  track  to  be  six  feet  from  the  pole — and  it  is 
undoubtedly  more  than  tliat  distance— a  horse  in  second  position 
trots,  on  a  regulation  track,  thirty-seven  and  seven-tenths  feet 
further  than  at  the  pole.  On  the  kite-shaped  track,  in  second 
position,  he  trots  but  twentv-two  feet  further,  making  a  saving  in 
distance  of  fifteen  and  seven-tenths  feet.  It  has  but  one  disadvant- 
age that  occurs  to  me,  and  that  is,  that  no  heat  longer  than  one 
mile  could  be  trotted  upon  it.  But  for  fast  time  at  mile  distances 
it  would  certainlv  eclipse  any  other  form.— W.  B.  Fasig,  in  Spirit  of 
the  Times,  December,  24,  1887. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  143 

Knee.  The  carpal  articulation,  or  proper  wrist-joint  of 
the  horse ;  the  joint  between  the  two  principal  parts  of  the 
fore  leg. 

Knee-pads.  Pads  or  rolls  placed  on  the  flaps  of  a  sad- 
dle to  help  prevent  the  rider's  knees  from  going  too  far 
forward. 

Knees,  Swollen.     A  legal  unsoundness  in  a  horse. 

Knock.  To  "  take  the  knock,"  is  to  lose  more  money  to 
the  bookmakers  than  one  can  pay,  and  thus  to  be  incapaci- 
tated from  approaching  the  ring. 

Knock  the  Knees.  A  knee-knocker ;  a  horse  which  in 
speeding  fast  hits  the  right  knee  with  the  inside,  or  toe,  of  the 
left  front  foot ;  or  the  left  knee  with  the  right  front  foot.  In 
shoeing,  the  outside  of  the  foot  towards  the  toe  should  be 
lowered,  with  most  of  the  weight  on  the  inside,  and  the  knee- 
joint  should  be  properly  booted. 

Knuckling  Over  Behind.  A  stumble  with  one  of 
the  hind  feet.  The  trick  can  generally  be  cured  by  lowering 
the  foot  if  it  be  too  long,  and  reducing  it  under  the  toe,  so  as 
to  set  the  slope  of  the  hoof  at  an  angle  of  about  55  deg. 
Until  cured  it  is  a  legal  unsoundness. 

Koomrah.     The  wild  horse  of  Northern  Africa. 


liameiiess.  All  lameness,  whether  of  a  permanent  or 
temporary  character,  is  a  legal  unsoundness. 

liamina ;  Laminae.  A  thin  scale,  leaf  or  membrane ; 
the  lamellar  structure  of  the  horse's  foot.  There  are  from  five 
to  six  hundred  of  these  leaves  in  each  foot.  They  run  parallel 
to  each  other,  and  are  separated  by  deep  channels,  into  which 
are  joined,  by  a  dovetailed  arrangement,  similar  leaves  on  the 
inside  of  the  wall  of  the  hoof.  They  extend  from  the  white 
zone,  between  the  coronary  cushion,  to  the  plantar  border  of 
the  foot,  terminating  in  large  prolongations  lodged  in  the 
horny  tubes  at  the  circumference  of  the  sole.  While  these 
leaves  are  exceedingly  tenacious,  they  have  great  expansive 
capacity.  Mons.  Bouley,  an  eminent  French  hippopathologist, 
affirms  that  their  elasticity  is  equal  to  one-fourth  of  an  inch, 
both  in  the  lateral  and  the  longitudinal  directions ;  the  entire 
laminae,  therefore,  have  a  combined  capacity  of  more  than 
one  hundred  and  fifty  inches  of  expansive  force. 

liamiiiitis.  An  inflammation  of  the  sensitive  parts  of 
the  foot;  formerly  known  as  founder,  and  chest-founder.  It 
is  chiefly  confined  to  the  sensitive  laminae,  or  leaves,  which 
unite  the  wall  of  the  hoof  to  the  parts  within ;  and  of  these, 
the  leaves  in  the  front  of  the  foot  are  most  seriously  affected, 
although  generally  the  entire  fleshy  portion  of  the  foot  is 
involved.  "\Miile  the  fore  feet  are  those  most  frequently 
affected,  the  hind  feet  may  also  suffer,  and,  in  certain  instances, 
all  the  feet  may  be  inflamed.  Among  the  chief  causes  of  this 
terrible  affliction  are  a  sudden  chill  from  drinking  cold  water 
when  heated  and  fatigued,  and  overloading  the  stomach  with 
grain ;  though  why  certain  kinds  of  grain  will  cause  it  has  not 
yet  been  clearly  ascertained  by  the  best  veterinarians.  The  dis- 
ease is  always  insidious  in  its  attack,  and  destructive  to  the 
horse.     It  is  a  legal  unsoundness. 

Liampas.  A  congestive  and  swollen  condition  of  the 
fleshy  lining,  or  soft  parts,  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  immedi- 
ately behind  the  upper  front  teeth. 

lianding'.  Referring  to  the  finish  of  a  heat  or  race,  as 
in  the  expression,  ''the  horses  made  a  fine  landing." 

144 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  145 


jLappecl.     It  is  said  of  horses  in  a  finish,  when  so  close 

to  each  other  that  only  a  length  separates  some  of  them,  and 

when  others  are  so  near  their  opponents  as  to  have  their  heads 

over  the  other's  hacks,  that  they  are  "lapped." 

They  all  finished  hipped  on  e:ieh  otlier.— Life  witli  the  Trotters,  John 
Sphin. 

Lapped  Track.  A  short  track.  Time  made  on  a 
lapped  track  is  accepted,  pi'ovided  it  is  lapped  a  sufficient  dis- 
tance to  make  the  horse  trot  a  full  mile  three  feet  from  the 
pole. 

Lateral  Cartilages.  Tissues  attached  to  each  side  of 
the  wings  of  the  coffin  bone,  whose  function  is  to  assist  the 
frog  and  its  connected  structures  to  regain  their  normal  posi- 
tion, after  having  been  displaced  by  the  weight  of  the  body 
while  the  foot  rested  on  the  ground. 

Lateral  Gait.  The  pace.  The  pacer,  like  the  trotter, 
moves  two  feet  in  the  same  direction  simultaneously,  then 
alternates  with  the  other  two ;  but  in  place  of  the  fore  leg  and 
the  hind  leg  of  opposite  sides,  he  moves  in  unison  the  fore  and 
hind  leg  of  one  side,  then  the  fore  and  hind  leg  of  the  other 
side.     Hence  the  pace  is  called  the  "  lateral  gait." 

Lateral  Strain ;  Lateral  Stress.  A  stress  at  right 
angles  to  the  strain  which  produces  it,  or  at  right  angles  to  a 
line  of  motion,  or  strain ;  the  sidewise  strain  which  comes 
upon  a  sulky  wheel  in  going  around  the  curves  of  a  track. 

Lavender.  [Eng.]  "In  lavender"  is  said  of  a  man  or 
a  horse  to  denote  that  he  is  ill ;  unfit ;  out  of  condition. 

Law.  The  racing,  or  speeding,  of  horses  is  not  illegal, 
or  against  public  policy.  This  is  evident  from  the  fact  that 
State  legislatures  expressly  authorize  it  to  be  done  by  certain 
corporate  bodies.  The  offering  of  a  premium,  or  reward,  to 
those  competing  in  such  races,  when  such  premiums  or  rewards 
are  not  a  mere  cover  or  disguise  for  betting,  is  not  illegal. 
The  party  entering  a  race,  if  a  winner,  may  recover  the  pre- 
mium, though  he  paid  an  entrance  fee  which  went  to  make  up 
such  premium.  Where  the  judges  of  a  horse  race  had  discre- 
tionary power  to  exclude  a  horse  violating  a  certain  rule  from 
further  participation  in  the  race,  their  decision  allowing  the 
horse  to  proceed  after  a  violation  should  not  be  set  aside, 
except  upon  the  grounds  of  clear  proof  of  fraud  affecting  such 
decision.  Tliese  points  are  well  established  by  the  case.  Porter 
vs.  Day,  et  al.  [Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  Wis- 
consin, Chicago,  111.,  1888;  Vol.  LXXI,  p.  296-304.]  In  a 
race  over  the  Eau  Claire  Driving  Park  Association  in  Septem- 
ber, 1885,  trotted  under  National  Rules,  Porter  entered  a  horse, 

10 


146  HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TUKF. 

Sorrel  George,  in  a  ."^ISO  purse,  paying  an  entrance  of  ^30. 
The  defence  was  that  the  plaintiff  did  not  comply  with  the 
rules,  as  his  horse  paced  instead  of  trotted,  and  could  not 
have  won  had  he  trotted  instead  of  paced.  Verdict  for  plain- 
tiff. Defendants  appealed,  and  contended  that  the  contract 
was  void  as  against  public  policy.  Only  two  points  were  con- 
sidered :  1st.  Was  the  contract  void  or  illegal  under  common 
law.  2d.  AVas  there  sufficient  evidence  of  fraud  on  the  part  of 
the  plaintiff  to  avoid  the  decision  of  the  judges  of  the  race  in 
his  favor,  by  allowing  him  to  keep  m  the  race.  Finding  of 
the  full  bench  :  1st.  The  speeding  of  horses  is  not  illegal,  as 
the  Legislature  would  not  allow  corporate  bodies  to  do  that 
which  was  against  the  policy  of  the  State.  2d.  No  case  is 
made  out  for  setting  aside  the  decisions  of  the  judges  at  the 
time  of  the  race.  The  plaintiff's  horse  fairly  won  three  of  the 
five  heats.  The  only  doubt  as  to  the  right  of  the  plaintiff  to 
the  money,  is  that  in  the  third  heat,  (when  the  plaintiff's  horse 
did  not  win),  he  was  so  managed  by  his  driver  that  he  violated 
the  rules  governing  the  race,  and  should  have  been  excluded 
from  further  competition  for  the  reward.  There  is  nothing  in 
evidence  to  show  that  the  judges  were,  in  duty  bound,  to 
exclude  the  plaintiff's  horse  ;  and  the  decision  of  the  judges 
cannot  be  overruled  in  order  to  give  the  reward  to  some  other 
competitor,  except  by  showing  a  clear  case  of  fraud.  In  the 
third  heat  the  plaintiff's  horse  paced  most  of  the  way,  but 
admitting  this,  it  was  within  the  discretion  of  the  judges  to 
permit  him  to  go  again.  This  discretionary  power  to  exclude 
the  horse  must  be  exercised  by  the  judges  before  the  next  heat 
is  run,  and  having  exercised  that  power  and  permitted  the 
horse  to  go  again  and  win  the  race,  nothing  but  the  clearest 
case  of  fraud,  on  the  part  of  the  owner  of  the  horse,  should  be 
allowed  to  set  aside  the  decision  of  the  judges  of  the  race.  No 
fraud  was  shown,  and  the  decision  of  the  judges  of  the  race 
must  stand.     Judgment  of  the  Circuit  Court  affirmed. 

Books  of  veterinary  practice  cannot  be  read  to  a  jury  in 
argument.  In  the  case  of  Washburn  vs.  Cuddihy,  in  ]Massa- 
chusetts  Reports,  8  Gray,  p.  430,  1861,  counsel  for  the  plain- 
tiff' proposed  to  read  from  Dadd's  "Veterinary  Surgery,"  a 
description  of  the  habit  of  cribbing,  in  horses,  as  a  better 
mode  of  showing  the  jury  Avhat  cribbing  was,  but  the  opposing 
counsel  objected,  and  the  court  sustained  the  objection.  In 
sustaining  the  objection.  Judge  Briggs  said  that  where  such 
books  are  thus  offered,  they  are,  in  effect,  used  as  evidence, 
and  the  substantial  objection  is  that  they  are  statements  want- 
ing the  sanction  of  an  oath ;  and  the  statement  thus  proposed 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  147 

is  made  by  one  who  is  not  present,  and  therefore  not  liable  to 
cross-examination.  If  the  same  author  were  cross-examined, 
and  called  to  state  the  grounds  of  his  opinion,  he  might,  him- 
self, alter  or  modify  it,  and  it  would  be  tested  by  a  comparison 
with  the  opinions  of  others.  Moreover,  the  range  of  subjects 
in  the  veterinaiy  art  are  not  open  to  persons  of  common  expe- 
rience, hence  they  are  not  qualified  to  judge  regarding  them, 
and  it  is  not  competent  for  counsel  to  use  them  in  argument 
against  the  objection  of  the  other  side. 

In  the  New  York  Supreme  Court,  Justice  Gay  nor,  of 
Brooklyn,  rendered  an  opinion.  May  28,  1894,  that  horse  rac- 
ing is  not  a  lottery.  Tlie  opinion  was  given  in  the  case  of 
Philip  Dwyer,  President  of  the  Brooklyn  Jockey  Club,  accused 
of  "contriving,  proposing  and  maintaining  a  lottery."  Acting 
for  the  association,  of  which  he  was  president,  the  defendant 
advertised  and  organized  a  horse  race  to  be  run  May  15,  1894. 
The  race  was  to  be  open  to  all  thoroughbred  horses  three  years 
old  and  upwards,  which  horses,  in  order  to  run,  had  to  be  duly 
entered  on  the  books  of  the  association.  An  entry  fee  of  $250 
was  charged,  part  of  which  was  to  be  remitted  in  the  case  of 
horses  withdrawn  before  the  race.  The  race  was  to  be  for  a 
stake  of  $25,000,  of  which  $18,000  was  to  go  to  the  winner, 
$5,000  to  the  second  horse,  and  $2,000  to  the  third  horse. 
The  stake  was  to  be  made  up  by  the  association  adding  to  the 
total  of  the  entry  moneys  a  sufficient  sum  for  that  purpose. 
This  is  what  the  complainant  calls  a  lottery ;  and  in  rendering 
his  opinion.  Justice  Gaynor  said:  "There  is  no  foundation 
for  his  contention.  It  is  not  a  lottery,  either  in  common 
speech  or  within  legal  definition.  A  lottery  depends  on  lot  or 
chance,  such  as  the  casting  of  lots,  the  throwing  of  dice  or  the 
turning  of  a  wheel.  Human  intelligence,  judgment  or  skill 
plays  no  part  in  the  determination  of  the  result.  In  the 
scheme  of  this  race,  horse  owners  do  not  pay  a  sum  to  win  a 
larger  sum  by  lot  or  chance,  but  in  order  to  enter  into  the 
contest  of  skill,  endurance  and  speed  upon  which  the  stake 
depends,  in  which  intelligence,  sagacity  and  good  judgment 
play  a  very  important  part  in  the  determination  of  the  result." 
Racing  horses  for  stakes  was  made  penal  by  the  New  York 
statute  of  1802,  and  the  same  provision,  coming  from  the 
beginning  down  the  distinct  lines  of  legislation,  known  as 
"Lotteries"  and  "Gaming,"  is  now  found  in  Section  352  of 
the  Penal  Code,  which,  in  so  many  words,  makes  all  racing  or 
trials  of  speed  between  horses  or  other  animals  for  any  bet, 
stake  or  reward,  a  misdemeanor;  and  it  indisj)utably  covers 
the  facts  of  this  case,  viz. :  The  racing  of  horses  for  contrib- 
uted stakes.     But  by  Chapter  479  of  the  laws  of  1887  the 


148  HAKDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF. 

operation  of  this  section  is  suspended  during  thirty  days  in 
each  year  on  the  grounds  of  the  said  association,  and  all  like 
associations,  and  the  day  of  the  race  on  which  the  alleged 
offense  is  jDredicated  was  one  of  those  days. 

Law.  Compendium  of  the  laws  and  statutes  of  the  dif- 
ferent States  in  regard  to  racing,  trotting,  ringing,  disguising, 
welching,  betting,  book-making,  pool-selling,  fraudulent  entries 
and  change  of  name  of  horses : 

Alabama:  Race  tracks  must  be  licensed;  towns  and  cities 
of  less  than  five  thousand  inhabitants  pay  $100  annually; 
those  of  over  that  number  <$200. 

Arkansas:  A  race  course  is  prohibited  within  three  miles 
of  any  institution  of  learning,  under  a  fine  of  not  less  than  |50, 
nor  more  than  $1,000. 

Connecticut:  For  entering  any  horse,  mare,  gelding,  colt 
or  filly  for  any  prize,  stake,  purse,  premium  or  sweepstake 
under  an  assumed  or  false  name,  or  out  of  its  proper  class ;  or 
for  misrepresenting  the  previous  performance  of  a  horse  when 
he  is  entered,  is  punishable  by  a  fine  not  to  exceed  $1,000,  or 
imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  years,  or  both.  Bets  on 
horse  racing  are  void.  Pool-selling  or  book-making  on  any 
race  is  punishable  by  a  fine  of  $500,  or  imprisonment  not 
more  than  one  year,  or  both.  Horse  racing  within  two  miles 
of  any  public  assembly  or  religious  meeting  in  a  field,  is  pun- 
ishable by  a  fine  of  from  $8  to  $50,  or  imprisonment  for  thirty 
days. 

Delaware:  Stallions  kept  for  service  must  be  licensed; 
betting  on  a  horse  race  is  punishable  by  a  fine  of  $30. 

Florida :  Associations  for  the  purpose  of  driving,  racing, 
or  otherwise  improving  the  speed  and  breed  of  horses,  duly 
incorporated,  or  which  shall  be  incorporated  in  the  future,  are 
allowed  the  privilege  of  selling  pools,  except  between  the  first 
day  of  ISTovember  and  the  first  day  of  May  of  each  year ;  and 
all  pool-selling  shall  be  confined  to  the  track,  and  on  days  only 
on  which  the  races  take  place.  All  associations  shall  pay  to 
the  State  three  per  cent,  on  the  gross  receipts  for  admissions  to 
the  tracks  or  grounds.  Racing  within  one  mile  of  a  camp- 
meeting  is  punishable  by  a  fine  of  $20. 

Georgia :  Entering  a  horse  in  a  race  under  a  false  name, 
or  out  of  his  proper  class  or  division,  is  punishable  by  a  fine 
not  to  exceed  $1,000  ;  imprisonment  not  to  exceed  six  months, 
or  to  work  in  the  chain-gang  on  the  public  works  not  to 
exceed  twelve  months. 

Idaho :  To  mark  or  brand  any  horse,  mare,  colt,  jack  or 
other  animal  not  belonging  to  the  person  so  marking  it;  to 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  149 

change  such  brand,  or  to  steal  such  animal,  is  punishable  by  a 
fine  of  from  $25  to  |300,  or  by  imprisonment  six  months,  or 
both. 

Illmois :  There  shall  be  no  racing  within  one  mile  of  a 
camp  meeting,  or  on  the  public  highway,  under  a  penalty  of 
a  fine  of  $100. 

Indiana:  JNIakiug  a  false  entry  for  any  purse,  prize,  pre- 
mium, stake,  or  sweepstake,  offered  by  any  agricultural  society, 
association,  person,  or  persons,  is  punishable  by  imprisonment 
ill  State  prison  not  less  than  one,  nor  more  than  three  years,  or 
in  the  county  jail  in  the  county  where  convicted  not  less  than 
six  months,  or  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  $1,000.  The  name  of  a 
horse  shall  not  be  changed  after  once  having  contested  for  a 
prize,  except  as  prescribed  by  the  code  of  printed  rules  of  the 
society  or  association.  Registry  of  the  pedigrees  of  stallions 
kept  for  service  must  be  made  with  the  county  clerk.  Betting 
or  buying  pools  on  any  trial  of  speed  is  punishable  by  a  fine  of 
from  $5  to  |100,  or  imprisonment  from  ten  days  to  three  months. 

loica :  To  enter  or  drive  any  horse,  mare,  gelding,  colt,  or 
filly,  for  any  prize,  purse,  premium,  stake,  or  sweepstake,  under 
an  assumed  name  or  out  of  its  proper  class,  is  punishable  by 
imprisonment  in  the  penitentiary  not  more  than  three  years  ;  in 
the  county  jail  where  convicted  not  more  than  one  year,  or  by 
a  fine  not  exceeding  $1,000.  Provisions  with  reference  to  pool- 
selling,  or  book-making,  do  not  apply  to  races  taking  place  upon 
grounds  or  within  enclosures  controlled  by  agricultural  societies 
and  driving  associations  duly  incorporated. 

Kentucky:  For  entering  a  horse  in  any  race  under  an 
assumed  name  or  out  of  its  class,  or  for  fraudulently  misrepre- 
senting the  public  performance  of  a  horse  as  to  time  made,  is 
punishable  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  more  than 
one  year,  in  the  penitentiary  not  more  than  two  years,  or  by  a 
fine  not  exceeding  $1,000.  The  name  of  a  horse  shall  not  be 
changed  after  he  has  made  a  public  performance  except  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  racing  association.  No  minor 
shall  ride  a  race,  practice  a  horse  to  run,  or  break  a  horse  to 
ride,  under  a  fine  of  $100  paid  by  his  parent,  master  or 
guardian. 

Maine :  Ringing,  disguising,  or  making  false  entries  of  a 
horse  in  a  race  is  punishable  by  a  fine  of  $500,  or  by  imprison- 
ment not  exceeding  six  months.  Stallions  kept  for  service 
must  be  recorded  in  the  county  registry  where  kept,  by  giving 
name,  color,  size,  and  pedigree.  Failure  to  so  register,  or  for 
making  a  false  entry  of  pedigree  for  record,  is  punishable  by  a 
fine  of  $100. 


150  ha:n^dbook  of  the  turf. 

Massachusetts:  For  making  an  entry  of  a  painted  or  dis- 
guised horse,  or  a  horse  different  from  the  one  purported  to  be 
entered  or  driven,  for  the  purpose  of  competing  in  a  class  or 
for  a  purse  or  premium  in  which  he  does  not  belong,  the  law  im- 
poses a  fine  not  exceeding  ^500,  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding 
six  months.  Pool-selling  on  races  is  punishable  by  one  year's 
imprisonment,  or  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  $2,000,  or  both.  The 
owner  of  a  stallion  kept  for  breeding  purposes  must  file  a  cer- 
tificate giving  the  name,  color,  age,  and  size  of  the  same,  with 
his  pedigree,  with  the  clerk  of  the  city  or  town  for  record. 
Failure  to  do  so  is  punishable  by  a  fine  of  $100 ;  and  for  a 
false  pedigree  or  false  certificate  of  registry  the  penalty  is 
ninety  days  in  jail,  or  a  fine  of  $300,  or  both. 

Maryland :  Stallions  kept  for  service  must  be  recorded  with 
the  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  county  where  kept,  such 
record  giving  the  name,  age,  pedigree,  and  record  of  the  stallion. 
Failure  to  record,  or  the  recording  of  a  false  pedigree  is 
punishable  by  the  recovery  of  such  damage  "  as  may  be  shown 
to  have  been  sustained  by  reason  of  such  false  and  fraudulent 
representation."  For  entering  any  horse  under  a  false  name, 
or  out  of  its  proper  class,  is  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  the 
penitentiary  not  less  than  one  nor  more  than  three  years,  in  the 
county  jail  not  less  than  six  months,  or  by  a  fine  not  exceeding 
$1,000.  Book-making,  pool-selling,  or  betting  on  horse  races  is 
allowed  on  the  grounds  of  any  agricultural  association  in  the 
State  during  the  days  on  which  the  fairs  of  such  associations 
shall  be  actually  held,  or  upon  any  race  course  or  driving  park. 
For  book-making,  or  pool-selling  on  races  other  than  as  above 
provided  the  penalty  is  a  fine  not  exceeding  $500. 

MlcTugan :  The  giving  of  premiums  by  societies  and  asso- 
ciations for  running  or  trotting  at  fairs  and  regular  appointed 
meets  shall  not  be  illegal  or  unlawful ;  but  all  running,  trotting, 
or  pacing,  unless  allowed  by  special  laws  for  that  purpose,  are 
misdemeanors,  punishable  by  a  fine  of  $500,  or  by  imprison- 
ment one  year,  or  both.  The  entering  of  any  horse,  mare,  geld- 
ing, colt,  or  filly  under  an  assumed  or  false  name,  or  out  of  its 
proper  class  or  division,  for  any  prize,  stake,  purse,  premium, 
or  sweepstake,  offered  by  any  agricultural  society  or  driving 
club,  is  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  the  State  Prison  not 
exceeding  three  years,  or  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  $1,000,  or 
both.  "  The  class  or  division  in  which  an  entry  is  made  shall 
be  determined  by  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  society, 
organization,  or  association,  under  whose  auspices  the  contest 
is  to  be  conducted,  and  the  published  terms  and  conditions 
under  which  the  prize,  purse,  premium,  stake  or  sweepstake  is 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE   TURF.  151 

offered,  opened  or  announced."  "  The  name  of  any  horse,  mare, 
gelding,  colt,  or  filly  shall  be  the  name  by  which  it  is  known 
under  and  according  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  such  society, 
organization  or  association  ;  and  the  name  by  which  such  horse 
has  once  competed  for  any  prize,  shall  be  regarded  as  its  true 
name  unless  changed  as  provided  by  the  rules  of  the  associa- 
tions or  societies." 

Minnesota :  To  enter  for  competition,  or  for  any  prize, 
premium,  sweepstake,  purse,  or  stake,  by  any  agricultural  or 
other  association ;  or  to  drive  or  handle  any  horse,  mare,  geld- 
ing, colt,  or  filly,  out  of  its  proper  class,  is  punishable  by 
imprisonment  in  the  State  Prison  not  less  than  one  nor  more 
than  five  years.  Persons  misrepresenting  or  fraudulently  con- 
cealing the  public  performance  of  the  animal  which  he,  she,  or 
they,  propose  to  enter,  in  any  former  contest,  is  liable  to  the 
same  penalty  as  above,  "  irrespective  of  success  as  to  the  entry 
offered." 

Missouri:  Book-making  and  pool-selling  on  races,  except 
when  done  within  the  grounds  where  such  races  occur  is  a  felony 
punishable  by  fine  or  imprisonment. 

Montana :  No  race  ground  shall  be  opened  on  the  first  day 
of  the  week. 

Neiv  Hampshire :  The  registry  of  stallions  kept  for  service 
must  be  made  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture ; 
and  for  failure  to  make  such  registry,  (giving  name,  age, 
color,  and  pedigree) ;  or  for  giving  a  false  statement  in  such 
pedigree,  the  penalty  is  a  fine  of  !|100. 

New  York:  All  racing  is  a  misdemeanor  except  such  as  is 
allowed  by  special  laws  to  societies  and  associations ;  and  all 
parties  engaged  in  racing,  other  than  when  so  allowed  are  sub- 
ject to  a  fine  of  $500,  and  all  public  officers  are  empowered  to 
prevent  such  races.  The  penalty  for  contributing  to  a  plate, 
stake,  or  purse,  not  authorized  by  such  special  law,  is  a  fine  of 
$25.  Racing  in  the  town  of  New  Utrecht,  whether  for  a  stake 
or  not,  is  a  misdemeanor,  subject  to  fine  and  imprisonment. 
To  enter  a  horse  in  a  race,  under  an  assumed  name,  or  out  of 
its  proper  class,  is  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  the  State 
Prison  for  a  term  not  more  than  three  years,  or  in  the  county 
jail  in  the  county  where  convicted,  not  more  than  one  year,  or 
by  fine  not  exceeding  .|1,000.  [Class  is  determined  in  the  same 
manner,  and  the  change  of  name  of  a  horse  in  the  same  way, 
as  by  the  law  in  Michigan.]  The  act  of  fraudulently  conceal- 
ing the  result  of  any  public  performance  of  a  horse  in  any 
former  contest  of  speed,  is  punishable  in  same  manner  and 


152  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

amount,  as  above.  Pool-selling  or  book-making  outside  of  any 
race  track  or  grounds  on  which  racing  is  had,  conducted  by 
racing  associations  duly  incorporated  for  the  purpose  of  improv- 
ing the  breed  of  horses,  is  a  felony,  punishable  by  imprisonment 
in  State  Prison  not  less  than  one,  nor  more  than  five  years.  A 
tax  of  five  per  cent,  on  the  gross  receipts  of  admissions  to  the 
race  grounds  on  race  days,  is  payable  to  the  Comptroller  of  the 
State.  The  number  of  days  upon  which  races  may  be  con- 
ducted is  limited  to  thirty  days  in  each  year.  All  racing  and 
pool-selling  shall  be  confined  to  the  period  between  the  15th 
day  of  May,  and  the  15th  day  of  October,  of  each  year;  and 
all  pool-selling  shall  be  confined  to  the  tracks  where  the  races 
take  place  and  on  the  days  when  the  races  take  place.  The  tax 
on  receipts,  paid  to  the  State,  is  applied  as  a  fund  for  purses 
"  for  improving  the  breed  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  horses  at  the 
various  county  fairs  throughout  the  State."  It  is  a  felony  to 
engage  in  pool-selling  except  as  before  stated. 

New  Jersey:  Race  courses  must  be  licensed;  owners, 
jockeys,  and  trainers  must  be  allowed  the  privileges  of  the  race 
course  unless  they  have  been  ruled  off  for  fraud ;  no  person  or 
persons  can  make  up  stakes  or  purses,  except  those  connected 
with  the  management  of  fairs  or  agricultural  societies  duly 
incorporated  or  authorized  by  law,  under  a  penalty  of  six 
months  imprisonment  or  a  fine  of  if  100,  or  both;  it  is  unlawful 
to  maintain  a  race  course  not  used  prior  to  January  1,  1893, 
unless  a  resolution  is  filed  with  the  Secretary  of  State,  adopted 
by  three-fourths  of  the  members  of  the  board  of  chosen  free- 
holders of  the  county  in  which  such  race  course  is  proposed  to 
be  maintained,that  it  is  a  public  necessity.  Book-making  is  not 
a  misdemeanor  when  carried  on  within  the  exterior  enclosures 
of  the  grounds  of  any  race  course,  of  any  agricultural  society 
or  other  incorporated  body,  provided  such  book-making  is  car- 
ried on  only  on  the  days  of  the  races  of  said  society  or  body. 
It  is  unlawful  to  permit  the  racing,  running,  trotting  or  pacing 
of  horses  between  the  first  day  of  December  of  any  year,  and 
the  first  day  of  March  of  the  succeeding  year,  under  a  fine  of 
^1,000  or  not  over  $10,000,  or  imprisonment  from  six  months  to 
two  years,  or  both — this  law  to  be  enforced  by  the  state  police 
or  the  militia  of  the  State.  "Welching"  is  made  a  penal 
offence. 

North  Carolina:  For  entering  a  horse  under  an  assumed 
name  or  out  of  his  proper  class,  for  any  purse  or  stake,  a  fine 
of  from  $200  to  $1,000  is  imposed,  or  imprisonment  in  the 
penitentiary  from  one  to  five  years,  or  both,  at  the  discretion 
of  the  court. 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE    TURF.  153 

North  Dakota  :  Racing  on  the  Sabbath,  or  near  any  relig- 
ious meeting,  is  prohibited ;  and  all  racing  is  a  misdemeanor 
unless  authorized  by  special  laws. 

Ohio:  For  entering  a  horse  under  an  assumed  name,  or 
out  of  his  proper  class,  for  any  purse  or  in  any  race,  is  punish- 
able by  imprisonment  in  the  penitentiary  not  less  than  one, 
nor  more  than  three  years.  The  same  punishment  as  the 
above  is  imposed  for  painting  or  disguising  a  horse ;  and  also 
for  concealing  the  real  performance  of  any  horse  in  any  former 
contest  or  trial  of  speed.  [Class  is  determined,  and  names  of 
horses  can  only  be  legally  changed,  the  same  as  by  the  law  of 
Michigan.] 

Pennsylvania :  For  entering  a  horse  out  of  his  class  for 
any  purse,  prize,  stake  or  premium,  the  penalty  is  imprison- 
ment not  exceeding,  six  months,  or  a  fine  not  exceeding  $500, 
or  both.  Stallions  must  be  recorded  in  the  records  of  the 
clerk  of  the  court  of  quarter  sessions  of  each  county,  under 
penalty  of  the  forfeiture  of  the  service  fees,  and  the  recovery 
of  such  damages  as  may  be  shown  to  have  been  sustained  by 
reason  of  such  false  and  fraudulent  representation,  where  a 
false  pedigree  has  been  presented  for  registry. 

South  Dakota :  Whoever  enters  a  horse  for  any  race  under 
an  assumed  name,  changes  the  name  of  any  horse  entered  in 
any  race,  except  by  virtue  of  the  code  of  printed  rules  of  the 
society  or  association  opening  the  purse  or  stake,  or  enters  any 
horse  out  of  his  regular  class,  [determined  the  same  as  by  the 
law  of  Michigan],  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  so 
punished,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

Tennessee :  It  is  unlawful  gaming  to  bet  or  wager  in  any 
way  upon  any  race  track,  (applying  to  trotting  and  pacing,  as 
well  as  running  horses),  unless  the  race  track  upon  which  the 
race  is  run,  trotted  or  paced,  be  enclosed  by  a  substantial  fence, 
and  the  bet  or  wager  to  be  made  within  said  enclosure,  upon  a 
race  to  be  made  within  said  enclosure.  It  is  unlawful  to  sell 
pools  or  make  any  betting  book  or  combination  upon  any  race, 
unless  the  same  be  conducted  by  the  authority  of  a  law- 
fully chartered  or  incorporated  blood-horse  or  turf  association, 
and  then  only  in  the  county  in  which  the  association  or  fair 
may  be  located. 

Texas :  Penalty  for  giving  a  false  pedigree  of  a  horse,  or 
a  false  certificate  of  sale. 

Vermont:  Agricultural  societies,  corporations  and  asso- 
ciations authorized  to  hold  public  fairs,  are  authorized  to  offer 
premiums,  or  purses,  for  success  in  competition  of  horses  or 


154  HANDBOOK   OF    THE   TUHF. 

horse  kind  in  respect  to  speed,  under  their  own  rules  and  reg- 
ulations publicly  advertised,  not  in  conflict  with  the  laws  of 
the  State ;  and  to  establish  and  designate  classes  of  horses  or 
horse  kind,  with  respect  to  the  previous  exhibitions  of  speed 
of  such  animals,  or  to  any  other  reasonable  and  lawful  grounds 
of  classification,  as  set  forth  in  such  publicly  advertised  rules 
and  regulations.  Whoever  enters  or  drives  any  horse,  or  ani- 
mal of  the  horse  kind,  that  shall  have  been  painted  or  dis- 
guised, or  shall  fraudulently  represent  any  animal  of  the  horse 
kind  to  be  another  or  different  animal  from  the  one  it  really 
is,  or  enters  or  drives  any  horse  or  animal  of  the  horse  kind  in 
a  class  where  it  is  not  entitled  to  be  entered,  under  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  society  or  association  offering  such  pre- 
mium or  purse,  and  upon  conviction,  shall  be  punished  by  a 
fine  of  not  more  than  $500,  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding 
six  months. 

Virginia :  It  is  unlawful  for  any  person,  or  persons,  or 
association  of  persons  to  make,  write  or  sell  books,  pools  or 
iTiutuals  on  the  result  of  any  trotting  race  or  running  race  of 
horses,  under  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  ^200  nor  more  than 
$500,  or  imprisonment  not  less  than  thirty  nor  more  than 
ninety  days. 

Washington:  Any  corporation  duly  formed  to  establish, 
maintain  and  manage  any  driving  park,  (the  same  as  any  asso- 
ciation for  improving  the  breed  of  domestic  animals),  may 
have  grounds  for  improving  and  testing  the  speed  of  horses, 
and  may  offer  and  award  prizes  for  competition ;  but  no  racing 
for  any  bet  or  Avager  shall  be  allowed. 

Wisconsin:  To  enter  any  horse,  mare,  gelding,  colt  or 
filly  under  an  assumed  name,  or  out  of  its  proper  class,  in  any 
purse  or  stake,  is  punishable  by  imprisonment  for  not  less 
than  one  nor  more  than  three  years ;  or  six  months  in  the  jail 
of  the  county  where  convicted ;  or  in  any  sum  not  exceeding 
$1,000.  The  name  of  any  horse  shall  not  be  changed,  except 
as  provided  by  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  association  or 
society  opening  and  offering  the  purse  or  stake.  Class  shall 
be  determined  by  the  public  performance  of  said  horse  in  any 
former  contest  or  trial  of  speed,  as  provided  by  the  printed 
rules  of  the  society  or  association  under  which  the  proposed 
contest  is  advertised  to  be  conducted. 

Wyoming:  Grants  the  right  to  establish  and  maintain 
parks,  grounds  or  race  courses  for  the  trial  of  speed,  and  the 
development  or  training  of  horses,  with  the  right  to  offer  and 
award  premiums. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  155 

Law  of  Motion.  The  law  of  perfect  locomotion  in  the 
horse,  as  in  all  other  quadrupeds,  requires  uniform  support  to 
the  center  of  gravity,  and  continuous  propulsion  by  each 
extremity  or  leg,  in  turn. 

Law  of  the  Track,  The  rule,  or  law,  of  the  road  is 
reversed  on  the  track ;  that  is,  horses  meeting  always  pass  on 
the  left  side.  Horses  working  on  a  track  usually  jog  several 
miles  before  they  are  called  on  to  go  fast.  As  all  races  are 
trotted  with  the  horses  going  around  the  track  to  the  left,  or, 
in  other  words,  they  are  started  from  the  left  of  the  judges' 
stand,  it  has  come  to  be  called  the  right  way  of  the  track ;  and 
horses  going  the  other  way,  or  to  the  right,  the  wrong  way  of 
the  track.  Hence,  it  has  long  been  recognized  that  all  horses 
working  at  speed,  in  order  to  prevent  collisions  and  accidents, 
shall  go  the  right  way  of  the  track,  next  to  the  pole,  and  have 
the  right  of  way.  This  causes  the  horses  jogging  to  take  the 
wrong  way  of  the  track,  or  the  outside,  hence  the  rule  of  the 
road  is  reversed.  If  horses  w^ere  allowed  to  speed  both  to  the 
right  and  left  of  the  track,  confusion  and  innumerable  acci- 
dents would  result. 

Lay.  A  felt  or  fancy  leather  housing  to  place  under  a 
saddle  pad  on  the  back  of  the  horse. 

Lay.  To  stake,  or  wager ;  to  put  down,  or  deposit  a  bet 
on  a  contingency  or  future  event. 

Lay  Up ;  Laying"  Up  Heats.  The  act  of  driving  so 
as  not  to  win ;  being  in  the  field  with  the  starters,  but  going 
easily  the  entire  heat.  Laying  up  takes  place  for  many  rea- 
sons. A  driver  may  quietly  lay  up  a  heat,  that  he  may  have 
his  horse  fresh  for  a  succeeding  heat ;  or  he  may  lay  up  the 
first  part  of  a  heat,  that  he  may  have  some  speed  left  for  the 
stretch  and  finish.  But  it  is  believed  that  no  driver  can  lay 
up  a  heat  successfully  unless  he  has  the  ability  to  evenly  rate 
the  mile.  It  was  foi-merly  a  National  rule  that  a  driver  could 
lay  up  one  heat  in  a  race,  with  the  consent  of  the  judges ;  but 
such  rule  has  been  stricken  from  the  code.  In  reality,  it  was 
always  meant  that  each  horse  should  trot  to  win  each  and 
every  heat,  and  the  only  departure  ever  intended  to  be  allowed 
was,  that  the  winning  of  the  race  being  the  primary  object,  a 
driver  could  only  favor  his  horse  sufficiently  to  save  his  best 
efforts  when  the  pinch  became  necessary  to  secure  that  end. 
Most  of  the  great  drivers  object  to  this  device.  Mr.  Marvin 
says :  "  The  laying  up  of  heats  is  seldom  necessary,  and  should 
never  be  done  unless  one  is  sure  it  will  materially  better  his 
chances  of  winning  the  race,  and  this  will  not  be  the  case  as 
often  as  some  seem  to  think."     Mr.   Splan   says :     "  I  have 


156  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

seen  men  go  out  to  lay  up  a  heat  and  lay  it  all  up  in  the  first 
half  mile,  and  then  have  to  drive  the  last  half  as  fast  as  they 
could,  and  in  that  way  make  the  heat  as  hard  on  the  horse  as 
though  they  had  tried  to  win  the  heat  with  him." 

Lay  Over  Him.  To  have  more  speed  than  an  oppo- 
nent ;  to  hold  over  him. 

Leaded  Saddles.  Weighted  saddles  for  use  when 
dead  weight  is  to  be  put  on ;  or  for  trials  when  the  trainer 
does  not  want  his  jockeys  to  know  more  than  he  can  help. 

Leading"  Horse.  The  pace-maker  in  a  heat.  Such 
horse  is  entitled  to  any  part  of  the  course,  in  a  heat,  with  the 
exception  of  the  homestretch.     See  Homestretch. 

Leap.  The  projection  of  the  body  off  the  ground  by 
means  of  the  hind  limbs,  after  the  forehead  has  been  raised. 
As  the  horse  approaches  a  barrier  at  a  run,  the  instant  it  is 
observed  he  begins  to  shorten  his  steps,  and,  apparently,  meas- 
ure its  distance,  preparatory  to  taking  it.  The  leap  cannot  be 
considered  as  a  pace ;  for  although  it  is  a  mode  of  progression, 
it  is  not  a  continuous  one. 

Leg",  A  Good.     Indications    of    a   good   leg    are :     The 

shape  of  the  bone  should  be  broad  and  flat;  good  size  below 

the  knee ;  large  sized  cannons,  with  strong,  clean,  back  sinews 

and   suspensory   ligaments.     They   should   be   firm   and   hard, 

smooth  to  the  touch,  indicating  an  entire  absence  of   adipose 

tissue;  the  joints  large   and  well  defined,  entirely  free  from 

abnormal  appendages ;  firm,  elastic  cords ;  a  short  pastern,  and 

short  from  hock  and  knee  to  pastern. 

The  ordeal  of  the  race  course,  and  mox-e  especially  the  trotting  coursef 
is  very  trying  upon  the  legs  and  feet,  and  here  soundness  and 
quality  of  tlie  higliest  order  is  essential.  The  turf  horse  that  is 
always  troubled  with"  a  leg"  is  a  nuisance. — Horse  Breeding,  J. 
H.  Sanders. 

Leg's.  Swollen  legs,  from  whatever  cause,  are  an 
unsoundness  until  cured. 

Leggins.  A  part  of  a  jockey's  rig ;  also  worn  in  hunt- 
ing and  when  riding.  Of  various  patterns  and  styles,  both 
full  length  and  short  or  half-size,  the  former  extending  above, 
and  the  latter  fitting  below  the  knee. 

Lesion.  Any  wound  or  injury  to  the  physical  system ; 
a  morbid  change  in  the  structure  of  the  bodily  organs,  not 
outward  changes  only,  but  those  which  are  indicated  by  an 
interruption  of  any  of  the  normal  functions  of  the  system. 

Let  Him  Out.     To  give  a  horse  his  head ;  to  let  him 

go  at  speed. 

Wlien  I  gave  Kansas  his  head  he  went  to  them  without  an  effort,  and 
won  tlie  heat  by  a  neck  with  something  to  spare.— Life  with  the 
Trotters,  John  Splan. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF;  157 


Letters.  Worn  on  the  arms  of  drivers,  equally  with 
figures,  to  indicate  the  positions  of  the  horses  they  drive  or 
ride  in  a  heat  or  race. 

Level.  A  horse  is  said  to  trot  level  when  he  goes  square 
and  perfect,  with  no  forging,  cutting,  interfering  or  striking; 
the  perfection  of  the  trotting  gait. 

Levers.     The  branches  of  a  bit. 

Liability.  [Law.]  A  horse  breaker  or  trainer  is  liable 
for  any  damage  which,  through  his  negligence,  may  happen  to 
tlie  horse  which  he  is  handling. 

Lien.  [Law.]  It  has  been  held  that  where  a  horse  was 
sold,  payment  being  made  by  check,  and  the  horse  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  third  party  till  the  check  was  cashed,  as  it  was 
dishonored,  the  vendor  had  not  given  up  possession.  No  con- 
ditional or  temporary  arrangement  by  which  the  buyer  gets 
possession  of  a  horse  will  forfeit  the  seller's  lien.  An  auc- 
tioneer has  a  lien  on  the  price  of  a  horse  when  paid  for  his 
charges  and  commissions,  and  may  bring  an  action  in  his  own 
name  therefor.  Where  the  rules  of  a  repository  or  mart  pro- 
vide that  in  certain  cases  of  dispute  the  horse  shall  be  tried  by 
an  impartial  person,  and  the  expense  of  trial  in  case  the  horse 
does  not  answer  his  warranty  is  to  fall  on  the  seller,  fhe  keeper 
of  the  repository  has  a  specific  lien  on  the  horse  until  such 
expense  is  paid.  A  farrier  has  a  lien  upon  a  horse  for  his 
charges,  which  covers,  however,  only  the  work  done  at  the 
particular  time.  It  does  not  cover  any  previous  account.  The 
horse  breaker,  by  whose  skill  the  horse  is  rendered  manageable, 
has  a  lien  upon  him  for  his  charges,  which  is  favored  by  the 
law,  being  consistent  with  the  principles  of  natural  equity.  A 
stable  keeper  or  trainer  has  a  lien  for  the  keep  and  exercise  of 
a  horse  sent  to  him  for  the  purjDose  of  being  trained,  and  the 
lien  extends  to  the  labor  and  skill  employed  on  a  race  horse  by 
a  trainer;  but  if,  by  usage  or  contract,  the  owner  send  the 
horse  to  run  at  any  race  he  chooses  and  select  the  jockey,  the 
trainer  has  no  continuing  right  of  possession  and  consequently 
no  lien.  A  stallion  is  entitled  to  a  specific  lien  on  the  mare 
for  the  charge  of  service.  A  livery  stable  keeper  cannot  detain 
a  horse  for  his  keep,  as  an  inn  keeper  may,  because  he  is  not 
obliged  to  take  it.  An  agister  has  no  lien  on  horses  taken  to 
pasture  on  a  contract  at  so  much  per  head  per  week;  but 
whsre  there  is  an  agreement  to  that  effect  he  has  a  lien. 
"Where  a  party  went  to  an  inn  with  two  race  horses  and  a  groom,  in  the 
character  of  a  guest,  and  tliey  remained  at  tlie  inn  for  several 
months,  taking  tlie  horses  out  every  dav  for  exercise  and  training, 
and  being  occasionally  absent  for  several  days  together  at  races  in 
different  parts  of  the  country,  but  always  with  the  intention  of 


158  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 


returning  to  the  inn,  it  was  lielcl  that  in  the  absence  of  evidence  of 
any  alteration  in  the  relation  (jf  tlie  parties,  that  of  inn  keeper  and 
guest  must  be  presumed  to  have  continuetl ;  and  that  the  occasional 
absences  did  not  destroy  the  inn  keeper's  lien  upon  the  liorses  for 
his  l)ill. — Reports  of  Common  Bencli,  (Englisli),  new  series,  Vol.  12, 
638-G44. 

Lie-off.  To  make  a  waiting  race  by  keeping  some  dis- 
tance in  the  rear  of  the  other  horses.  A  jockey  is  said  to  "  lie 
out  of  his  grotmd,"  when  he  pushes  the  lying-off  tactics  to 
excess,  and  gets  so  far  behind  that  he  has  little  or  no  chance 
of  recovering  the  lost  ground. 

Liig-lit-liarness      Horse;      Lig-lit-hariiess     Kace. 

Terms  applied  to  the  trotter,  and  to  a  trotting  meeting. 

"The  only  guide  to  the  scientific  breeding  of  the  light  harness  per- 
former, is  the  standard  rules." 

Limited  Heats.     A  race  in  which  the  heats  shall  not 

exceed  a  given  number. 

No  high-class,  resolute,  game  horse  should  be  forced  to  continue  a 
supreme  effort  for  more  than  five  heats;  beyond  that  nxunber  it 
ceases  to  be  manly  and  dignified  sport.  It  is  cruel  to  trot  a  horse 
mile  after  mile  every  thirty  minutes  until  from  sheer  exhaustion 
the  very  best  drop  several  seconds  back  from  their  first  heats.— H. 
D.  McKinney,  in  Tiie  Horseman. 

Line-trotter.  A  square  trotting  horse ;  a  horse,  whose 
hind  and  fore  feet  in  trotting,  are  in  the  same  line;  undoubt- 
edly the  fastest  trotter,  and  one  which  goes  easiest  to  himself. 

The  truest  kind  of  action  is  what  we  may  call  line-trotting.  The  horse 
does  not  sprawl  to  get  his  hind  feet  outside  of  his  front  ones.  The 
hind  foot  goes  low,  and  the  fore  foot  is  lifted  just  high  enough  to 
let  the  hind  one  go  under,  not  outside  of,  the  front  one. — Training 
the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Lips.  The  lips  of  the  horse  are  remarkably  sensitive  and 
flexible,  and  can  be  extended  in  various  directions.  Any  one 
who  has  seen  a  horse  take  a  small  piece  of  sugar  from  a  child's 
hand  will  appreciate  the  delicacy  and  efficiency  of  these  organs 
as  agencies  of  prehension.  The  lips  should  be  clean  and  com- 
paratively thin.  A  slack  or  drooping  condition  of  the  lower 
lip  indicates  want  of  vigor ;  and  a  long  or  large  upper  lip  is  a 
very  objectionable  conformation,  and  usually,  with  the  presence 
of  a  thick  tuft  of  hair  on  the  upper  lip,  are  indicative  of  coarse 
breeding. 

Lipstrap.  A  small  leather  band  that  passes  through  a 
loose  ring  in  the  curb-chain,  and  buckles  to  the  lever  of  the  bit 
on  each  side.  Its  use  is  to  prevent  the  horse  from  taking  the 
branch  of  the  bit  in  his  teeth  and  thus  destroy  the  effect  of 
the  curb. 

List.  A  dark  stripe  running  along  the  spine  of  some 
horses,  and  occasionally  extending  to  the  shoulders  and  legs. 
It  was  a  theory  of  Mr.  Charles  Darwin,  the  great  naturalist, 
that  this  stripe — which  is  found  in  the  Cleveland  Bay  and  the 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  159 


Exmoor  breed  of  ponies — might  have  indicated  "  a  descent  of 

all  the  existing  races  from  a  single  dun-colored,  more  or  less 

striped    primitive    stock,    to    which    our    horses    occasionally 

revert." 

Liverpool  Slide.     A  coach  or  carriage  bit  the  bar  of 

Mdiich  slides  or  plays  within  the  guards. 

If  the  checkrein  be  used  on  a  bit  with  the  Livei-pool  slide,  the  slide  can- 
not act,  lor  tlie  c-lieek  is  supposed  to  be  always  on  the  strain,  and 
tliis  would  keep  the  bit  always  tij>ht  up  against  the  corners  of  the 
mouth.  The  check,  therefore,  should  never  be  used  on  this  bit  if 
the  slide  is  intended  to  operate. — The  liridle  liits,  Col.  J.  C. 
Battersby. 

Loaded  Boots;  Leaded  Boots.  Quarter  boots  or 
ankle  boots  having  a  pocket  on  the  inside  for  weight — usually 
small  pieces  of  sheet  lead.  In  some  styles  the  boots  are  pro- 
vided with  a  series  of  two  or  more  rings  into  which  shot  is 
placed,  the  shot  being  kept  in  position  by  means  of  cotton 
wool,  in  order  to  distribute  it  evenly  around  the  boot,  and  to 
keep  it  flexible.  Generally  used  in  place  of  toe  and  side 
weights,  or  weighted  shoes. 

Locomotion.  The  expenditure  of  animal  force  in  the 
act  of  progression  ;  bodily  movement. 

The  points  of  attachment  between  the  active  principles  of  locomotion, 
the  muscles,  and  the  passive  principles,  the  bones,  appear  in  the 
form  of  sometimes  an'  eminence,  sometimes  a  depression,  some- 
times a  border  or  an  angle,  or,  again,  as  a  mere  rouglmess,  but  each 
perfectly  fulfilling  its  x^urpose,  while  the  necessary  motion  is  pro- 
vided for  by  the  formation  of  the  ends  of  the  long  bones  into  the 
requisite  articulations,  joints  or  hinges.  Every  motion  is  the  pro- 
duct of  the  contraction  of  one  or  more  of  the  muscles,  which,  as  it 
acts  upon  the  bony  levers,  gives  rise  to  a  movement  of  extension  or 
flexion,  abduction  or  adduction,  rotation  or  circumduction.  The 
movement  of  abduction  is  that  whicn  passes  from,  and  that  of 
adduction  that  which  passes  towards  the  median  line,  or  the  center 
of  the  body. — Dr.  A.  Liautard,  Principal  American  Veterinary 
College. 

Length  of  muscular  fibers  and  acute  angles  of  the  levers  on  which  they 
act,  give  sweep  of  limb,  and  strength  depends  iipon  the  niimber  of 
them,  and  the  effective  power  of  both  depends  upon  the  will  or 
courage ;  but  all  these  qualities  would  be  vain  if  the  motions  of  the 
extremities  were  not  so  co-ordinated  that  their  functions  should  be 
performed  Avithout  interference  one  with  another.  Though  diffi- 
cult of  demonstration,  it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that,  at  full 
speed,  the  adduction  and  abduction  of  all  the  muscles  in  action 
counterbalance  each  otlier;  if  they  did  not,  either  the  feet  would 
interfere,  or  they  could  not  be  brought  to  support  the  center  of 
gravity,  and  in  either  case  the  animal  might  fall.  But  the  Master 
Mechanic,  in  forming  the  anatomy  of  the  horse,  attaclied  great 
Importance  to  using  every  available  means  to  enable  the  fore  foot 
to  reach  the  ground  as  far  in  advance  as  possible,  that  no  time 
might  be  lost  in  giving  sxipport  to  the  center  of  gravity.— The  Horse 
in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Loins.  That  portion  of  the  spinal  column  which  is 
devoid  of  ribs,  and  which  is  in  front  of  the  highest  point  of 
the  pelvis.  They  are  i3laced  between  the  back  and  croup  at 
the  front  and  rear,  with  the  flanks  at  each  side. 


160  HANDBOOK   OF  TH:E  TURF. 

Some  writers  describe  the  baclc  and  loins  as  separate  parts,  but  it 
always  appears  to  the  writer  that  the  latter  is  only  a  continuation, 
or  part  ot  the  former;  for  when  we  come  to  consider  roacli  and 
hollow  backs,  we  find  the  anterior  and  posterior  part  of  them  so 
intimately  concerned  in  tlie  peculiar  cDnformation,  that  it  is  some- 
what difficult  to  tell  where  one  begins  and  the  other  leaves  off; 
that  is,  in  tlie  living  creature;  thoiigli  in  the  skeleton  the  line  of 
demarcation  is  well  marked,  so  much  so  tliat  there  is  jiood  reason 
for  those  who  prefer  to  describe  them  as  separate  regions  to  do  so. 
E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S.,  Michigan  State  College  Experiment  Station. 

liOng'-clistance  Racing".  A  term  referring  to  the 
three  and  four  mile  heat  races  formerly  run  on  the  American 
turf,  as  distinguished  from  the  short,  or  dash  races  of  more 
recent  years.     See  Dash. 

Long  Pasterns.  When  long  pasterns  do  not  impair 
the  horse's  action  by  causing  weakness,  he  is  sound;  but  if 
the  length  of  the  pasterns  arises  from  the  rupture,  or  unnatural 
elongation  of  the  tendon,  the  horse  is  then  broken  down  and 
is  unsound. 

Long  Shots.  To  "  take  the  long  shots  "  is  to  back  a  horse 
which  is  not  in  popular  favor  at  the  moment,  and  against 
which  the  book-makers,  therefore,  give  a  larger  rate  of  odds. 
It  is,  in  fact,  a  form  of  speculation  for  the  rise. 

How  oft,  at  morn,  we've  laughed  to  scorn 

A  long  shot's  chance  to  win  ; 
How  oft,  at  eve,  we've  had  to  grieve 

O'er  our  dei^arted  tin. 
"We've  had  the  tip,  and  let  it  slip, 

What's  done  we  can't  retract, 
And  we've  had  to  pay  on  the  settling  day, 

O'er  the  winner  we  might  have  backed. 

—Tlie  Sporting  Times. 

Long-waisted  Daughter  of  Alcyone.  Cognomen 
of  the  famous  mare,  Martha  Wilkes,  2.11^. 

Longeing.  [Eng.]  The  act  of  teaching  a  colt  obedi- 
ence; the  first  lessons  of  colt  education.  Often  sjjelled 
allongeing. 

•  Look-over.  The  last  rapid,  but  trained  and  careful 
examination  which  is  always  taken  of  horse,  sulky,  boots, 
buckles,  straps,  nuts,  bolts,  before  coming  out  for  a  heat. 

Looking  On.  A  term  implying  that  a  horse  is  not 
intended  to  do  his  best  in  a  race ;  is  not  a  winner ;  is  in  the 
race  just  to  look  on;  a  cock  horse. 

Loop.  The  scoring  ground  of  a  kite  track,  occupying  a 
space  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  by  four  hundred  feet. 
This  space  is  often  in  the  form  of  an  oval  course,  with  a  small 
green  in  the  center ;  and  in  other  cases  it  is  all  graded  to  a 
level. 

Loops.     Rein  holders. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  161 

Loops.  Keepers  attached  to  a  bridle,  or  other  part  of 
the  harness,  used  with  buckles  to  retain  the  ends  of  the  billets 
and  straps. 

Lope.  A  long  stride;  loping  gait;  a  leisurely  canter 
with  a  somewhat  long,  easy  stride ;  the  gallop  slowed  down. 

Losing"  Horse.  A  beaten  horse  in  a  performance ;  a 
horse  that  is  not  a  winner. 

Luck.  The  origin  of  the  superstition  that  a  horseshoe 
brings  good  luck,  can  be  traced  back  to  the  thirteenth  century. 
It  is  left  on  record  by  the  monk,  Gervaise,  of  "Tillbury,  that  at 
that  time  there  was  a  kind  of  demon  in  England,  which 
appeared  as  a  horse  rearing  on  his  hind  legs,  and  with  spark- 
ling eyes,  whose  presence  foretold  conflagrations  and  disaster. 
As  a  charm  to  allay  his  fearful  deeds,  a  horseshoe  nailed 
against  a  building  prevented  it  from  catching  fire ;  and  the 
finding  of  a  horseshoe  was  regarded  as  a  sign  of  good  luck. 

Lu^.  When  a  horse  is  heavy-headed,  drives  on  one  rein' 
bears  down  or  pulls,  he  is  said  to  "  lug,"  or  to  "  lug  on  the  bit.' 

Whenever  Siiiiol  showed  an  indication  to  hig  I  would  let  her  have  her 
head,  talk  to  her,  and  have  her  go  along  as  easily  as  possible,  with- 
out being  hard  held,  and  she  gradually  forgot  to  pull. — Training 
the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Lug's.  Straps  attached  to  each  side  of  the  saddle  of  a 
single  harness,  having  a  strong  loop  near  the  end  to  receive 
and  hold  in  place  the  thills  of  a  sulky  or  carriage. 

Lugging.  A  term  used  to  denote  that  one  of  the  horses 
in  a  span  or  double  team,  which  does  not  do  his  share  of  the 
work,  is  being  lugged,  or  pulled  along  by  his  mate. 

Lunette.  A  tip,  or  half-shoe,  claimed  to  have  been 
invented  by  Lafossepere,  the  great  French  veterinary  authority, 
in  1756,  but  which,  it  is  said,  he  really  derived  from  Fiaschi, 
his  great  Italian  predecessor,  who  devised  it  so  early  as  1556. 
It  is  a  tip,  or  plate,  ending  at  the  quarters,  where  it  is  drawn 
thin,  leaving  the  wall,  bars  and  frog  at  the  heel  to  bear  upon 
the  ground. 

Lunge.  A  quick  stride ;  a  plunge ;  to  dash  off  in  a 
frantic,  unmanageable  way;  the  plunging  or  jumping  of  a 
horse  held  by  a  long  rein  for  training  or  exercise. 

Lungs.  All  diseases  affecting  the  lungs  of  the  horse 
are  causes  of  unsoundness. 

Lunk-head.  An  ignorant,  awkward,  stupid  horse ;  one 
incapable  of  being  educated  or  taught,  having  a  dull  eye,  big 
belly,  banged  tail,  and  no  spirit;  with  a  large  head,  lolling 
tongue,  and  an  aimless,  lazy  gait. 

11 


M 

Made  to  Rule.  A  term  referring  to  the  legitimacy  of 
records,  indicating  that  they  must  conform  to  the  rules  of  the 
associations,  or  they  will  not  be  received  for  registry. 

Maiden.  By  the  rules  of  the  Turf  Congress  a  maiden 
horse  is  one  that  has  never  won  a  race  in  any  country.  The 
English  rules  define  maiden  as  a  horse  which  has  never  won  a 
public  race ;  therefore  the  winning  of  one  or  more  matches 
does  not  disqualify  a  horse  from  being  entered  as  a  maiden  for 
subsequent  events.  The  term  is  not  used  on  the  trotting  turf, 
the  equivalent  being  "green  horse,"  or  a  horse  that  has  never 
trotted  or  paced  for  premiums  or  money,  or  against  time, 
either  double  or  single. 

Maiden  Stakes.  The  money  contested  for  in  a  race 
between  young  horses  that  have  never  run  before.  It  is  a  term 
exclusively  used  in  connection  with  the  racing  turf. 

Making"  a  Mouth.  A  term  used  by  trainers  in  accus- 
toming the  young  colt  they  are  handling,  to  the  bit.  The  term, 
"  My  colt  has  no  mouth  yet,"  means  that  he  has  not  been  suffi- 
ciently trained  to  the  bit. 

Making  the  Pace.  The  leading  horse  in  a  heat  or 
race  is  said  to  make  the  pace  for  all  the  contending  horses 
engaged ;  hence,  at  his  highest  speed,  the  horse  is  said  to  be 
"making  the  pace." 

Making  the  Running".     Where  a  rider  urges  his  horse 

from  start  to  finish,  or  in  other  words  forces  the  pace,  he  is 

said  to  be  "  making  the  running." 

The  jockey  should  never  make  his  own  rtinning  except  when  he  is  on  a 
horse  that  frets  or  goes  unkindly  when  there  is  anything  in  front  of 
liim,  or  when  he  cannot  get  any  otlier  rider  to  force  the  pace  fast 
enough.  It  may  be  good  policy,  when  the  ground  is  heavy,  for  a 
light  weight  to  make  the  running,  as  weight  tells  far  more  through 
"dirt,"  tlian  when  the  horses  can  hear  their  feet  rattle.  —  Riding, 
M.  Horace  Hayes,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S. 

Mallenders.  Xormal  structures,  or  patches  on  which 
no  hair  grows,  existing  at  birth  and  equally  developed  in  both 
sexes,  upon  the  inner  surface  of  the  fore  limb,  but  nearer  the 
hinder  than  the  front  border ;  and  constituting  one  of  the  char- 
acteristic distinctions  by  which  the  species  Equus  caballus,  is 
separated  from  the  other  member  of  the  genus.  On  the  fore 
limb  the  mallenders  are  placed  upon  the  inner  surface  above 

162 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  163 

the  carpal  or  knee  joint.  They  are  about  two  inches  long  and 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  pointed  at  each  end,  and  situ- 
ated obliquely,  so  that  the  long  axis  has  its  lower  end  pointed 
backwards  nearly  to  the  hind  border  of  the  limb.  Their  nat- 
ural color  is  dark  slate,  and  their  structure  is  much  like  that  of 
a  wart  or  corn. 

The  signification  and  utility  of  these  structures  are  complete  puzzles- 
It  they  teach  us  nothing  else,  they  alTorcl  a  valuable  lesson  as  to  our 
own  ignorance,  for  if  we  cannot  guess  at  the  meaning  or  use  of  a 
structure  so  conspicuous  to  observation,  and  in  an  animal  whose 
mode  of  life  more  than  any  other  we  have  had  the  fullest  opport,u- 
uity  of  becoming  intimately  acquainted  witii,  how  can  we  be 
expected  to  account,  off-hand,  for  the  endless  strange  variations  of 
form  or  structure  which  occur  among  animals  wliose  lives  are 
passed  in  situations  entirely  secluded  from  human  observation,  and 
of  wdiose  habits  and  methods  of  existence  we  know  absolutely 
nothing?— The  Horse,  "William  Henry  Flower,  C.  B. 

Mandate.  A  proclamation ;  an  official  paper  announc- 
ing the  terms  of  agreement  by  which  members  of  the  trotting 
associations  are  bound  to  be  governed,  and  to  carry  out,  in  all 
meetings,  engagements  and  performances. 

Mane.  The  long  hair  growing  on  the  neck  and  neigh- 
boring parts  of  the  horse,  as  distinguished  from  the  tail  and 
shorter  hair  on  the  body.  It  grows  on  the  middle  line  of  the 
neck  or  crest  and  falls  naturally  on  the  near  or  off  side. 

Mane  Pulling".  A  cruel  practice  once  fashionable  in 
England,  by  which  the  hairs  of  the  mane  were  thinned  out  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  it  a  thin,  graceful,  fleecy  appearance. 

Manage.  A  French  term  denoting  the  art  of  breaking, 
training  and  riding  horses ;  a  school  for  teaching  the  whole  art 
of  equestrianism. 

Mange.  A  disease  of  the  skin  caused  by  parasitic  acari, 
or  lice.     A  mangy  horse  is  unsound. 

Manger.  The  crib  from  which  a  horse  eats  in  the 
stable ;  a  feed-box  in  which  to  give  the  horse  oats,  bran,  or 
roots. 

Mare.     The  female  of  the  horse  kind. 

Marey's  Law.  A  law  first  affirmed  by  M.  Marey,  an 
eminent  French  veterinarian,  and  now  universally  acknowl- 
edged ;  stated  in  these  words  :  The  muscles  of  speed  in  the 
horse  are  long  and  slender,  and  those  of  strength  short  and 
thick. 

Mark  of  Mouth.  The  mark  of  the  mouth  in  horses 
extends  to  the  commencement  of  the  ninth  year,  and  from  that 
period  to  old  age  the  wearing  away  of  the  crowns  of  the  teeth 
is  such,  that  the  fact  of  determining  age  by  them  is  so  uncer- 
tain that  the  horse  is  said  to  be  past  the  "  mark  of  mouth." 


.164  HANDBOOK   OF   THE  lURF. 


Market  Horse.  [Eng.]  A  horse  simply  kept  in  the 
betting  lists  for  the  purpose  of  being  betted  against.  The 
market  is  the  turf  exchange  at  Tattersall's. 

Marking's.  The  markings  of  white  upon  the  forehead 
and  face  of  bay  or  dark  colored  horses,  are  defined  as  follows  : 
Blaze  —  if  the  white  spreads  over  the  forehead  ;  reach  —  if  the 
white  runs  down  the  nose  in  the  form  of  a  line  of  no  great 
width  ;  snip  —  a  white  or  pink  patch  on  either  lip ;  star  —  a 
small  patcli  of  white  more  or  less  in  the  center  of  the  forehead. 

Master  of  the  Horse.  In  Roman  history,  an  oiBcial 
appointed  by  the  Dictator  to  act  as  his  chief  subordinate.  He 
discharged  the  duties  of  the  -Dictator  during  the  latter's  absence. 
An  equerry.  The  third  great  officer  in  the  British  court.  He 
has  the  management  of  all  the  royal  stables,  with  authority 
over  all  the  equerries  and  pages,  coachmen,  footmen,  grooms, 
etc.     In  state  cavalcades  he  rides  next  to  the  sovereign. 

Marting-ale.  A  strap  fastened  to  the  girth  of  the  sad- 
dle or  harness,  passing  between  the  horse's  fore  legs,  and  end- 
ing in  tw^o  rings  through  which  the  reins  pass.  Its  uses  are  to 
aid  the  hands  in  keeping  the  horse's  head  in  position ;  to 
increase  the  power  of  the  rider  in  holding  his  head  straight ; 
to  retain  the  reins  in  their  places,  and  to  prevent  either  of  the 
reins  from  getting  over  the  neck. 

Wlien  tlie  bridooii  bit  is  drawn  straight  to  about  one  inch  above  the 
ponunel  of  tlie  saddle,  the  rings  of  the  niarlingale  should  just  liang 
easy  on  them  when  tlie  horse  holds  his  iiead  in  its  normal  posilion. 
If  lie  attempts  to  throw  his  head  up  tlie  martiiigale  will,  at  this 
length,  checdv  him.  In  leaping,  the  martingale  must  be  lengthened 
and  wh.olly  powerless,  else  the  horse  may  be  thrown  over  the  fence. 
The  curb  and  martingale  have  no  fellowship  with  each  other.  They 
belong  to  two  different  bits  or  reins,  lor,  while  the  curb  cannot  be 
used  on  the  bridoon,  the  martingale  should  uol  be  used  on  the  curb 
rein.— The  Bridle  Bits.  Col.  J.  C.  Battersby. 

Match.  A  pair  of  horses ;  a  span ;  to  mate  together,  as, 
"the  horses  are  an  exact  match  in  height,  color,  gait  and 
disposition." 

Match  Race.  The  trotting  rules  regard  match  races  as 
performances  against  time,  and  time  made  in  such  races  is  so 
treated  and  designated.  By  the  rules  of  the  Turf  Congress  a 
match  is  a  private  sw^eepstakes. 

A  match  against  time  is  a  bet  that  a  horse  will  beat  a  certain  time,  or, 
in  other  words,  is  a  bet  against  individuals.— J.  H.  Steiner. 

It  is  said  the  first  match  between  two  horses  took  place  in  1377,  between 
Richard  Fitzallan  14th  Earl  of  Arundel  and  the  Frince  of  Wales, 
afterwards  Richard  II.  The  horses  were  ridden  by  their  owiiers. 
The  Earl's  horse  subsequently  became  the  property  of  Richard  at  a 
price  which  would  be  rei)resented  to-day  by  .$20,000.  The  first  match 
against  time  upon  record  occurred  in  the  year  1604.  John  Lepton,  a 
groom  in  the  service  of  James  I.,  un«lertook  to  ride  five'^  times 
between  London  and  York  from  Monday  morning  until  Saturday 
night.    He  actually  perlorined  the  task  in  five  days. 


HAlfDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  165 

Median  Phalanx.  The  coronary  bone,  or  small 
pastern. 

Medicine.  For  a  horse  to  require  a  dose  of  medicine  is 
an  evidence  of  unsoundness;  therefore,  until  the  effects  of 
medicine  are  removed,  the  horse  is  unsound. 

Meeting: ;  Meet.  A  race  or  trotting  event.  The  word 
originated  from  the  English  term  "  meet,"  to  meet  for  the 
chase  or  hunt  on  horseback;  hence,  it  came  to  be  applied  to 
the  events  of  the  running  turf,  and  subsequently  to  trotting 
races.  By  the  rules  of  tlie  Turf  Congress  a  meeting  begins  at 
10  o'clock  A.  M.,  of  the  first  day,  and  ends  one  hour  after  the 
last  race  of  the  last  day. 

Member.  Any  driving  park  association,  society  fair 
ground,  or  race  track  owned  or  leased  by  a  corporation  or  by 
an  individual,  upon  which  races  are  trotted  or  paced  under  the 
rules  of  either  the  National  or  American  trotting  associations, 
is  knowm  as  a  "  member  "  of  such  association. 

Members.     The  legs  of  a  horse  are  called  its  members. 

Messeng'er.  One  of  the  greatest  horses  of  all  history,  and 
the  foundation  source  of  the  American  trotter,  the  fleetest  and 
stoutest  breed  of  horses  in  the  w^orld.  Foaled  in  1780.  Bred 
by  John  Pratt,  of  New  Market,  England.  By  Mambrino,  by 
Engineer,  a  son  of  Sampson,  by  Blaze,  by  Flying  Childers,  by 
the  Darley  Arabian — the  celebrated  horse  imported  into  Eng- 
land from  the  Levant  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  (1702-1714); 
dam,  by  Turf,  by  Matchem,  by  Cade,  by  the  Godolphin 
Arabian.  His  color  was  gray;  he  stood  15.3  hands  high,  a 
plain,  somewhat  coarse  animal,  having  a  large,  bony  head,  low 
in  the  withers,  upright  shoulders,  and  a  rather  short,  straight 
neck.  He  had  large  knees  and  hocks,  and  his  windpipe  and 
nostrils  are  described  by  contemporary  writers  to  have  been 
nearly  twice  as  large  as  ordinary.  Whether  in  motion,  or  at 
rest,  his  legs  were  said  to  have  been  always  in  a  perfect  position. 
He  was  an  animal  of  great  vigor  and  soundness,  and  although 
running  bred  was  a  natural  trotter.  Messenger  was  imported  in 
May,  1788,  by  Thomas  Benger,  of  Bristol,  Pa.,  and  when  he 
landed  at  Philadelphia,  said  Hiram  Woodruff,  <'  the  value  of 
not  less  than  one  hundred  million  dollars  struck  our  soil."  He 
never  went  out  of  the  States  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and 
New  York,  and  died  on  the  farm  of  Tounsend  Cock,  near 
Oyster  Bay,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  January  28,  1808,  being 
twenty-eight  years  of  age,  and  "  having  attained  such  a  height 
of  equine  reputation  that  he  was  buried  with  military  honors, 
and  a  charge  of  musketry  was  fired  over  his  grave."     Messen- 


16C  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

ger's  three  greatest  sons  were :  Winthrop  Messenger,  taken  to 
Maine  in  1816,  the  founder  of  that  sterling  famil}^  known  as 
Maine  Messengers,  of  which  Sanford  Howard  said,  in  1852, 
"Elaine  has,  until  within  a  few  years,  furnished  nearly  all  the 
trotting  stock  of  any  note  in  the  country,"  Bishop's  Hamble- 
tonian,  foaled  on  Long  Island  in  180J:;  Mambrino,  foaled  in 
1806,  from  whose  loins  came  two  of  the  greatest  families  in  all 
history — the  Mambrino  Chief,  and  Hambletonian,  the  latter 
"  by  far  and  away  the  greatest  of  all  trotting  progenitors." 

Metacarpus.  The  cannon  bone.  It  extends  from  the 
hock  in  the  hind  leg,  and  from  the  knee  in  the  fore  leg  to  the 
fetlock.  It  stands  nearly  perpendicular,  and  is  somewhat 
cylindrical  in  shape,  though  it  should  be  flat  from  side  to  side. 

Mexican  Derby.  First  run  in  the  city  of  IMexico, 
N.  A.,  December  3,  1893.  Won  by  R.  R.  Rice,  of  Arkansas, 
his  entry,  Francis  Pope  and  Castanet,  finishing  in  first  and 
second  position.  Distance :  one  mile  and  one-fourth ;  time : 
2:24f 

Mile.  A  distance  of  eight  furlongs,  or  five  thousand  two 
hundred  and  eighty  feet. 

Mitbeh.     A  term  used  by  the  Arabs,  applying  to  a  point 

of  the  horse  which  they  esteem  of  great  imjiortance.  Explained 

by  the  quotation : 

Next  to  the  head  aiifl  ears,  the  Arabs  value  the  manner  in  which  the 
liead  is  set  on  tlie  neck.  Tliis  point,  or  rather  form  of  .iunctiire, 
ihey  call  the  mitbeh.  It  especially  refers  to  the  shape  of  the  wind- 
pipe, and  to  the  manner  in  which  the  throat  enters  or  runs  in 
between  the  jaws,  where  it  should  have  a  slight  and  graceful  curve. 
This  perniits'of  an  easy  carriage  of  the  head,  and  gives  great  free- 
dom to  the  air  passages.— Road,  Track  and  Stable,  H.  C.  Merwin. 

Mixed  Gaited.     When  a  horse  has  two  ways  of  going 

at  speed,  and  changes  from  the  trot  to  the  pace,  and  from  the 

pace  to  the  trot,  it  is  said  that  he  is  "  mixed  gaited." 

Change  ot  gait  is  only  possible  when  all  the  feet  are  clear  of  the 
ground.  If  the  attempt  should  be  made  while  one  foot  is  on  the 
ground,  the  result  would  be  a  misstep  and  a  fall.  This  opportunity 
Is  afforded  when  the  extraordinary  propulsive  force,  given  by  the 
fore  leg  that  leaves  the  ground  last,  projects  the  body  upward, 
giving  a  time  equal  to  one-fifth  of  a  stride  for  the  hind  foot  of  the 
same  side  to  take  the  place  of  one  that  would  have  followed  had 
the  same  order  continued. — The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Slilhnan. 

Mixed  Meeting.  Those  meets  at  which  both  trotting 
and  running  races  take  place. 

Molars.  The  molar  teeth  of  the  horse  appear  in  two 
dentitions,  or  groups  — the  temporary  and  permanent.  The 
first  consists  of  twelve  teeth,  six  in  each  jaw,  three  on  each 
side.  The  second  consists  of  twenty-four  teeth,  twelve  in  each 
jaw,  six  on  each  side.  They  are  designated  by  numbers,  from 
front  to  rear,  as  first,  second,  and  so  on.  The  first  three,  which 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE  TURF.  167 

replace  the  temporary  molars,  are  known  as  pre-molars,  and 
the  last  three  as  post-molars.  The  permanent  molars  have  the 
shape  of  quadrangular  prisms  flattened  from  side  to  side,  with 
the  exception  of  the  first  and  sixth,  which  are  triangular. 

Mongrel.  A  mixed  breed ;  an  individual  of  a  breed,  or 
a  breed  of  animals  resulting  from  repeated  crossings,  or  mix- 
tures of  several  different  varieties;  the  progeny  of  artificial 
varieties,  as  distinguished  from  those  which  are  a  cross  between 
two  different  species. 

The  greater  variability  in  mongrels  than  in  hybrids  does  not  seem  at 
all  surprising.  For  the  parents  of  mongrels  are  varieties,  and 
mostly  domestic  varieties,  and  this  implies  that  there  has  been 
recent  variability,  which  wonld  often  continue  and  be  added  to 
that  arising  from  the  act  of  crossing,  —  The  Origin  of  Species, 
Charles  Darwin. 

Monkey.  [Eng.]  Five  hundred  pounds.  The  cry  not 
unfrequently  heard  in  the  ring,  of  "  the  field  a  monkey,"  means 
that  the  layer  is  willing  to  bet  £500  even,  against  one  horse  in 
the  race. 

Morg"an.  A  New  England  family  of  trotters  of  great 
excellence.  Founded  by  a  horse  foaled  in  Springfield,  Mass., 
in  1793,  and  purchased  when  two  years  old  by  Justin  Morgan 
of  Randolph,  Vt.  after  whom  the  horse,  and  the  family  he 
founded,  were  named.  He  was  said  to  be  by  True  Briton,  by 
Lloyd's  Traveller,  by  imported  Traveller;  and  out  of  a  mare 
of  Wildair  blood,  (Wildair,  a  horse  of  the  very  highest  excel- 
lence imported  into  this  country  from  England  and  subse- 
quently purchased  at  a  high  price  and  carried  back  to  that 
country.)  Other  accounts  represent  the  dam  of  Justin  Morgan 
as  having  been  a  descendant  of  the  Lindsey  Arabian,  a  famous 
horse  which  stood  in  Connecticut  and  subsequently  in  Mary- 
land. Justin  Morgan  became  famous  as  a  sire  of  splendid 
driving  animals,  the  branches  of  his  family  being  the  Black 
Hawk,  old  Vermont  Black  Hawk,  the  grandson  of  Justin  Mor- 
gan, and  the  sire  of  Ethan  Allen — the  first  stallion  to  beat 
2:30,  taking  a  record  of  2:28  as  early  as  1858;  the  Lambert, 
founded  by  Daniel  Lambert,  a  horse  ranking  little  inferior  as 
a  producer  of  speed  to  any  sire  in  recent  times;  the  Fear- 
naught,  a  family  founded  by  a  son  of  Young  Morrill,  by  Old 
Morrill,  and  through  the  Jennison  horse  a  son  of  Young  Bul- 
rush Morgan,  by  Bulrush  to  the  fountain  head,  Justin  Morgan; 
the  Golddust,  the  founder  of  this  branch  being  by  Vermont 
Morgan,  by  Barnard  Morgan,  by  Gifford  Morgan,  by  Wood- 
bury Morgan  a  son  of  Justin  Morgan;  the  Knox,  founded  by 
Gen.  Knox,  a  son  of  Vermont  Hero,  by  Sherman  Black  Hawk, 
by  Vermont  Black  Hawk.     *•  The  popularity  of  the  Morgan 


168  HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF. 


family,"  says  Mr.  J.  H.  Sanders,  "  at  one  time  was  unbounded ; 

and  no  blood,  excepting  that  of  the  thoroughbred,  has  been  so 

generally  disseminated  and  so  highly  esteemed  throughout  the 

United  States." 

Motion,   Center  of.     A    point    of    the    horse's    back 

directly  over  the  fourteenth  vertebra,  or  in  other  words,  half 

way  between  the  withers  and  the  coupling,  or  top  of  the  ribs. 

It  is  the  central  point  from  which  the  forces  of  the  horse  when 

carrying  weight  may  be  said    to  radiate ;    and  is  the  point 

on  which  weight  can  be  most  easily  carried,  the  least  motion 

being  imparted  to  it,  and  where  its  distribution  will  be  most 

equal  over  all  foiu"  of  the  horse's  feet — hence  it  is  over  this 

point  that  the  rider's  center  of  gravity  should  fall. 

The  only  muscular  power  required  to  keep  a  body  in  motion,  at  what- 
ever speeil,  is  tliat  wliicli  is  necessary  to  resist  the  action  of  gravity 
and  overcome  resistance.  It  is  plain,  tliat  in  order  to  niaintain  a 
uniform  support  of  gravity,  and  a  continuous  impulse  in  the  direc- 
tion of  motion,  the  limbs"  must  move,  at  whatever  pace,  in  such 
manner  as  best  to  attain  tliat  end;  that  the  more  rapid  the  motion, 
the  more  uniform  must  be  the  supj^ort.— The  Horse  in  Motion,  J. 
D.  B.  Stillman. 

Mount.  [Eq.]  The  act  of  gaining  the  seat  in  horse- 
back riding.  Stand  opposite  the  cantle  of  the  saddle  with  the 
face  to  the  front,  the  right  hand  holding  the  rein  sufficiently 
taut  to  feel  the  horse's  mouth  over  the  right  side  of  the  cantle ; 
with  the  left  hand  hold  the  stirrup-strap  while  placing  the  left 
foot  in  the  stirrup ;  give  a  spring  upward  and  forward,  throw- 
ing the  weight  of  the  body  as  evenly  as  possible  on  the  left 
foot  and  right  hand,  so  as  to  avoid  turning  the  saddle ;  grasp 
the  lower  part  of  the  mane  with  the  left  hand  in  rising,  stand 
erect  in  the  stirrup  with  the  feet  touching  each  other;  throw 
the  right  leg,  without  bending  the  knee,  over  the  horse's 
croup,  and  settle  into  the  saddle ;  at  this  instant,  as  the  right 
hand  is  raised  from  the  cantle,  let  go  of  the  mane,  grasp  the 
Tejns  between  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand,  and  adjust  them 
with  the  aid  of  the  right  hand  which  has  just  been  released 
from  the  cantle.  The  stability  of  the  seat  is  dependent  upon 
the  weight  of  the  body,  the  erect  balance  and  the  grasp  of  the 
saddle  with  the  inside  of  the  thighs.  The  horse  should  be 
taught  that  the  act  of  mounting  is  no  signal  for  him  to  go  on. 
The  pressure  of  the  legs  and  shortening  of  the  reins  are  signals 
that  the  rider  is  ready  for  the  horse  to  move. 

We  are  all  taught  to  mount  and  dismount  exclusively  on  the  left  or 
near  side  of  the  horse,  because  the  military  horseman,  whether 
Oriental  or  European,  ancient  or  niorlern,  requires  to  mount  and 
dismount  witli  his  sword  or  spear  in  his  hand  ready  for  attack  or 
defence.— The  Book  of  the  Horse,  Samuel  Sidney. 

"We  commend  readiness  in  mounting,  for  this  reason,  that  the  rider,  as 
soon  as  he  is  seated  on  his  horse,  is  in  every  way  prepared  for 
action  if  it  should  be  necessary  to  encounter  an  enemy  on  a  sudden. 
— Xenoplion. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  169 

Mount.  A  horse,  his  rider  and  appurtenances  are  often 
collectively  referred  to  as  a  mount;  as  in  the  expression  "a 
fine  mount,"  meaning  a  beautiful  horse,  saddle  and  rider's 
outfit. 

Mount.  A  jockey's  outfit.  This  includes  the  saddle; 
racing  bridle  and  martingale ;  surcingle ;  girth ;  stirrup-straps 
and  stirrups — the  weight  of  the  whole  varying  from  one  to 
three  pounds.  The  ordinary  riding  saddle  has  underneath  the 
leather  a  wooden  or  iron  stock  or  frame — but  the  stock  of  the 
running  saddle  is  a  very  thin  piece  of  the  very  best  sole  leather, 
hammered  to  w^onderful  density  and  toughness,  or  else  it  is  of 
tenacious  steel.  The  best  leather  is  in  the  saddle  and  bridle. 
The  surcingle  is  of  silk;  the  girth  of  pigskin;  the  stirrup-straps 
of  linen  web,  and  the  stirrups  of  light  spring  steel.  The 
English  running  saddles  are  made  chiefly  at  Newmarket,  Eng. 
Saddles  cost  from  $37  to  if 58  ;  and  a  complete  mount  will  cost 
from  $85  to  $110. 

Mouth,  Hard.  A  hard  mouth  is  one  in  which  is  a 
thick,  fleshy  tongue,  protruding  over  its  channel  and  not  only 
filling  it  up  but  rising  high  above  the  level  of  the  bars. 

Mouth-piece.  The  mouth-piece  of  the  bit  consists  of 
three  parts — the  port,  to  give  freedom  to  the  tongue,  and  the 
two  canons,  which  are  the  parts  that  come  in  contact  with  the 
bars  of  the  jaw  or  mouth. 

Mouthing"  Bit.  A  large  sized  snaffle  having  one  joint 
in  the  center  between  the  bars,  the  use  of  which  is  to  gradually 
teach  the  colt  submission,  and  accustom  him  to  the  use  of  bit 
and  bridle.  The  bars  are  an  inch  thick  at  the  guards,  and 
taper  slightly  to  the  joint,  from  which  a  flat  oval  piece  of  steel 
about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  is  suspended  by  two  small 
rings,  and  from  three  holes  in  the  lower  edge  of  the  plate  are 
suspended  small  steel  tags  or  pendants. 

M.  R.  C.  V.  S.  These  letters  stand  for :  Member  of  the 
Royal  [England]  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons ;  and  indicate 
that  the  person  whose  name  they  follow  is  a  graduate  of  that 
Institution. 

Muddler.  [Eng.]  A  clumsy  horse ;  one  which  easily 
gets  in  a  muddle. 

Muscles.  Organs  in  the  physical  structure  of  the  horse 
which  are  known  as  the  active  elements  in  locomotion,  the 
bones  with  which  they  are  connected  being  known  as  the  pas- 
sive elements.  They  vary  greatly  in  quantity  as  well  as 
quality ;  some  contain  a  larger  proportion  of  fibrous  or  cellular 
tissue  than  others;  and,  also,  other  things  being  equal,  have 
less  power.     The  force  of  the  muscles  is  not  always  concen- 


170  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF, 

trated  at  both  extremities,  but  is  distributed  over  the  face  of 

their  levers  at  different  angles  and  different  distances,  as  well 

as  at  each  change  in  the  position  of  the  levers.     The  sweep  of 

the  limb  is  dependent  on  the  length  of  the  muscular  fibers  and 

the  acute  angles  of  the  levers  on  which  they  act ;  while  strength 

depends  upon  the  number  of  them,  and  the  effective  power  of 

both  is  dependent  on  the  courage  or  will. 

When  tlie  time  comes  for  a  tlioroiigh  revision  of  the  names  of  the 
muscles  of  the  horse,  (which  must  soon  come),  it  is  to  be  hoped  they 
will  be  determined  by  their  mechanical  action  Avithout  reference 
to  the  action  of  corresponding  muscles  In  man. — The  Horse  in 
Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Mustang*.     The  wild  horse  of  America. 

Muzzle.  The  lower  end  of  the  head,  including  the 
nostrils,  upper  and  lower  lip,  and  the  bones  and  teeth  covered 
by  them.  The  Arabs  have  a  saying  that  while  the  head  must 
be  broad  above,  it  should  taper  down  to  a  nose  or  muzzle  fine 
enough,  and  sufficiently  pointed,  to  allow  the  horse  to  drink 
from  a  pint  pot. 

Muzzle.  A  guard  or  cage  for  the  horse's  mouth,  made 
in  various  patterns  and  of  different  material,  and  used  to 
prevent  eating  the  bedding,  tearing  the  blankets,  cribbing,  and 
also  used  on  vicious  horses  that  are  addicted  to  biting. 
Among  the  forms  are  the  common  leather  shipping  muzzle ; 
the  wire  muzzle ;  the  anti-cribbing  muzzle  for  preventing  crib- 
biting;  the  Spooner  muzzle  to  prevent  eating  of  the  bedding — 
this  muzzle  having  an  adjustible  bottom;  Low's  muzzle,  which 
can  be  changed  into  a  closed  or  open  bottom,  allowing  the 
horse  to  eat  hay  or  grain,  but  can  be  closed  to  prevent  his  eat- 
ing the  bedding  or  tearing  the  blanket ;  Gillespie's  link-apron 
muzzle — having  a  band  fastened  to  a  headstall  with  a  chain- 
apron  or  net  at  the  bottom,  which  does  not  prevent  eating  or 
drinking  but  prevents  tearing  of  the  blanket. 


N 

[Nag*.  A  name  applied  to  a  mean,  ill-bred  horse,  one 
having  no  characteristics  of  value ;  specially  applied  to  a  horse 
that  has  been  docked. 

Name.  Every  horse  entered  in  a  race  must  be  correctly 
named.  The  trotting  rules  require  that  if  a  horse  has  ever 
trotted  in  a  public  race,  the  last  name  under  which  such  horse 
trotted  shall  be  given  when  the  entry  is  made ;  and  if  the 
name  has  been  changed  within  one  year  each  name  the  horse 
has  borne  during  that  time  must  also  be  given.  Not  only 
must  all  horses  be  named,  they  must  bear  distinctive  and 
characteristic  names,  as  no  such  appellations  as  gray  mare,  bay 
horse,  unknown,  no  name,  can  be  accepted.  Fines  accompany 
the  violation  of  this  rule.  The  Turf  Congress  rules  require 
that  where  a  name  has  been  changed  both  old  and  new  names 
must  be  given  with  the  nomination,  until  the  horse  has  once 
run  under  the  new  name  over  the  course  of  an  association  in 
membership  in  the  Congress. 

Narrag'ansett  Pacer.  An  early  breed  or  family  of 
saddle  horses  said  to  have  been  originated  on  Point  Judith, 
Narragansett  bay,  Rhode  Island.  They  were  at  the  height  of 
their  fame  about  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and 
long  since  became  extinct.  The  real  origin  of  this  family  of 
horses  is  lost  in  obscurity,  but  they  appear  to  have  very  closely 
resembled  the  Palfrey  of  the  INliddle  Ages,  and  were  brought 
into  use  for  the  same  purpose,  that  of  riding  on  horseback  from 
place  to  place,  before  the  days  of  good  roads  and  easy  carriages. 
They  were  celebrated  in  their  day  for  fleetness  and  endurance, 
transporting  the  rider  with  great  ease,  pleasantness  and  safety 
of  foot.  Marvelous  stories  of  their  speed  and  endurance  are 
found  in  the  early  historic  annals  of  the  American  colonies ; 
and  it  is  said  they  were  capable  of  pacing  seventy  miles  a  day, 
and  going  a  mile  in  but  little  over  two  minutes. 

Nasal  Gleet.  A  primary  form  of  catarrh ;  and  in  any 
stage  of  its  progress  an  unsoundness. 

National  Saddle  Horse  Breeders'  Association. 
Organized  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1802.  At  the  close  of  the  year 
1893,  it  had  a  membership  of  two  hundred  and  seventeen,  rep- 

171 


172  HAIS^DBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

resenting  twelve  States.  Its  objects  are  to  advance  the  inter- 
ests of  the  breeders  of  the  saddle  or  gaited  horse,  and  maintain 
its  purity  by  the  establishment  and  publication  of  a  stud-book 
for  the  registry  of  animals  coming  within  the  recognized  stand- 
ard of  the  Society.  The  foundation  stallions  are  :  Denmark, 
by  imported  Hedgeford  ;  Brinker's  Drennon,  by  Davy  Crockett ; 
Sam  Booker,  by  Boyd  McNary,  thoroughbred;  John  Dillard, 
by  Indian  Chief ;  Tom  Hal,  imported  Canadian ;  Coleman's 
Eureka ;  Vanmeter's  Waxy ;  Cabell's  Lexington,  by  Gist's 
Black  Hawk ;  Copperbottom,  pacer  ;  Stump  the  Dealer  ;  Texas, 
by  Comanche ;  Prince  Albert,  by  Frank  AVolford ;  Peter's  Hal- 
corn  ;  Yarnon's  Roebuck,  (a  Missouri  horse)  ;  Davy  Crockett. 
The  Society  recognizes  the  following  gaits  as  required  to  secure 
the  registry  of  animals:  1,  walk;  2,  trot;  3,  rack ;  4,  canter; 
5,  running-walk,  or  fox-trot,  or  slow  ]3ace.  These  gaits  consti- 
tute Rule  1,  of  the  standard  for  admission  to  registry.  The 
other  rules  are  :  2.  Stallions  and  mares  tracing  on  both  sides  to 
registered  or  foundation  stock.  3.  Mares  that  trace  on  either 
sire's  or  dam's  side  to  registered  or  foundation  stock,  and  go 
the  gaits  required  in  rule  one.  4.  Mares  that  trace  on  either 
sire's  or  dam's  side  to  registered  or  foundation  stock  and  have 
produced  two  performers  under  rule  one.  5.  Geldings  that  go 
the  gaits  required  by  rule  one.  6.  Progeny  of  a  registered 
horse  when  out  of  a  registered  mare.  The  Society  has  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  its  stud-book,  embracing  the  pedigrees 
of  about  two  thousand  stallions  and  mares. 

National  Trotting^  Association,  The.  This  associa- 
tion was  organized  in  February,  1870,  under  the  name  of  the 
"  iSTational  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  the  interests  of 
the  American  Trotting  Turf ;  "  which  name  was  changed  in 
1878,  to  the  one  it  now  bears.  It  was  chartered  by  a  special 
act  of  the  Legislature  of  Connecticut,  approved  March  18,  1884. 
It  has  for  its  object,  the  '<  improvement  of  the  breed,  and  the 
development  of  horses,  by  the  promotion  of  the  interests  of  the 
American  trotting  turf ;  the  prevention,  detection,  and  punish- 
ment of  frauds  thereon,  and  uniformity  in  the  government  and 
rules  of  trotting  and  pacing."  It  is  managed  by  a  board  of  offi- 
cers having  a  board  of  appeals  and  a  board  of  review ;  holds  a 
biennial  congress  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  February,  and 
to  the  close  of  1893,  had  a  membership  of  five  hundred  and 
fifty-two. 

Natural  Gaits.  The  natural  gaits  of  the  horse  are  the 
walk,  trot,  and  run,  or  canter.  In  the  walk  one  foot  is  not 
raised  until  its  fellow  is  upon  the  ground ;  or  in  other  words, 
there  is  always  two  feet  upon  the  ground  while  the  diagonal 


HAKDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF.  173 

ones  are  being  advanced.  In  the  trot  the  off  fore  foot  and  the 
near  hind  foot  strike  and  leave  the  ground  exactly  together, 
followed  by  the  near  fore  and  off  hind  foot.  In  the  can- 
ter the  horse  gallops  on  one  foot,  fore  or  hind,  while  trotting 
with  the  others. 

Navicular.  The  small  or  lower  sesamoid  bone,  situated 
between  and  behind,  or  at  the  back  of,  the  distal  phalangeal 
articulation  of  the  foot;  or  between  the  coronary  and  coffin 
bones.  It  is  related  to  the  great  development  of  these  bones, 
and  to  increasing  the  mechanical  advantage  of  the  flexor  ten- 
don which  passes  over  it.  Navicular  disease  is  an  ulceration  of 
the  lower  surface  of  this  bone,  its  synovial  sac  and  ligaments, 
and  the  flexor  tendon  which  plays  over  it.     It  is  an  unsoundness. 

Near-side.  The  near  side  of  the  horse  is  the  left  side, 
or  that  which  is  approached  to  mount  or  handle ;  as  the  off- 
side is  the  right  side.  The  distinguishing  parts  are  :  Near  fore 
leg  ;  off  hind  leg ;  off  ear ;  near  eye,  etc. 

Neck.  That  part  extending  from  the  poll  to  the  wdthers 
along  its  upper  border,  and  from  the  throat  to  a  point  some- 
what above  the  anterior  point  of  the  breast-bone  on  the  lower 
border,  or  line.  These  general  forms  are  recognized  among 
horsemen,  viz :  The  straight  neck ;  clean-cut  neck ;  ewe 
neck;  bull  neck,  and  peacock  neck.  1.  The  straight  neck  is 
one  in  W'hich  both  the  lower  and  upper  boundaries,  or  lines, 
are  practically  straiglit,  tapering  gradually  from  the  chest  to 
the  throat.  2.  The  clean  cut  neck  is  best  described  as  the 
neck  of  the  thoroughbred  horse.  3.  The  ewe  neck  is  described 
as  one  "  put  on  wrong  side  up."  In  other  w^ords,  it  is  one,  the 
upper  line  of  which  is  concave  instead  of  convex,  while  the 
under  line  bulges  out  more  or  less  in  an  ungraceful  way. 
4.  The  bull  neck  is  thick,  short  and  heavy.  5.  The  peacock 
neck  is  one  in  w^hich  the  crest  is  unduly  arched,  prominent 
and  elevated.  When  not  too  pronounced  it  gives  the  horse 
a  showy  appearance. 

In  the  clean-cut  neck  the  muscles  and  other  i>arts  stand  boldly  out, 
the  crest  is  prominent  and  whipcordy,  or  wiry,  the  sides  are 
marlied  by  hard  muscles,  the  lower  border,  including  the  wind- 
pipe, stands  out  perceptibly,  leaving  a  prominent  groove,  the  jug- 
ular gutter,  between  it  and  the  neck  above,  gracefully  iucurvated 
near  the  throat,  and  attached  to  the  head  in  a  manner  that 
leaves  a  line  of  demarcation  between  the  leaving  off  of  the  head 
and  the  beginning  of  the  neck,  doing  away  with  tlie  appearance  of 
a  plastered-on  head.  Tlie  ]>osterior  part  usually  terminates  per- 
ceptibly just  in  front  of  the  withers,  so  that  one  can  tell  where  the 
neck  leaves  off  and  the  withers  begin— a  point  that  is  not  always 
easy  to  determine.— E.  A.  A.  Cirange,  V.  S.,  Michigan  State  College 
Experiment  Station. 

Needle.  A  hypodermic  syringe  used  for  making  injec- 
tions under  the  skin ;  a  trocar.     Injections  of  cocaine  are  made 


174  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

directly  over  or  under  the  part  to  be  operated  upon  so  as  to 
produce  an  immediate  local  effect.  Medicinally,  injections  are 
usually  made  at  the  point  of  the  shoulder  or  in  the  breast  or 
neck,  as  at  these  points  the  skin  is  very  flexible  and  can  be 
easily  taken  up.  Inter-venous  injections,  (those  directly  into  the 
circulation),  are  also  sometimes  resorted  to,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  a  more  immediate  effect. 

Negotiate.  [Eq.]  To  handle ;  to  manage ;  to  take.  In 
equestrianism,  to  negotiate  a  leap  hold  the  bridle-hand  loose, 
grasp  the  horse  firmly  with  the  legs  and  thighs,  the  toes  being 
up  and  outward,  the  back  inward,  and  the  neck  steady.  As 
the  horse  rises  meet  his  crest  with  the  body,  being  careful  not 
to  bear  on  the  bridle  which  might  pull  him  backward.  The 
instant  his  forequarters  descend,  and  his  hindquarters  ascend, 
keep  time  with  him  in  an  appropriate,  but  opposite  motion  and 
throw  the  body  sufficiently  backward  to  be  found  firm  in  the 
seat  at  the  conclusion  of  the  leap.  Success  depends  upon  the 
perfect  coolness  of  the  rider,  leaving  everything  to  the  discre- 
tion of  the  horse,  freedom  from  all  support  of  the  bridle  or 
stirrups,  on  the  firm  grasp  of  the  legs  and  thighs,  the  instan- 
taneoii>s  performance  of  the  alternate  motions  forward  and 
backward,  and  the  preservation  of  a  perfect  equilibrium. 

Negotiate  a  Race.     To  accomplish  or  perform  a  race. 

We  have  been  over  one  liuiulred  years  producing  but  a  single  trotter 
that  can  negotiate  a  mile  in  2:U4.— Dr.  George  H.  Bailey,  December, 
1893,  in  American  Horse  Breeder. 

Nerving" ;  Neurotomy.  The  operation  of  nerving  a 
horse  for  navicular  disease,  and  frequently  for  ringbone.  It  is 
the  act  of  dividing  the  planter  nerve  above  or  below  the  ankle 
— called  high  or  low  operation,  as  the  case  may  be — and  is  only 
practiced  as  a  last  resort  in  what  are  regarded  as  incurable 
cases.  A  horse  upon  which  the  operation  of  nerving  has  been 
performed,  has  been  declared  as  legally  unsound. 

NeAVinarket.  Once  the  racing  center  of  Great  Britain, 
if  not  of  the  world.  On  the  border  of  the  counties  of  Cam- 
bridgeshire and  Suffolk,  England,  twelve  miles  from  the  old 
university  town  of  Cambridge.  Racing  was  established  here 
by  James  I.,  in  1605,  who  erected  a  hunting  seat  called  the 
'•  King's  House."  The  races,  discontinued  on  the  ascension  of 
Charles  L,  and  the  civil  war,  were  revived  on  the  advent  of 
Charles  IL,  who  was  a  munificent  patron  of  the  turf.  He  built 
a  stand-house  here,  for  the  sake  of  the  diversion,  and  re-estab- 
lished the  races  about  1667.  During  the  races  on  March  22, 
1683,  Newmarket  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  accidental  fire, 
which  occasioned  the  hasty  departure  of  the  company  then 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  175 

assembled,  including  the  king,  queen,  the  Duke  of  York,  the 
royal  attendants  and  many  of  the  nobility ;  and  to  this  disaster 
historians  have  attributed  the  failure  of  the  Rye-house  plot, 
the  object  of  which  is  said  to  have  been  the  assassination  of  the 
king  and  his  brother  on  the  road  from  Newmarket  to  London, 
if  the  period  of  their  journey  had  not  been  thus  anticipated. 
The  races  are  held  on  the  beautiful  heath  west  of  the  town, 
and  the  course  is  upward  of  four  miles,  being  considered  the 
best  in  England.  The  training  ground,  on  a  slope  south  of 
the  town,  is  very  fine.  Seven  race  meetings  each  year  are  held 
here,  of  three  days  each.  They  are:  1,  the  Craven;  2,  first 
spring ;  3,  second  spring ;  4,  July ;  5,  first  October ;  6,  second 
October;  7,  the  Houghton.  The  old  course  was  said  to  have 
been  kept  elastic  by  the  action  of  earth  worms.  It  was  divided 
into  eighteen  lengths,  each  having  a  different  name  adapted  to 
the  different  class  of  race  run  on  them  with  regard  to  weight, 
age,  etc.  Among  these  names  were  those  known  as  Ditch  in; 
Across  the  Flat ;  Beacon  Course,  etc.  One  of  its  most  notice- 
able features  was  "  the  Ditch  " — an  embankment  running  from 
the  Cambridge  fens  to  AVood  Ditton,  which,  in  old  times,  all 
riders  were  accustomed  to  salute  in  passing.  See  Salute  the 
Ditch. 

Nick.  To  unite ;  the  act  of  coupling.  In  breeding,  said 
of  the  crossing  of  one  strain  of  blood  with  another,  where  satis- 
factory results  are  reached,  ''  it  nicks  or  unites  well." 

Nicking-.  The  nicking  or  docking  of  the  tail,  by  incis- 
ions in  the  lateral  and  depressor  muscles,  that  the  erector  mus- 
cles may  keep  the  tail  in  a  forced  position  more  or  less  erect 
according  to  the  whim  or  fashion. 

Nigh  ted  Colors.  The  black  outfits  or  rigs  worn  by 
jockeys. 

Nippers.  The  incisor  or  front  teeth  of  the  horse,  twelve 
in  number,  six  in  each  jaw,  three  on  each  side.  Although  the 
incisors  are  all  included  in  the  term  "  nippers  "  as  generally  used, 
only  the  middle  teeth  are  properly  so  called. 

Nobble.  [Eng.]  To  incapacitate  a  horse  from  starting 
in  a  race,  or  from  winning  a  race,  by  previously  drugging, 
laming,  or  otherwise  injuring  him,  is  to  "  nobble  "  him. 

No  Heat.  A  heat  not  awarded.  If,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  judges,  a  horse  has  been  helped  in  coming  to  the  wire  by 
another  horse,  rider  or  driver,  they  have  the  power  to  declare 
the  heat  to  be  "  no  heat,"  and  have  the  same  trotted  over  again. 

Nominator.  The  person  naming  or  making  entry  of  a 
horse  in  a  race.      If  the  nominator  is  not  the  owner  of  the 


176  HA.NDBOOK   OF  THE  TUKF. 

horse,  the  real  name  and  residence  of  the  owner  shall  be  given 
when  the  entry  is  made ;  and  all  persons  making  entries  are 
obliged  to  establish  their  identity,  if  unknown,  to  the  officers 
of  the  course.  In  making  the  first  payment  the  nominator 
thereby  binds  himself  to  pay  the  balance  of  the  entrance  fee, 
or  he  is  liable  to  suspension.  In  courses  under  the  rules  of  the 
Turf  Congress  a  horse  cannot  be  entered  in  the  name  of  any 
person  or  company  unless  such  person  or  company  has  an 
interest  or  property  in  the  horse;  persons  entering  become 
liable  for  the  entrance  fee,  stake  or  forfeit ;  entries  in  purses 
are  not  void  by  the  decease  of  the  nominator,  and  in  no  case  is 
the  entrance  money  refunded  if  the  horse  fails  to  start. 

Nonesuch  Palace.  [Eng.]  A  royal  palace  built  at 
Epsom  by  Henry  YIII.,  (1509-1547),  which  was  a  marvel  of 
magnificence,  erected  on  purpose  for  the  reception  of  the  court 
attending  the  races. 

Northern  King.  The  stallion  Nelson,  2:09.  Bay 
horse,  foaled  1882,  by  young  Rolfe,  2:21^,  (son  of  Tom  Rolfe, 
2:33^,  and  Judith,  by  Draco,  2:28^);  dam,  Gretchen — in  the 
great  brood  mare  list — (the  dam  of  Susie  Owen,  2:26|^;  Daisy 
Rolfe,  2:26^,  and  the  pacer  Edna,  2:24),  by  Gideon,  (son  of 
Rysdyk's  Ilambletonian  and  Dandy,  the  dam  of  Silver  Duke, 
2:28|,  by  Young  Engineer);  second  dam,  Kate,  by  Vermont 
Black  Hawk,  2:42,  son  of  Sherman  Morgan,  by  Justin  Morgan. 
Trotting  inheritance  and  development  are  both  represented  in 
Nelson's  breeding.  Holding  the  world's  record  to  the  close  of 
1893  for  best  mile  over  a  half  mile  track,  made  at  the  Inter- 
State  Fair,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  October  6,  1892,  2:11  f.  At  Rigby 
Park,  Portland,  Maine,  August  12,  1893,  2:09.  Owned  by 
C.  H.  Nelson,  Waterville,  Maine. 

In  1889  Veritas  dubbed  the  good  liorse  Nelson,  "  the  Northern  King," 
and  despite  the  slings  and  arrows  of  outrageous  fortune,  tlirough 
days  dark  with  disaster,  and  days  when  his  mighty  powers  were 
frittered  away  in  useless  efforts  on  country  cow-path  courses,  the 
Northern  King  he  still  remains.  There  are  many  good  liorses,  but 
few  great  ones;  Nelson  has  proved  himself  one  of  the  greatest. — 
The  Horseman,  December  14,  1893. 

Nose.  The  continuation  of  the  forehead  which  ends 
opposite  the  nostrils,  at  an  angle  formed  by  the  line  of  the 
face  and  of  the  muzzle. 

'Nose  Him  Out.  Said  of  a  horse,  when,  by  a  spurt  of 
speed  at  the  close  of  a  heat,  he  finishes  a  nose's  length  ahead 
of  his  competitor;  "It  was  a  close  call,  but  I  nosed  him  out." 

IS'ot  Traced.  When  occurring  in  a  pedigree,  these  words 
indicate  that  the  line  of  ancestry  to  which  it  refers  has  not 
been  followed  back,  or  traced ;  unknown. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF.  177 

Numbers  are  ^Yo^n  on  the  arm  of  the  jockey  or  driver 
corresponding  with  the  number  of  the  horse  riddeif  or  driven' 

the  heat.     By  the  racing  rules  if  a  horse  does  not  start  and 

run  the  course  after  his  number  has  been  exhibited  and    o 

easonable  explanation  for  such  withdrawal  can  be  given  tie 

jadg^es,  they  have  the  authority  to  fine,  suspend,  or  rulf  oft  such 

lings^"^'^^*'^'     ^^'"^  quarters  in  the  stable  assigned  to  wean- 
the  f^o't*  ^^^^'     ^^^  navicular,  or  small  sesamoid  bone  of 


12 


Oaks.  "  The  garter  of  the  English  turf."  The  celebrated 
stakes  for  three  year  old  fillies,  established  by  Edward  Smith 
Stanley,  12th  Earl  of  Derby,  :\Iay  U,  1779.  The  stakes 
received  its  name  from  Lambert's  Oaks,  in  the  parish  of 
Woodmansterne,  formerly  an  inn.  The  house  was  erected  by 
the  Hunter's  Club,  and  was  rented  to  the  Lambert  family.  It 
afterwards  became  the  residence  of  Gen.  Burgoyne,  from  whom 
it  passed  to  the  11th  Earl  of  Derby.  It  is  the  most  important 
fixed  event  of  the  English  turf,  for  fillies  only,  and  consists  of 
fifty  guineas,  forfeit  forty  guineas.  It  is  run  on  tlie  fourth 
day — Friday — of  the  great  Epsom  races  over  the  Derby  course. 
The  Earl  of  Derby,  originator  of  the  stakes,  died  in  1834. 

Oats.  Oats  are  regarded  as  the  best  and  healthiest  of 
all  the  grains  as  a  food  for  horses,  because  the  ingTedients 
necessary  for  the  complete  sustenance  of  the  body  exist  in  them 
in  the  most  perfect  proportions.  They  are  easily  digested  and 
a  large  proportion  of  the  nutritious  elements  which  they  con- 
tain are  absorbed  and  converted  into  the  various  tissues  of  the 
system.  Oats  should  have  a  sweet,  flowery  smell ;  thin,  smooth 
skins  that  slip  quickly  through  the  fingers,  and  a  sweet  taste. 
AVhite  oats  are  generally  thinner  in  the  skin  than  black ;  and 
short,  plump  oats  are  better  than  large,  long  ones.  Xew  are 
chiefly  distinguished  from  old  oats  by  the  smell,  which,  in  the 
former,  is  somewhat  earth-like ;  the  husk  of  the  new  oat  is  also 
bright,  while  its  taste  is  more  sweet  and  milky  than  that  of  the 
old  oat.  Light  oats  are  composed  of  more  skin  or  husk  than 
flour.  Oats  badly  saved,  mouldy,  sprouting,  or  otherwise 
damaged,  will  destroy  the  condition,  if,  indeed,  they  do  not 
cause  disease  in  the  best  horses.  In  the  case  of  most  horses, 
oats  are  better  fed  whole,  although  crushed  or  bruised  oats  are 
preferable  for  old  horses,  aud  those  having  defective  teeth.  Old 
oats,  old  corn  and  old  hay  are  better  than  new  for  feeding.  In 
all  the  States  the  legal  and  standard  weight  of  a  bushel  of  oats 
is  thirty-two  pounds,  excepting  in  Maryland,  where  it  is  twenty- 
six  pounds ;  in  Xew  Jersey,  where  it  is  thirty  pounds,  and  in 
Oregon,  where  it  is  thirty-six  pounds. 

Objections.  An  objection  is  an  ojDposition  to  a  ruling 
or  decision ;    a  complaint  against  a  horse,   driver   or  jockey. 

178 


HAXDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  179 

Objections  must  be  made  before  the  conclusion  of  the  meeting 
at  which  the  race  is  run,  and  shall  be  heard  and  determined 
by  the  judges  of  that  race,  except  in  cases  where  a  longer  time 
is  given  for  their  consideration.  They  must  be  made  by  the 
owner,  trainer  or  jockey  of  some  other  horse  engaged  in  the 
same  race,  or  by  the  officials  of  the  course,  or  by  some  credit- 
able person.  On  the  days  of  the  race  they  must  be  made  to 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  race,  or  to  the  clerk  of  the  course;  and 
at  other  times  to  the  officers  or  the  clerk.  Objections  must  be 
made  in  writing,  if  required;  and  when  so  made  cannot  be 
w'ithd]-aw^n  without  leave  of  the  officers  of  the  association. 
In  all  cases  where  a  decision  cannot  be  made  during  the 
meeting  at  which  the  objection  was  presented,  it  must  be 
made  in  writing  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  clerk 
of  the  com'se.  Objections  may  be  made  to  a  horse  on  the 
ground  of  his  not  having  run  the  proper  course,  or  for 
other  causes.  If  an  objection  to  a  horse  which  has  won  or  been 
placed  in  a  race  be  declared  valid,  the  horse  shall  be  regarded 
as  distanced  in  heats  of  races.  If  an  objection  is  made  as  to 
the  age  of  a  horse,  the  judges  shall  demand  proofs  w^hich  are 
deemed  satisfactory,  of  his  correct  age.  Where  a  dead  heat  is 
run  for  second  place,  and  an  objection  is  made  to  the  winner, 
it  shall  be  run  over,  or  the  horses  shall  divide  or  draw  lots  for 
an  indivisible  prize.  An  objection  on  the  ground  of  fraudulent 
entry,  willful  misstatement  or  on  representation  that  the  horse 
w^hich  ran  was  not  the  horse  entered,  may  be  received  any  time 
within  one  year  after  the  race.  Pending  the  settlement  of  any 
objection,  any  prize  or  money  may  be  withheld  until  such  mat- 
ter is  decided.  If  an  objection  is  made  to  a  horse  in  si  selling 
race  and  after  the  horse  has  been  bought,  if  the  objection  is 
sustained,  the  buyer  may  have  the  option  of  returning  him; 
but  if  the  objection  is  made  before  the  sale,  the  time  of  deliv- 
ery, but  not  of  selling,  may  be  postponed  at  the  option  of  the 
judges.  If  the  objection  is  declared  valid,  the  person  who 
bought  the  horse  shall  have  the  option  of  returning  him. 

Occipital  Crest.  The  bony  prominence  which  consti- 
tutes the  top  of  the  horse's  head,  and  rises,  more  or  less  promi- 
nently, between  the  ears. 

Odds.  The  proportion  or  amount  by  which  the  bet  of 
one  party  to  a  wager  exceeds  that  of  the  other ;  as  to  lay  or 
give  odds. 

Odometer.  A  device  designed  to  register  the  distance 
traveled  by  carriages.  The  machinery  is  contained  in  a  small 
metallic  case  fastened  to  the  axle,  and  is  operated  by  means  of 
a  steef  pin  inserted  on  the  inner  end  of  the  hub,  which  propels 


180  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

the  mechanism  of  the  odometer  with  each  revolution  of  the 
wheel.  The  dial  contains  three  indexes,  each  of  a  different 
color.  A  red  index  registers  a  mile  every  time  it  makes  a  com- 
plete revolution,  and,  as  the  dial  is  divided  into  forty  spaces, 
each  space  represents  one-fortieth  of  a  mile,  or  eight  rods.  A 
yellow  index  revolves  once  every  forty  miles,  and  each  space 
represents  a  mile.  A  blue  index  revolves  once  every  1,600 
miles,  so  that  each  space  represents  forty  miles  in  relation  to 
this  index.  Around  this  dial  are  three  rows  of  figures  which 
register  the  distance,  and  with  each  mile  passed  the  fact  is 
announced  by  one  sharp  stroke  of  a  small  bell.  When  designed 
for  attachment  to  sulkies  for  training  or  trotting  purposes,  a 
bell  strikes  each  quarter  mile. 

Off.  Dead-off.  Spoken  of  a  horse  when  out  of  condition, 
as  off  his  feed,  if  ailing;  off  his  feet,  if  lame;  off  in  going, 
when  he  does  not  do  his  best. 

Off-and-On.     A  term  used  to  describe  the  leap  in  the 

hunt  or  cross-country   riding;    the   taking-off'  and  landing  in 

passing  a  fence  or  ditch. 

The  mare  I  rode  on  the  journey  carried  me  over  the  raised  water- 
courses by  the  Euphrates  in  the  cleverest  way  in  the  world;  off  and 
on,  without  the  least  hanging  or  hesitation,  and  always  with  a  foot 
ready  to  bring  down  in  case  of  need.— The  Bedouin  Tribes  of  the 
Euphrates,  Lady  Anne  Blunt. 

Off  Side.  The  right  hand  side  in  driving  or  riding; 
the  side  most  remote  from  the  driver  or  rider  when  on  the  left 
side  of  his  horse  or  team.  In  English  countries  the  left  hand 
side  is  the  off  side,  when  meeting  teams  on  the  highway. 

Offending  Horse.  A  horse,  which  in  the  hands  of  a 
driver  or  rider  is  guilty  of  disobeying  any  of  the  turf  rules. 
The  National  and  American  Associations  prescribe  that  if  an 
offending  horse  violates  any  of  the  restrictions,  he  shall  not  be 
entitled  to  win  the  heat,  but  shall  be  placed  behind  all  the 
unoffending  horses  in  the  heat ;  and  under  certain  conditions 
the  judges  have  the  right  to  rule  the  horse  out  and  impose  a 
fine  upon  the  rider  or  driver. 

On-and-Off.     Used  in  describing  a  safe  landing  when 

jumping  on  horseback. 

A  good,  hard  bank  on  which  to  land  in  jumping  a  ditch  or  brook, 
(which  is  usually  taken  at  a  half  speed  gallo])),  so  that  the  rider  can 
land  upon  it  and  be  off  without-  danger.  —  The  Practical  Horse 
Keeper,  George  Fleming,  LL.  D.,  M.  R.  C  V.  S. 

On  His  Balance.  Said  of  a  horse  in  good  trotting  or 
running  condition. 

Open  Bridle.  A  bridle  or  headstall  having  no  blinds 
or  blinders. 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  181 

Open  Gait.  A  square  gait;  a  pure  gait.  An  open- 
gaited  trotter  is  one  that  places  his  hind  feet  outside  of  the 
forward  ones  when  in  action  —  said  to  be  the  fastest  mode  of 
locomotion  a  trotter  can  possess. 

Open  Out ;  Open  Up.  To  speed  or  exercise  a  horse, 
before  a  race  in  which  he  is  entered,  takes  place. 

Open  Out.  A  term  applied  to  that  process  of  fitting 
the  heels  of  the  feet  by  cutting  the  horn  between  the  bars  of 
the  foot  and  the  frog. 

Orders.  The  orders  given  riders,  drivers  or  jockeys  by 
the  owners  of  the  horses  they  handle  in  a  race,  in  regard  to  the 
points  of  the  race  and  what  they  are  to  do  when  making  it. 

Oregon  Wonder.  The  horse  Linus,  foaled  at  Marion, 
Oregon,  May  20,  1883.  Clyde  and  French,  chestnut  color, 
.16.2  hands,  weight  1,450  pounds.  At  five  years  of  age  his  tail 
and  mane  began  to  grow,  and  in  1889  dragged  several  feet 
upon  the  ground  when  both  were  braided  and  put  in  sacks. 
From  1890  to  1892  they  increased  in  length  at  the  rate  of 
nearly  two  feet  each  year.  He  was  shown  at  the  Columbian 
World's  Fair  in  1893  as  one  of  the  most  wonderful  horses  ever 
known  in  history.     He  died  in  August,  1894. 

Orloff.  A  breed  of  Russian  trotting  horses  founded 
by  Count  Alexis  Orloff  -  Ortov  -  Tchesmensky,  an  enthusiastic 
horseman,  about  1770  or  1772.  He  imported  a  gray  stallion 
from  Arabia  named  Smetanska,  which  was  bred  to  a  Danish 
mare,  the  produce  being  a  horse  known  as  Palkan  I ;  and  from 
a  union  of  this  half-blood  with  a  Dutch  mare  sprang  a  stallion 
known  as  Barss  I.  All  the  modern  trotters  of  Russia  trace 
their  leinage  back  to  him  and  to  daughters  of  Smetanska  out 
of  English  and  Arabian  mares.  It  took  thirty  years  to  estab- 
lish the  Orloff  as  a  distinct  type.  Their  trotting  performance 
is  remarkable,  and  their  size  is  equal  to  their  speed.  A  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  Count  Orloff  in  1876. 

Ormonde.  A  noted  English  race  horse,  bred  by  the 
Duke  of  Westminster  at  Eaton  Hall,  near  Chester,  England. 
Foaled  in  1883.  In  color  a  rich,  solid  bay;  16.1  hands  high. 
By  Bend  Or,  (son  of  Doncaster  and  Rouge  Rose,  by  Thor- 
manby),  dam,  Lily  Agnes  by  Macaroni;  second  dam,  Polly 
Agnes  by  The  Cure;  third  dam.  Miss  Agnes  by  Birdcatcher. 
Ormonde  has  a  shoulder,  arm  and  muscle  that  are  of  the 
grandest  proportions ;  a  plain,  sensible  head ;  short  back ;  large, 
powerful  stifles,'  and  grand  legs.  He  is  the  sire  of  Orme,  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  horses  that  ever  appeared  on  the 
English  turf,  and  of  itself  alone,  honor  enough  for  a  world's 
horse.     He  was  sold  in  1886  for  2,000  guineas;  in  1889  he 


182  HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TUKF. 

was  sold  to  Senor  Bocan  for  $75,000  and  taken  to  Bnenos 
Ayres,  S.  A.;  in  1890  he  was  sold  to  Baron  Hksch  for  !i?70,000 
and  again  taken  to  England,  and  was  purchased  in  1893  by- 
Mr.  W.  O'B.  Macdonoiigh,  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  for  $150,000 
—  the  highest  price  ever  paid  for  a  horse  in  the  world. 
Ormonde  was  never  beaten.  He  is  probably  the  greatest  race 
horse  ever  bred  in  Great  Britain,  or  anywhere  else.  He 
flourished  in  an  age  remarkable  for  great  race  horses,  such  as 
Minting,  Paradox,  Melton,  Bendigo,  Bard,  St.  Gatien  —  and 
beat  them  aU.  He  always  beat  all  the  Derby  and  St.  Leger 
winners,  and  they  beat  everything  else,  showing  how  great 
they  were.  Even  when  his  wind  was  touched  they  could  not 
beat  him,  showing  how  great  he  was,  how  indomitable  his 
heart  and  muscular  power.  He  is  one  of  the  few  horses  that 
have  won  the  Derby,  St.  Leger,  and  the  2,000  guineas ;  and  is 
said  to  be  the  only  horse  that  ever  won  the  great  Hardwicke 
stakes  at  Ascot  Heath,  twice. 
Ormonde  is  the  liorse  of  the  century.— M.  Horace  Hayes,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S. 

Osslet.  A  hard  substance  growing  on  the  inside  of  a 
horse's  knee. 

Large,  coarse  osslets   show   cold,  mongrel   blood,  —  General  Grant's 
Arabian  Horses,  Randolph  Huntington. 

Out.  Horses  in  a  race  often  do  not  all  appear  for  the 
second  or  subsequent  heat ;  but  those  w  hich  come  on  the  track 
at  the  sound  of  the  bell  are  said  to  be  "  out." 

Outfit.  The  outfit  of  a  rider  or  jockey  in  running  races 
consists  of  cap,  jacket,  knee-breeches,  boots,  spurs  and  whip. 
The  cap  and  jacket,  or  blouse,  are  made  of  satin ;  the  breeches, 
(which  are  always  white),  of  undj^ed  merino ;  the  boots  of  calf 
skin;  the  spurs  of  spring  steel,  and  the  whip  of  whalebone 
with  a  gut  covering.  The  entire  outfit  does  not  Aveigh  more 
than  two  pounds. 

Out  for  an  Airing-.  [Eng.]  Said  of  a  horse  that  is 
backward,  or  of  one  not  meant  to  win. 

Out  of  Form.  A  horse  that  gets  a  bad  start  in  a  heat 
or  race,  either  by  a  jump  cross-legged,  or  in  some  way  which 
makes  it  plain  that  the  race  or  heat  is  lost  to  him  at  the  start, 
is  said  to  be  "  out  of  form." 

Out  of  Hand.  Hand  to  hand;  a  system  of  private 
betting  from  out  the  hand,  or  between  one  person  and  another, 
the  wager  being  placed  in  the  hand  of  a  third  party. 

Oval  Track.  A  track  the  sides  of  which  are  longer 
than  the  ends ;  or  one  where  the  sides,  or  stretches,  are  ninety 
rods  long ;  and  the  ends,  or  turns,  seventy  rods  long. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  183 

Overhead  Rein;   Overdraw  Check.     A  check  or 

bearing  rein  that  passes  over  the  head  of  a  hoi'se  between  the 
ears,  and  thus  to  tlie  bit,  used  with  an  overcheck  bridle.  The 
use  of  sucli  a  check  is  altogether  a  matter  to  be  reguhited  by 
the  disposition  of  the  horse.  Judiciously  used,  an  overhead 
check  need  be  no  more  distressing  or  injurious  to  the  horse 
than  a  side  check;  while  some  drivers  assert  that  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  handle  some  horses  without  the  overhead  rein,  and  that 
such  a  check  is  especially  necessary  for  a  mixed  gaited  colt. 

Overreach.  Where  the  shoe  of  the  hind  foot  strikes 
and  injures  the  iieel  or  quarter  of  the  fore  foot.  It  rarely  occurs 
except  in  trotting  and  running  horses,  and  in  trotters  generally 
takes  place  when  the  animal  breaks  from  a  trot  to  a  run.  It 
results  from  the  faulty  conformation  of  the  horse  and  is  neither 
an  misoundness  iior  a  vice. 

Tlie  hind  foot  should  be  the  last  to  leave  the  ground.  The  early  start 
of  tlie  fore  foot  enables  it  to  clear  the  way  for  the  hind  one  on 
the  same  side  to  advance  to  the  support  of  the  center  of  gravity  in 
its  turn  witliout  being  hit  by  it,  or  overreaclied,  as  it  is  technically 
termed.  The  fore  foot  being  dilatory,  or  having  a  more  circiii tons 
route  to  travel,  or  the  disproportion  in  the  length  of  the  body  to 
that  of  the  legs,  exposes  the  fetlo(;k  and  heel  to  injury  from  the  shoe 
of  the  hind  foot:  but  generally  the  hind  foot  is  pushed  under  the 
forward  one  as  the  latter  rises. — The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B. 
Stillman. 

Over  the  Sticks.     Running  a  hurdle  race. 

Overweig'ht.  The  law  of  the  trotting  turf  provides 
that  if  the  weight  of  any  driver  exceeds  twenty  pounds  the  con- 
ditions or  rule  of  the  race,  the  judges  may,  if  they  have  reason 
to  believe  that  such  extra  weight  was  imposed  on  the  horse  for 
an  improper  purpose,  substitute  another  driver  of  suitable 
weight.  By  the  American  racing  rules  a  horse  is  not  qualified 
to  run  witli  more  than  five  pounds  overweight ;  and  if  he  carry 
more  than  two  pounds  which  has  not  been  duly  declared  and 
announced  by  the  clerk  of  the  course,  he  is  disqualified. 

Owner.  By  the  rules  of  the  American  Turf  Congress, 
an  owner  includes  part  owner  or  leasee  of  a  horse,  and  proof  of 
ownership  must  be  given  when  required,  or  the  horse  becomes 
disqualified.  If  a  jockey  is  an  entire  owner  of  a  horse  or 
horses  he  shall  only  be  permitted  to  ride  his  own  horses. 

Owners'  Handicap.  A  race  in  which  the  owner  fixes 
at  the  time  of  entry  the  weight  his  horse  is  to  carry. 

Owners  Up.  A  term  denoting  that  in  the  race  to  which 
it  is  applied,  the  owners  of  the  horses  entered  for  it,  are  to  ride 


Pace,  A  word  constantly  used  as  a  general  term  to 
describe  all  the  different  gaits  and  modes  of  progression  of  the 
horse ;  hence,  a  fast  horse,  one  showing  remarkable  speed,  is 
almost  invariably  spoken  of  as  "  going  at  a  great  pace,'' 
although  his  gait  may  be  the  trot  and  not  the  pace. 

Pace.  A  gait  in  which  the  horse  moves  two  legs  on  the 
same  side  at  the  same  time,  and  both  feet  strike  as  one  —  then 
the  limbs  on  the  other  side  are  advanced  and  strike  as  one  foot. 
The  two  strokes :  One,  two,  complete  the  revolution.  To  the 
ear,  therefore,  as  well  as  the  eye,  the  motions  of  the  pace  are, 
one,  two  ;  one,  two  ;  at  regular  and  distinct  intervals,  the  horse 
appearing,  by  the  sound,  at  least,  to  have  but  two  feet.  The 
lateral  motion  of  the  pacer  is  without  doubt  as  old  as  the  diag- 
onal motion  of  the  trotter,  and  the  two  gaits  were  contempo- 
raneous centuries  ago,  just  as  they  are  in  this  country  to-day ; 
at  least  it  is  clear  that  the  exact  motion  of  the  pace  now,  is  like 
the  motion  of  the  amble  in  England  described  two  hundred 
years  ago  by  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  The  j)acing  gait  is  more 
favorable  to  a  high  rate  speed  with  the  same  expenditure  of 
vital  force,  than  the  trotting  gait. 

While  in  the  trot  the  center  of  gravity  falls  near  the  intersection  of  the 
two  straifjht  lines  drawn  througli  the  diagonal  foolpri-nts,  in  the 
pace  it  is  shifted  from  side  to  side,  as  the  right  or  left  feet  alter- 
nately support  the  weiglit.  Tlie  effect  of  this  is  to  give  a  i-oUing 
motion  to  the  body  like  that  of  a  ship  with  tlie  wind  abeam.  It  is  an 
easy  pace  for  t  he  rider,  being  free  from  the  short  undulations  of  the 
trot.  *  *  *  The  necessity  which  exists  of  rapidly  changing  the 
base  of  support  from  side  to  side,  makes  it  practicable  in  the  horse 
only  when  the  speed  is  considerable  and  quite  impossible  in  the 
rate  pursued  in  the  walk. — The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Pacer.  A  horse  whose  natural  gait  is  the  pace.  All  fam- 
ilies of  pacers  lack  hock  action  and  go  close  to  the  ground ;  hence 
the  pacer  is  utterly  unsuitable  for  cross-country  riding.  He  is 
not  a  jumper  and  his  action  is  too  much  of  the  gliding  nature, 
and  too  near  the  ground,  to  ever  think  of  his  becoming  a 
hunter. 

Pacers  are  ordinarily  not  as  handy  in  recovering  from  a  break  as  are 
trotters,  but  even*  at  that  it  is  only  once  in  a  longtime,  that,  with 
ordinary  care  on  the  part  of  the  driver,  a  pacer  that  has  the  speed 
of  his  field  need  be  distanced  simply  because  in  some  particular  heat 
he  is  unsteady. — Wallace's  Monthly. 

Pacers.  In  the  Year  Book,  and  in  all  correctly  printed 
summaries  of  races,  the  names  of  pacers  are  placed  in  italics. 

184 


HAis'DBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  185 

Pacers.  To  the  close  of  1893,  there  were  fourteen  pacers 
with  records  of  2:08,  and  thirty-two  with  records  of  2:10; 
while  the  number  with  records  of  2:30  or  better,  was  about  two 
thousand. 

Pace-maker.  The  leading  horse  in  a  heat  is  said  to  be 
the  "  pace-maker,"  as  he  sets  the  pace  for  the  field. 

Paciii8"-blood.     It   is   generally   believed    that   pacing 

blood  is  an  element  of  great  speed  in  the  trotter ;  in  support  of 

which  is  cited  the  case  of  Blue  Bull,  the  great  pacing  sire  of 

trotters,  who  never   showed  a  disposition  or  ability  to  trot  at 

any  rate  of  speed,  yet  he  maintains  his  position  as  one  of  the 

three  or  four  great  progenitors  of  trotters.     This  is  believed  to 

be  evidence  of  the  oneness  of  the  trotting  and  pacing  gaits. 

There  are  multiplied  evidences  that  a  horse  may  be  trotting 

bred  and  his  natural  habit  of  action  may  be  the  lateral  motion 

— the  pace ;  or  he  may  be  pacing  bred,  and  his  habit  of  action 

may  be  the  diagonal  gait — the  trot.     It  is  true  that  if  the  horse 

move  the  two  legs  on  one  side  at  the  same  instant,  he  is  a  pacer ; 

and  if  he  moves  the  diagonal  legs  at  the  same  instant,  he  is  a 

trotter,  however  he  may  have  been   bred.     If  one  desires  to 

know  where  the  trotting  colt  gets  his  pacing  action,  he  has 

inevitably  to  go  back  to  his  pacing  ancestors. 

No  coit  has  ever  been  foaled  a  natural  pacer  that  did  not  have  a  pacing 
inlieritance  or  ancestry  from  some  source. — Wallace's  Monthly. 

Pacing"  standard.  The  following  rules  embrace  the 
pacing  standard  for  registry  in  the  American  Trotting  and 
Pacing  Register : 

First:  Any  pacing  stallion  that  has  a  record  of  2:25  or 
better;  provided  any  of  his  get  has  a  record  of  2:30  pacing, 
or  better ;  or  provided  his  sire  or  dam  is  already  a  standard 
pacing  animal. 

Second :  Any  mare  or  gelding  that  has  a  pacing  record  of 
2:25,  or  better. 

Third:  Any  horse  that  is  the  sire  of  two  pacers  with 
records  of  2:25. 

Fourth:  Any  horse  that  is  the  sire  of  one  pacer  with  a 
record  of  2:25  or  better,  provided  he  has  either  of  the  following- 
additional  qualifications — 1  :  A  pacing  record  of  2:30  or  better ; 
2  :  Is  the  sire  of  two  other  animals  with  pacing  records  of  2:30 ; 
3 :  Has  a  sire  or  dam  that  is  already  a  standard  pacing  animal. 

Fifth :  Any  mare  that  has  produced  a  pacer  with  a  record 
of  2:25,  or  better. 

Sixth :  The  progeny  of  a  standard  pacing  horse  when  out 
of  a  standard  pacing  mare. 


186  HANDBOOK    OP   THE   TURF. 

Seventh :  The  female  progeny  of  a  standard  pacing  horse 
when  out  of  a  mare  by  a  standard  pacing  horse. 

Eighth :  The  female  progeny  of  a  standard  pacing  horse 
when  out  of  a  mare  whose  dam  is  a  standard  pacing  mare. 

Ninth:  Any  mare  that  has  a  pacing  record  of  2:30,  or 
better,  whose  sire  or  dam  is  a  standard  pacing  animal. 

Tenth :  The  progeny  of  a  standard  trotting  horse,  out  of  a 
standard  pacing  mare,  or  of  a  standard  pacing  horse,  out  of 
a  standard  trotting  mare. 

Pacingr— World's  Record.  [To  the  close  of  1893.] 
One  mile — Mascot,  by  Deceive,  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  September 
29,  1892,  (race  record)  ;  and  Flying  Jib,  by  Algona,  Chicago, 
111.,  September  15,  1893,  (against  time),  2:04.  Fastest  mile  by 
a  stallion — Direct,  by  Director,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  November  8, 
1892,  2:05^.  Fastest  mile  to  wagon  —  Eoy  Wilkes,  by  Adrian 
Wilkes,  Independence,  Iowa,  (kite  track),  October  30,  1891, 
2:13.  Fastest  mile  under  saddle  —  Johnston,  by  Joe  Bassett, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  August  3,  1888,  2:13. 

Packing.  The  act  of  stopping,  or  stuffing  a  horse's  foot 
when  in  stable,  by  covering  the  sole  with  some  moist  and  soft 
material,  which  is  often  fastened  in  place  by  means  of  a  thin 
steel  spring  inserted  under  the  rim  of  the  shoe.  Various  mate- 
rials are  used — moist  clay,  a  wet  sponge,  damp  moss,  (peat), 
petrolatum,  (a  packing  saturated  with  petroleum),  and  felt 
pads,  which  are  made  to  fit  the  sole,  and  are  fastened  by  means 
of  a  metallic  toe-piece  and  a  strap  which  buckles  around  the 
foot.     As  a  winter  packing,  tar  and  oakum  is  often  used. 

Pad.     A  pad-horse ;  a  road-horse. 

Pad.  A  small  lay,  or  cushion,  made  of  leather,  felt  or 
deer  skin,  kersey-lined,  placed  under  the  saddle  of  a  harness, 
to  prevent  it  from  resting  dii'ectly  on  the  back  of  the  horse. 

Pad.  The  saddle  on  the  top  of  a  surcingle,  used  in  giv- 
ing the  colt  his  first  lessons  in  bitting ;  to  which  the  turrets 
through  which  the  reins  play  are  fastened,  thus  keeping  the 
colt's  head  in  line  with  his  body,  preventing  accidents  and 
securing  an  evenly  made  mouth  and  carriage. 

Pad-tree.  A  soft  cushion,  or  stuffed  part  of  a  saddle  or 
harness ;  used  to  fill  up  a  hollow,  to  relieve  pressure,  or  as  a 
protection  from  a  saddle  gall. 

Paddling'.  An  erratic  action  of  the  forward  feet  by 
which  the  horse  goes  very  wide,  and  swings  the  near  or  off, 
and  sometimes  both  forward  feet,  outward,  when  at  speed.  In 
general,  paddlers  are  bad  scalpers,  are  liable  to  hop,  and  should 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  187 

never  be  used  without  scalpers  aud  hind  ankle  boots  with  pas- 
tern attachments. 

Paddock.  An  enclosure  near  the  stable  in  which  horses 
are  turned  out  for  exercise,  or  when  not  required  for  work;  or 
for  aid  in  restoring  to  health  and  soundness  those  wdiich  are 
recovering  from  lameness  or  sickness.  It  should  have  a  sup- 
ply of  water,  and  also  an  open  shed  under  wiiich  the  horses  may 
go  during  showers  or  in  the  heat  of  mid-day.  A  paddock  is  not 
a  pasture,  and  it  must  not  be  regarded  as,  in  any  sense,  a  graz- 
ing ground. 

Palfrey.  A  breed  of  saddle  horses  of  the  best  type, 
such  as  kings  and  the  nobility  who  had  large  studs  kept  for 
their  own  personal  use  when  they  rode  privately,  without  state, 
or  made  short  journeys.  These  Palfreys  were  under  the  pecul- 
iar charge  of  a  private  officer  of  the  king's  household,  while 
the  other  horses  of  the  stud  fell  to  the  care  of  the  master  of 
the  horse,  or  officer  of  the  stable.  They  were  perfectly  white, 
with  round  barrel  and  Barb  head,  originally  from  Spain  or 
Barbary,  and  rarely  exceeded  the  size  of  a  Galloway.  The 
breed  is  now  nearly  extinct. 

Pannel.  The  lining  of  the  saddle  which  lies  between 
the  tree  and  the  horse's  back. 

Pantograpli  Snaffle.  A  double-barred  snaffle  bit. 
The  joints  of  the  bars  are  not  in  the  center,  but  that  of  one 
bar  is  at  a  point  one-third  of  its  length  to  one  side,  that  of  the 
other  one-third  of  its  length  to  the  opposite  side ;  so  that,  in 
operation,  it  has  a  double  converging  action,  and  is  a  very 
severe  bit.  It  is  designed  for  a  hard  puller,  or  a  horse  liable 
to  take  the  bit  in  his  teeth. 

Paralysis.  A  horse  liable  to  attacks  of  paralysis,  from 
having  eaten  ergoted  hay,  is  unsound. 

Parker.     A  fashionable  saddle  horse. 

Parotid  Grland.  A  gland  situated  under  the  horse's 
ears.  When  from  any  cause  it  becomes  ulcerated,  it  is  an 
unsoundness. 

Passage.  A  French  term,  signifying  a  short  and  very 
light  trot,  in  which  each  fore  limb,  in  its  turn,  when  it  is 
raised  to  the  highest  point,  is  poised  in  the  air  for  an  instant, 
and  is  bent  at  the  knee  and  fetlock.  Similar  to  the  Spanish 
walk,  and  Spanish  trot. 

Pastern.  The  short  column  of  bones  which  is  placed 
between  the  fetlock  and  the  hoof;  in  comparative  anatomy 
corresponding  to  the  first  phalanx  of  the  middle  finger  of  the 
human  hand,  or  the  first  phalanx  of  the  toe  on  the  human 


188  HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF. 

foot.  When  the  pastern  joint  of  one  or  both  of  the  fore  legs 
is  perpendicular  to  the  rest  of  the  leg,  instead  of  sloping  back- 
ward, if  this  defect  arise  from  work,  the  animal  is  unsound. 
With  the  hind  legs  this  does  not  obtain,  for  a  horse  may  be 
quite  upright  in  the  joints  of  the  hind  legs,  and  yet  be  perfectly 
sound. 

The  pastern  is  tlie  most  important  part  of  the  leg.  If  the  horse  is  to  be 
used  under  the  saddle  the  kind  witli  long  oblique  pasterns  are 
more  elastic  and  graceful  in  their  movements,  than  the  short,  upright 
sort,  which  are  often  unpleasant  to  the  equestrian  on  account  of 
the  concussion  produced  by  the  move  or  less  upright  columns  of 
bone.  Very  straight  pasterns  ai-e  not  desirable  on  account  of  the 
concussion  they  are  liable  to  i)roduce,  but  even  the  long,  oblique 
kind  may  be,  and  often  are,  overdone;  in  them  the  strain  ui:)on  the 
parts  is  liable  to  produce  an  irritation  that  in  its  turn  will  cause 
ringbone.  The  pasterns  of  the  fore  leg  are  usually  a  little  more 
upriyht  tlian  t  hose  of  the  hind  leg.— E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S.,  Michigan 
State  Ct)llege  Experiment  Station. 

Pastern-bone.  Either  one  of  the  two  proximal  pha- 
langes of  a  horse's  foot ;  the  first  phalanx  being  the  great  pas- 
tern, articulated,  (or  united),  above  with  the  cannon-bone  at 
the  pastern  joint ;  and  the  second  phalanx,  the  small  pastern, 
united  below  with  the  third  phalanx,  or  coffin-bone,  inclosed 
in  the  hoof. 

Pastern- joint.  The  joint,  or  articulation  of  a  horse's 
foot,  between  the  great  pastern-bone  and  the  cannon-bone. 

Patrol  Judges.  Persons  appointed  by  the  judges  of  a 
race  to  inspect  the  back  turns  and  stretches  of  a  track  during 
a  race ;  to  observe  that  the  heats  are  trotted  honestly,  and  to 
report  to  the  judges  any  foul  or  improper  conduct  on  the  part 
of  riders  or  drivers,  if  any  has  come  under  their  observation. 
A  patrol  judge,  while  an  agent  of  the  judges,  is,  to  all  intents 
and  pm-poses,  a  judge.  Should  there  be  one  patrol  judge  at 
each  of  the  four  turns,  then,  if  a  claim  of  foul  was  made,  the 
judges  would  be  in  a  position  to  ascertain,  from  their  official 
aids,  the  exact  truth  of  the  matter  in  each  instance. 

Peat  Moss.  Used  largely  in  city  stables  for  bedding. 
It  is  free  from  odor,  incombustible,  lasting,  and  is  never  eaten, 
even  by  the  most  inveterate  bedding-consuming  horse. 

Pedigree.  The  line  of  descent;  ancestry.  A  writing, 
or  copy  of  records,  giving  the  names,  dates,  etc.,  concerning 
the  progenitors  or  ancestors  of  a  certain  horse,  and  establishing 
his  descent  from  certain  famous  sires  and  dams ;  an  evidence 
of  breeding. 

Pelham.  A  combination  bit  of  snaffle  and  curb,  or  a 
single  bit  with  two  pairs  of  reins,  which  acts  either  as  a  plain 
bar  or  curb — less  severe  than  the  true  curb  bit,  and  a  bit 
which  is  much  esteemed  by  jockeys,  as  it  allows  them  to  have 
complete  control  over  their  horses.     The  best  racing  bit. 


HANDBOOK   or  THE  TUEF.  189 

Penalties.  Added  weight.  As  an  illustration,  take 
the  following-  example :  "  Purse  of  .|500,  of  which  -11570  to 
second  and  IfoO  to  third.  For  three-year-olds  ;  winners  of  two 
races  to  carry  five  pounds  extra;  those  that  have  not  won  a 
race  allowed  seven  pounds.  One  mile."  In  all  races  exclu- 
sively for  three-year-olds,  the  weight  is  122  pounds.  Now,  if 
a  horse  was  entered  that  had  won  two  races,  it  would  be 
obliged  to  carry  127  pounds;  or,  in  other  words,  would  carry 
a  five  pound  penalty.  Hence,  a  penalty  is  an  added  weight 
to  the  better  horse.  Penalties  are  invariably  obligatory,  but 
are  not  cumulative  unless  so  declared  by  the  conditions  of  a 
race. 

Performance.  That  which  is  accomplished ;  as  a  heat, 
or  race ;  any  contest  on  a  i  ace  course  or  track,  between  horses, 
or  singly,  for  a  prize  or  against  time. 

Performance  Against  Time.  A  performance  in 
which  a  horse  starts  to  equal  or  beat  a  specified  time ;  now 
regulated  by  rules  of  the  National  and  American  trotting  asso- 
ciations. Performances  against  time  are  marked  with  a  star, 
(*),  in  the  Trotting  Register,  to  distinguish  them  from  records 
obtained  in  a  race.     See  Against  Time. 

Periplantar.  The  Charlier  method  of  shoeing,  by 
which  the  sole,  frog  and  bars  of  the  foot  are  left  untouched  by 
the  knife ;  the  toe  and  front  quarters  of  the  crust,  or  wall  of 
the  hoof,  is  beveled  into  a  groove,  or  recess,  into  which  the 
thin  plate  of  steel,  or  shoe,  is  fitted.  Its  object  is  to  take  the 
place  of  the  perishable  horn  forming  the  circumference  of  the 
foot,  and  which  is  being  constantly  worn  and  broken  away, 
replace  it  by  a  more  durable  material,  and  leave  the  parts  of 
the  foot  to  perform  their  natural  functions  unimpaired.  See 
Charlier  Shoe. 

Phalanges.  The  digital  bones  of  the  hand  or  foot 
beyond  the  metacarpus  or  metatarsus.  The  knee  of  the  horse 
corresponds  to  the  back  of  the  wrist  of  man,  and  everything 
below  it  corresponds  to  the  hand  proper.  The  phalanges  of 
the  horse's  foot  are  connected  by  hinge  joints,  allowing  only 
motions  of  bending  backwards  and  forwards ;  viz  :  The  large 
pastern,  small  pastern,  and  coffin-bone. 

Phenomenal  Trotting".  Remarkable ;  unusual.  The 
extreme  speed  attained  during  the  decade,  1882  to  1893,  the 
rapid  and  marvellous  reducing  of  the  trotting  records,  and  the 
fast  time  made  by  individual  animals,  have  been  phenomenal 
— hence  the  term  is  one  that  has  obtained  recognized  currency 
in  turf  language. 


190  HAIs^DBOOK   OP  THE   TURF. 

Piaffer.  [Eq.]  A  passage  without  gaining  ground. 
A  French  term  meaning  the  graceful  position  of  the  body  of 
the  horse  and  the  harmonious  precision  of  movement  of  tlie 
legs  and  feet.  The  most  brilliant  kind  of  piaffer  is  when  the 
movement  is  slow,  lofty,  in  true  cadence  and  with  a  well- 
marked  pause  as  each  leg  is  raised  to  its  highest  point. 

Picking"  Up,  is  the  short  for  a  driver's  expression  of 
"picking  a  horse  up  and  setting  him  down  in  front;"  which 
means  the  act  of  pulling  the  horse  together;  rallying  him  for 
a  great  effort ;  going  to  the  lead. 

Pig-eon  Toed.  A  defective  conformation  whereby  the 
feet  point  inwardly.  Where  the  defect  is  such  as  to  impede 
the  horse  in  his  work,  but  not  otherwise,  he  is  unsound. 

Pigskin,  The.     A  jockey's  saddle. 

Pincliers.  The  two  front  incisors  of  the  upper  and 
lower  jaw  of  the  first,  and  also  of  the  permanent  dentition,  are 
called  the  "pinchers"  or  "pincher  teeth." 

Pink-eye.  A  contagious  influenza  of  horses;  a  febrile 
disease  closely  allied  to  scarlet  fever  in  man,  so  named  from 
the  pink  color  of  the  conjunctiva,  (the  mucus  membrane  which 
lines  the  inner  surface  of  the  eyelids.)  Until  cured,  an 
unsoundness. 

Pipe-opener.  A  brisk  exercise  given  the  horse  for  the 
purpose  of  starting  up  his  wind ;  to  open  him  out  at  a  corking 
brush  for  the  benefit  of  his  breathing ;  to  clear  out  his  pipes. 
Mr.  Marvin  says  of  his  training  of  Sunol:  "We  trained  her 
as  usual,  driving  no  more  miles,  but  speeding  fast  quarters, 
with  an  occasional  pipe-opener  at  a  half." 

Place.  The  word  place  in  racing  means  first,  second  or 
third.  When  a  horse  is  decided  by  the  judges  to  be  first, 
second  or  third  in  a  race  he  is  said  to  be  "placed,"  or  gets  a 
place;  but  in  the  betting  a  horse  must  "to  win"  be  first;  "for 
the  place"  be  second  or  better;  and  "to  show"  be  third. 
Horses  are  placed  in  the  race  in  the  position  in  which  they 
passed  the  judges  in  the  deciding  heat.  A  horse  not  placed  in 
a  deciding  heat  has  no  place  in  the  race,  nor  is  he  entitled  to 
any  portion  of  the  prize  or  purse ;  provided  there  is  no  third 
money,  in  which  case  the  third  horse  in  the  race  of  heats  is  not 
to  be  deprived  of  third  money  if  ruled  out  for  not  winning  a 
heat  in  two,  three  or  more  heats,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Placing  Horses.  In  placing  or  ranking  horses  other 
than  the  winner  in  a  race,  the  trotting  rules  require  that  those 
that  have  won  two  heats  shall  be  regarded  as  better  than  those 
winning  one;  a  horse  that  has  won  a  heat  is  better  than  a 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  191 

horse  making  a  dead  heat ;  one  winning  one  or  two  heats  and 
making  a  dead  heat,  better  than  one  winning  an  equal  number 
of  heats  but  not  making  a  dead  heat;  one  winning  a  heat  or 
making  a  dead  heat  and  not  distanced  in  a  race,  better  than 
one  that  has  not  won  a  heat  or  made  a  dead  heat,  and  one  that 
has  been  placed  "•  second "  one  heat,  better  than  a  horse  that 
has  been  placed  "  third  "  any  number  of  heats. 

Planer.  A  track  building  and  finishing  machine  made 
of  several  patterns,  all  similar  in  construction  and  operated 
much  alike.  In  general  they  consist  of  a  body  or  framework 
of  wood  and  iron,  upon  four  small  iron  wheels.  Under  this 
framework  and  between  the  forward  and  hind  wheels  are  two 
cutters  placed  diagonally  to  the  body  of  the  machine  and  to 
the  track,  operated  by  means  of  levers  controlled  by  screw 
purchase,  and  by  which  they  are  raised  or  lowered  being  thus 
properly  adjusted  to  the  work  they  have  to  do.  The  cutters 
are  each  about  thirteen  feet  long,  placed  two  feet  apart ;  the 
forward  one  usually  has  a  serrated  edge  and  is  called  a  harrow ; 
the  rear  one  is  a  plane  scraper.  When  at  woijc  these  machines 
di'ess  or  plane  a  section  of  the  track  from  seven  to  nine  feet 
wide.  The  usual  weight  of  such  planers  or  track  machines  is 
about  two  thousand  pounds. 

Plantar  Cushion.  A  thick  pad  of  fibrous  tissue, 
situated  behind  and  under  the  navicular  and  coffin  bones,  and 
resting  on  the  sole  and  frog  of  the  foot.  It  is  wedge-shaped, 
the  narrow,  pointed  end  which  is  turned  forwards  and  reaches 
to  the  middle  of  the  under  surface  of  the  foot,  causes  the 
center  triangular  prominence  known  as  the  frog.  The  plantar 
cushion  is  one  of  the  most  important  divisions  of  the  foot,  its 
office  being  to  receive  the  downward  pressure  of  the  column  of 
bones  in  the  leg,  and  to  destroy  the  concussion  occasioned  by 
rapid  motion.     See  Frog. 

Plate.  A  light  shoe,  or  protection  for  the  foot,  for  run- 
ning horses ;  a  bar  plate.  They  are  made  of  steel  or  aluminum 
and  weigh  from  one  and  three-fourths  to  four  ounces,  accord- 
ing to  the  size  and  also  to  the  weight  the  horse  is  to  carry. 
They  have  no  calks  and  are  each  fastened  with  six  small  nails. 

Plate.     A  cup,  flagon  or  other  article  of  precious  metal 

awarded  to  the  winner  in  a  contest,  or  to  the  owner  of  the 

winning  horse;  a  sum  of  money  offered  as  a  prize  in  a  speed 

contest,  as  the  "king's  plate,"  "^embers'  plate." 

The  trotter  should  be  bred  to  trot  just  as  the  thoroughbred  runs  in 
plates.— American  Horse  Breeder. 

Plater;  Selling-  Plater.  A  horse  that  competes  for 
a  plate;  "selling  plater,"  is  a  liorse  of  medium  quality  or  what 


192  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

might  be  termed  a  low  class  race  horse,  such  as  start  in  selling 
races  where  the  weight  is  graduated  by  the  price.  Class  is 
determined  by  ability  to  go  fast  for  a  distance  and  carry 
weight,  but  the  want  of  class  makes  the  "plater."  Still,  many 
good  horses  go  in  such  races,  their  owners  backing  them 
heavily  and  then  buying  them  in. 

Play  or  Pay.  An  imperative  ruling.  In  all  match 
performances  where  t^ie  amount  of  the  match  is  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  stakeholder  one  day  before  the  event  comes  oft", 
the  race  becomes  play  or  pay;  that  is,  whether  the  match 
comes  off  or  not  the  stake  is  forfeited  and  all  the  money  goes 
as  wagered.  All  English  races  are  so  declared,  and  it  applies 
to  all  trotting  and  racing  matches  under  American  rules. 

Plebeian-Bred.     Coarsely  bred ;  of  cold,  mongrel  blood. 

We  thought  notliing  great  couhl  come  from  her  plebeian-bred  dam.— 
Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Plug".  A  common  term  for  an  old  or  used-up  horse ;  an 
awkward,  untradable  horse  ;  a  lunk-head. 

Plug'g'ing'-     The  act  of  stopping  horses'  ears  with  cotton 

in  order  to  render  them  more  steady  when  in  training  or  at 

work ;  and  to  make  them  less  liable  to  become  rattled  by  the 

noise  and  confusion  often  occurring  on  tracks  when  horses  are 

at  work,  or  during  a  race.     It  is  a  method  that  does  not  succeed 

with  all  horses,  and  must  be  employed  with  great  caution. 

A  great  many  horses  treated  in  this  manner  will  act  as  tliough  they 
were  duinb— will  not  try  to  go,  and  Avill  stop  to  sliake  tlieir  heads 
when  asked  to  trot.  If  yon  have  a  horse  that  yon  think  will  do 
better  with  this  treatment  commence  with  him  gradually.  That 
is,  in  liis  work  put  just  a  little  cotton  in  his  ears  at  first,  or,  wliat  is 
still  better,  pnt  it  in  his  ears  while  he  is  in  the  stable,  and  let  him 
get  used  to  it  in  that  manner. — Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Plunge.  A  sudden  and  violent  pitching  forward  of  the 
body,  in  which  the  horse  throws  himself  forward  and  extends 
the  hind  legs  upward;  the  exertion  of  great  force  upon  the 
propellers  to  plunge  the  body  forward  in  an  erratic  manner. 
Mr.  Marvin  says  of  one  of  the  horses  which  he  trained :  "At 
times  she  plunged  violently." 

Plunger.  To  lay  large  stakes;  a  dashing,  reckless 
better ;  a  venturesome  speculator. 

Plunger.  That  part  of  the  interior  construction  of  the 
valve-stem  in  a  pneumatic  sulky  wheel,  which  prevents  the 
escape  of  the  air.  It  consists  of  a  small  piston  the  head  of 
which  is  beveled  in  cone-shape,  which  plays  within  the  cylinder 
and  is  fitted  between  sections  of  rubber  and  felt  packing. 
When  the  air  is  forced  into  the  tire  through  this  valve-stem  by 
means  of  the  air  pump,  the  piston  is  forced  back,  or  down 
against  a  minute  spring  fixed  at  the  base  of  the  stem;  and 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  193 

with  the  cessation  of  each  stroke  of  the  pump,  this  spring 
forces  the  piston  up,  the  cone-point  being  pressed  against  the 
packing  where  it  is  kept  in  place,  <^hus  preventing  the  escape  of 
the  air. 

Pneumatic  Sulky.  A  sulky  having  a  rubber  air- 
inflated,  or  pneumatic  tire.     See  Sulky. 

Early  in  1892,  Sterling  Elliott,  a  bicycle  manufacturer  of  Newton,  Mass., 
took  the  large  wlieel.s  oil'  an  ordinary  sulky  and  substituted  a  pair 
of  28-inch  pneumatic  bicycle  wheels,  (in  exactly  the  same  manner 
in  which  thousands  of  sulkies  have  been  altered  since.)  This  sulky 
was  taken  to  a  private  track  and  a  trainer  there  employed  was 
asked  to  hitch  a  liorse  to  it  and  give  it  a  trial.  *  *  *  He  had  not 
ridden  the  distance  from  the  barn  to  the  track  before  he  began  to 
look  serious,  and  after  the  first  half  mile  he  made  this  earnest 
statement:  "If  1  were  going  into  a  race  for  my  life  I  would  take 
that  sulky  in  preference  to  any  on  which  I  ever  sat."  During  the 
next  few  days  his  opinion  was  endorsed  by  other  horsemen,  and 
Mr.  Elliott  at  once  took  steps  to  secure  such  rights  as  he  was 
entitled  to  under  the  patent  laws.— Fneumatic  Wheels  and  How  to 
Apply  Them. 

1  have  understood  that  the  pneumatic  tire  sulky  was  first  used  in  some 
place  in  New  England.  Its  real  adoption,  however,  was  at  the 
Detroit  Grand  Circuit  meeting  in  1892.  There  was  one  sulky  sent  to 
Budd  Doble  who  would  not  use  it  for  Nancy  Hanks.  He  loaned  it 
to  Ed.  Geers  who  trotted  the  hoi'se  Honest  George  in  it  winning  his 
race.  At  Cleveland,  the  week  following,  there  were  two  sulkies, 
and  it  was  at  the  Cleveland  meeting  at  which  their  superiority  was 
positively  demonstrated  and  admitted.  From  that  on  everybody 
got  them  as  fast  as  it  was  possible  to  have  them  built  and  rigged.— 
Letter.of  Wm.  IJ.  Fasig,  New  York. 

Pneumatic  Tire.  A  rubber  tire  fitted  to  contain  air, 
attached  to  the  outside  of  the  felloe  or  rim  of  a  sulky  wheel. 
There  are  different  patterns,  some  of  which  are  one-piece  tires, 
while  others  are  fitted  with  a  second  or  inner  tire,  smaller  than 
the  outer.  They  are  molded  whole,  and  are  generally  one  and 
three-fourths  inch  in  outside  diameter.  In  the  center  of  some 
tires,  between  the  outer  and  inner  sections  of  vulcanized  rubber, 
is  a  section  formed  of  two  layers  of  Sea  Island  cotton,  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
greater  strength,  and  to  which  the  inner  tube  is  vulcanized. 
They  are  attached  to  the  rim  by  means  of  shellac  or  a  high  grade 
of  coach  varnish,  or  by  a  cement,  the  composition  of  which  is 
a  manufacturers'  secret. 

Pocket.  A  horse  is  said  to  be  in  a  pocket  when  he  is  in  a 
race,  and  is  so  confined  behind  a  leading  horse  and  between  the 
pole  and  another  horse,  or  with  a  horse  on  each  side  of  him, 
that  he  cannot  get  out  of  his  position.  The  act  of  his  getting 
in  such  pocket  may  be  a  perfectly  natural  one,  or  it  may  have 
been  aided  by  some  one  to  get  a  competitor  bottled  up,  or  out 
of  the  way,  or  for  the  purpose  of  helping. 

Point  Pockets.  Small  pockets  in  the  saddle  in  which 
the  ends  of  the  points  of  the  tree  rest. 

13 


194  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUKF. 

Points.  Exterior  conformation.  All  those  outward  feat- 
ures or  sections  of  the  horse's  form,  which  have  different  names 
and  different  functions,  the  union  or  combination  of  which 
make  up  the  whole  exterior  of  beauty  and  perfect  service. 
The  term  points  has  commonly  been  used  to  describe  the  mem- 
bers, or  legs  of  the  horse,  as  in  the  phrase  :  "Bay  with  black 
points,"  meaning  black  legs;  as  though  they  were  the  only 
points  possessed  by  the  horse.  In  fact,  however,  every  part  of 
the  exterior  of  the  horse  form  a  joint,  point,  or  line  to  some 
other  line  or  distinctive  feature  in  his  exterior  conformation,  is 
a  point  equally  with  his  members  or  legs.  Hence,  the  error  of 
applying  the  word  point  only  to  them.  The  more  correct 
expression  to  use  in  this  instance,  is  :  "  Bay,  with  black  extrem- 
ities ;  "  or,  "  bay,  with  black  members ;  "  the  word  points  should 
not  be  used  in  this  connection. 

Points.  A  system,  scheme  or  schedule  of  points  cover- 
ing the  conformation,  breeding,  health,  and  performance  of  a 
horse,  each  point  represented  by  an  equivalent  number,  the 
sum  total  of  which  is  perfection ;  used  in  scoring  or  judging, 
and  by  the  test  of  which  system  an  animal  will  score  a  certain 
number  of  points,  the  range  of  judgment  extending  from  a 
cipher  [0]  up  to  the  figures  indicating  perfection  in  each  point 
— the  sum  total  of  each  being  cut  for  defects,  or  retained  at  or 
near  perfection  for  the  presence  of  excellencies.  There  is  no 
one  accepted  standard  of  points;  there  are  several  distinct 
ones  each  of  which  have  material  differences.  In  some  there 
are  as  few  as  thirteen  points  on  structure  or  conformation ;  in 
others  as  many  as  twenty  or  more,  in  each  case  the  total  scale 
reaching  100.  Some  schemes  include  educational  points,  or  a 
given  number  for  the  good  discipline  of  a  saddle  horse — others 
exclude  this;  some  include  a  health  scale  for  soundness  and 
fre 3dom  from  vice ;  while  all  embrace  historical  points  which 
relate  to  pedigree,  performance  and  quality  or  merit  of  offspring. 

Judgment. 


SCALE  OF 

POINTS. 

Struct 

ural  Points. 

Perfection. 

1. 

Head, 

7 

2. 

Xeck, 

5 

3. 

Shoulders,  chest,  and  for 

earms. 

8 

4. 

Barrel  and  coiiplinji, 

8 

5. 

Quarters,  croup,  stilles  and  gask 

ins, 

10 

6. 

Hocks, 

8 

7. 

Knees, 

6 

8. 

Canons  and  pasterns, 

6 

9. 

Feet, 

10 

10. 

Color  and  coat, 

6 

11. 

Size  and  substance, 

10 

12. 

Symmetry  and  style, 

8 

13. 

Aclion  without  speed, 

8 

Total,  100 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  195 


Historical  Points. 

1.  Pffligree, 

2.  rcrJoriiKinee, 

3.  Chaructei-  ol'  progeny, 

40 
30 
30 

Total,  100 

Point  of  the  Hip.  The  bony  surface,  more  or  less 
prominent,  which  is  a  little  to  the  rear  of  the  last  rib;  the 
anterior  point  of  the  pelvis. 

Point  of  the  Shoulder.  The  prominent  bony  angle, 
on  each  side  of  the  chest,  a  little  below  the  junction  of  the  neck 
and  shoulder. 

Point  of  the  Tree.  The  wooden  continuations  of  the 
gullet  plate  of  a  saddle. 

Point  to  Point.  [Eng.]  A  phrase  describing  a  race 
to  take  place  from  one  point  of  a  fair  hunting  country,  to 
another  given  point ;  which  is  not  to  be  named  till  the  time  of 
starting,  and  is  then  to  be  named  by  a  committee  previously 
selected  for  the  purpose. 

Pointer.  An  item  of  important  information  on  a  race, 
obtained  in  some  surreptitious  manner,  which  may  be  used 
with  advantage  by  the  person  to  whom  it  is  communicated. 

Pointer.  Any  unnatural  position  assumed  by  the  horse's 
foot,  w^hen  standing,  or  any  altered  action  which  indicates 
lameness,  is  said  to  be  a  "  pointer,"  or  indicator  of  such  trouble. 

Pole.  The  guard-rail  on  the  inside  of  the  track  or  course, 
often  called  the  hub  rail.  When  a  horse  is  given  the  pole,  he 
has  the  inside  when  the  field  starts.  Posts  erected  at  the  quar- 
ter on  a  half-mile  track,  and  at  the  quarter,  half,  and  three-quar- 
ters on  a  mile  track,  for  the  purpose  of  catching  the  time  made 
by  horses  at  those  points  in  a  race.  On  many  courses,  poles  or 
posts  are  erected  at  each  furlong — eight  to  the  mile. 

Pole  Horse.  The  pole  horse  brings  the  field  down  to 
the  wire,  after  which  he  has  no  rights  over  the  other  horses; 
but  he  has  the  right  to  the  pole,  provided  he  can  keep  it.  The 
horse  winning  a  heat  takes  the  pole,  or  inside  position,  at  the 
succeeding  heat,  and  all  other  horses  in  the  field  take  their 
positions  in  the  order  assigned  to  them  in  judging  the  previous 
heat,  and  so  on  until  the  race  is  finished. 

Poll.  That  part  of  the  horse's  exterior  which  is  on  top 
of  the  neck,  immediately  behind  the  ear. 

Poll  Evil.  Whether  resulting  from  an  injury,  or  a  dis- 
ease between  the  bones  of  the  neck,  it  is  a  legal  unsoundness. 

Pommel.  That  part  of  the  saddle,  often  called  the  head, 
which  goes  over  the  withers. 


196  HII^DBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Pony.     [Eng.]     The  sum  of  £25. 

Pool.  The  combination  of  a  number  of  persons,  each 
staking  a  sum  of  money  on  the  success  of  a  horse  in  a  race,  the 
money  to  be  divided  among  the  successful  layers  according  to 
the  amount  put  in  by  each.  The  box  in  which  tickets  on  a 
race  are  placed,  is  called  a  pool-box. 

Port.  The  tongue-groove  of  the  mouth-piece  of  a  bit. 
Its  use  prevents  the  horse  from  taking  the  pressure  on  his 
tongue,  as  he  might  do  if  the  bit  were  straight,  and  thus  become 
heavy  or  dull  in  the  hand. 

Port-bit.  A  bit  having  a  curved  or  open  place  in  the 
center  of  the  bar.  In  a  perfect  bit  this  groove  or  opening 
should  be  about  two  inches  wide  at  the  bottom  and  one  inch  at 
the  top. 

Position.  The  station  of  the  horse  when  standing  atten- 
tion, or  awaiting  the  rider's  or  driver's  orders  and  signals. 

Position  of  Horses.  Placing,  or  ranking.  The  posi- 
tion of  horses  in  a  heat  or  race  has  reference  both  to  their 
position  as  starters  and  at  the  finish.  As  starters,  positions  are 
given  by  the  judges,  the  place  of  each  horse  being  determined 
by  lot.  This  is  overruled,  however,  on  the  racing  turf  by  giv- 
ing the  judges  the  right  to  place  an  unruly  or  a  supposed  vicious 
horse,  where  he  cannot  injure  others.  At  the  finish  the  win- 
ner of  a  heat  has  the  inside  j)osition  in  the  following  heat,  and 
the  others  take  their  positions  on  his  right  in  the  order  in 
which  they  came  out  in  the  previous  heat.  See  Drawing  for 
Position,  and  Placing  Horses. 

Post.  [Eq.]  The  act  of  rising  and  sinking  on  the  sad- 
dle, (when  the  horse  is  at  the  trotting  gait),  in  accordance  with 
the  motion  of  the  horse. 

Post.  A  pole  or  post  marking  a  boundary,  or  certain 
division  or  point  of  the  course ;  as  starting  post,  distance  post, 
winning  post. 

Post  stake ;  Post  Race ;  Post  Match.  By  the  old 
rules  of  the  turf,  those  by  which  the  New  York  Jockey  Club 
governed  its  races  fifty  years  ago,  a  post  stake  was  an  amount 
or  sum  named  at  the  starting  post;  and  a  post  match  for 
horses  of  a  certain  age,  was  one  in  which  the  parties  had  the 
privilege  of  bringing  any  horse  of  that  age  to  the  post,  ready  for 
starting,  without  having  previously  named  him.  The  Turf 
Congress  rules  define  a  post  race  as  one  for  which  the  sub- 
scribers declare  at  the  usual  time  before  a  race  for  declaring  to 
start,  the  horse  or  horses  they  intend  to  run,  without  other 
limitation  of  choice  than  the  racing  rules  and  the  conditions  of 
the  race  prescribed. 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE   TURF.  197 

Post  to  Finish.  A  term  applied  to  the  whole  heat  or 
race,  especially  on  the  running  turf,  and  referring  to  the  course 
of  the  race  from  start  to  wire ;  as,  <'an  honest  race  from  post 
to  finish;"  a  square,  handsome  race  all  through.  Also  em])rac- 
ing  the  rules  relating  to  the  trotting  or  running  of  a  match  or 
heat,  as  to  riders,  drivers,  starting,  fouls,  finish,  etc. 

Posterior  Extremity;  Posterior  Member.  That 
which  is  situated  behind;  the  opposite  of  anterior,  meaning 
before.  In  scientific  language  its  meaning  is  the  hind  leg  or 
hind  limb  of  the  horse. 

P.  P.  [Eng.]  These  letters  in  the  announcements  or 
programmes  of  the  Grand  National  Hunts,  indicate  that  the 
race  advertised  takes  place  from  "point  to  point"  of  a  fair 
hunting  country. 

Prance ;  Prancing".  The  rearing  or  capering  motion 
of  a  horse ;  said  of  a  horse  in  high  fettle,  that  he  is  prancing ; 
riding  with  a  proud  step. 

Prepotency.  The  power  of  transmitting;  ability  to 
produce;  superior  influence. 

The  clear  and  uninterrupted  succession  of  trotting  qualities  is  what 
makes  prepotent  sires. — Wallace's  Monthly. 

When  one  parent  alone  displays  some  newly-acquired  and  generally 
inheritable  character,  and  the  oftsprin'g  do  not  inherit  it,  the 
cause  may  lie  Ui  the  other  i^arent  having  the  power  of  prepotent 
transmission.— Animals  and  Plants  under  Domestication,  Charles 
Darwin. 

Private  Sweepstakes  is  one  to  which  no  money  is 
added,  and  which  is  not  publicly  advertised  previous  to  the 
engagement  being  made.  The  racing  rules  say :  "  One  made 
by  the  owners  of  the  horses  engaged  without  having  been  pub- 
licly open  to  any  others." 

Produce  Race.  A  match  for  which  horses  are  named 
by  whose  produce  the  race  is  to  be  run ;  the  entries  for  such 
race  specifying  the  dam  and  sire  or  sires. 

Propellers.  The  hind  legs  of  the  horse  in  distinction 
from  the  fore  legs,  which  are  termed  the  weight-bearers.  Each 
limb  is  required  to  support  the  body  and  act  as  propeller  in 
turn,  and  Prof.  Stillman  says  the  anterior  one  does  more  than 
its  share  of  both  offices. 

Propping".  A  form  of  restiveness  similar  to  kegging. 
It  is  a  vice. 

Prophet.  [Eng.]  A  tipster ;  one  who  obtains  information 
concerning  horses,  races  and  probable  winners,  in  advance  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  race.  A  business  which  was  formerly 
a  regular  profession  carried  on  by  means  of  disguises  by  men, 
(and  women  too),  who  were  able  to  assume  a  variety  of  char- 


198  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

acters.  Prophets  now  form  a  regular  craft  who  work  for  a 
weekly  fee,  or  for  percentages  on  successes ;  they  use  the  tele- 
graph, and  send  letters  to  the  sporting  press. 

Propvilsion.  The  act  of  propelling  or  driving  forward ; 
the  rapid  stride  of  a  trotting  or  running  horse. 

There  is  no  act  of  extension  fvirtlier  than  the  extension  of  the  body 
upon  the  thigli.  It  is  not  until  tlie  center  of  motion,  or  lieatl  of  tlie 
tliigli  lias  passed  over  the  foot  that  extension  is  possible.  *  *  * 
The  act  of  propulsion  begins  from  the  moment  that  the  hind  foot 
takes  the  ground  and  its  contraction  begins.— The  Horse  in  Motion, 
J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Protecting"  a  Horse.  A  term  referring  to  the  act  of 
the  judges  in  protecting  the  pole  horse,  when  the  field  is  scor- 
ing, in  not  allowing  any  horse  to  come  to  the  wire  in  advance 
of  him. 

Protest.  Any  complaint  or  charge  made  against  any 
horse,  rider,  driver  or  owner,  or  against  the  decisions  of  the 
judges,  upon  any  feature  of  the  race  or  heat ;  whether  com- 
plaining of  a  fraud  or  foul,  or  for  the  violation  of  any  rule. 
The  protest  may  be  made  verbally  before  the  purse  or  winnings 
are  paid,  and  reduced  to  writing  when  required ;  charges  to  be 
filed  with  the  evidence,  under  oath,  when  so  demanded. 

Public  Race.  A  public  race  is  defined  to  be  any  con- 
test for  stake,  premium,  purse  or  wager,  and  involving  admis- 
sion fees,  on  any  track  or  course,  in  the  presence,  and  under 
the  direction  of  duly  appointed  judges  and  timers. 

Pufliness.  Softness.  An  indication  of  a  strain  or 
injury  to  the  tendons  of  the  legs. 

Pullers.  Horses  that  pull  hard  on  the  reins;  those 
having  hard  mouths.  It  is  believed  to  be  contrary  to  the  facts 
to  say  that  a  horse  cannot  pull  hard  and  last.  That  they  fail 
to  stay  is  often  the  fault  of  their  riders  and  drivers. 

There  is  no  cure  for  a  pulling  horse,  however,  like  that  of  not  pulling 
.    against  him.— Joseph  Cairn  Simpson. 

Wlieii  a  horse  pulls  I  do  not  think  it  at  all  expedient  to  get  rid  of  the 
pull  by  means  of  punishing  bits,  bridi)oiis,  or  such  like  devices. 
The  trotter  that  goes  at  his  best  rate,  while  pulling  hard,  had  best 
be  borne  with.  If  you  iret  rid  of  the  pull  by  means  of  the  appli- 
ances just  alluded  to,  you  will  soon  get  rid  of  some  of  the  trot.— 
The  Trotting  Horse  of  America,  Hiram  Woodruff. 

Pulling'.  The  act  of  slowing  or  lessening  the  sj^eed  of  a 
horse  during  a  heat,  by  the  driver.  If  such  act  is  performed 
with  a  design  to  prevent  his  winning  a  heat  or  place  Avhich  he 
is  perfectly  able  to  win ;  or  for  the  evident  purpose  of  aiding 
or  perpetrating  a  fraud,  such  driver  shall  be  taken  from  his 
sulky  and  another  driver  substituted,  the  oifending  horse  pun- 
ished, and  the  driver  fined,  suspended  or  expelled,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  judges. 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE   TURF.  199 

Pull  to  the  Gait.  The  act  of  catching  a  horse,  and 
bringing-  him  to  his  gait,  after  a  break.  The  trotting  rules 
are  very  severe  on  a  dri^^er  who  neglects  to  instantly  pull  a 
horse  to  his  gait  should  he  break  during  a  heat.  If  he  does 
not  do  so,  the  horse  is  liable  to  be  distanced,  and  the  driver 
punished  by  fine  or  susj)ension.  Different  means  are  used  by 
drivers  to  accomplish  this,  which  must  depend  upon  the  dispo- 
sition of  the  horse  and  the  manner  in  which  he  has  been 
trained. 

Pulled  Tog'ether.  [Eq.]  A  phrase  indicating  that  the 
horse  is  well  collected,  or  gathered. 
It  is  a  very  expressive  term.— Tlie  Book  of  the  Horse,  Samuel  Sidney. 

Pull  Up.  To  stop  in  riding  or  driving ;  to  pull  up  at 
the  close  of  a  heat  when  beaten ;  the  act  of  sawing  the  reins 
when  a  horse  has  the  bit  between  his  teeth,  to  make  him  dis- 
lodge it. 

If  you  find  you  are  beaten  easily,  piill  up;  spare  your  horse,  and  avoid 
the  cruel  and  unspt)rtsmanl"ike  i)ractice  of  Hogging  a  beaten  horse 
all  the  way  home.— The  Book  of  the  Horse,  Samuel  Sidney. 

Pulp  of  the  Teeth.  A  soft  substance  furnished  with 
blood-vessels  and  nerves,  constituting  the  central  axis  of  the 
tooth,  and  affording  the  means  by  which  its  vitality  is  pre- 
served. In  teeth  which  have  ceased  to  grow  the  pulp  occupies 
a  comparatively  small  space,  w^hich,  in  the  dried  tooth,  is 
called  the  pulp-cavity;  while  with  advanced  age  it  often 
becomes  obliterated,  and  the  pulp  itself  converted  into  bone- 
like material. 

Pulse.  The  circulation  of  the  blood  through  the  heart, 
which,  in  the  horse,  is  taken  at  the  angle  of  the  jaw  where  the 
artery  crosses  the  bone.  The  normal  beat  is  from  thirty-six  to 
forty-six  times  a  minute,  according  to  the  breed,  disposition 
and  temperament.  The  various  characteristics  of  the  pulse  are : 
Slow — where  the  number  of  beats  is  less  than  normal ;  soft — 
where  the  beat  is  rather  weak,  but  not  over-rapid;  small — 
where  the  sensation  conveyed  to  the  finger  is  one  of  lessened 
diameter  of  the  artery ;  full,  strong — where  there  is  a  bounding 
sensation  as  though  from  an  over-distention  of  the  artery  wdth 
each  beat ;  iveak;  feeble — where  the  beat  is  hardly  perceptible ; 
quick — where  the  beats  are  more  rapid  than  normal;  hard — 
where  the  beats  are  tense,  incompressible,  vibrating  and  more 
frequent  than  normal;  irregular  —  where  several  pulsations 
come  in  quick  succession,  and  are  then  followed  by  a  pause ; 
intermittent  —  where  the  beat  is  lost  at  regular  intervals. 

Pumice  Sole;  Puuiice  Feet.  An  inflammation  of 
the  feet,  wdiich  results  in  an  excessive  growth  of  soft,  spongy 


200  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

horn  in  front  of  the  laminae  of  the  toe,  separating  the  coffin- 
bone  from  the  hoof-wall.  Its  presence  stamps  the  horse  as 
unsound. 

Pumping.  The  act  of  lifting  a  horse  by  the  bit,  or 
pulling  back  on  him,  when  in  a  race,  then  letting  him  out, 
and  repeating  the  operation  constantly,  to  induce  speed ;  urging 
a  horse  by  the  reins,  as,  "in  the  last  heat  Vet.  Hanscomb 
pumped  Honest  John  half  the  way  round." 

Punisliment.  Any  fine,  or  other  penalty  imposed  by  the 
judges  upon  a  horse,  rider  or  driver,  for  any  improper  con- 
duct or  attempted  wrong  during  a  heat  or  race.  All  such 
punishments  may  be  inflicted  without  notice  or  warning.  The 
unnecessary  or  unwarranted  flogging  of  a  horse  during  a  race 
or  heat. 

Punter.  [Eng.]  One  who  lays  a  wager  against  a 
book-maker. 

Pure  Gaited.  A  horse  that  trots  squarely,  without 
hitching,  crossing,  overreaching  or  swinging  out ;  a  perfectly 
balanced  trotter — such  a  horse  is  said  to  be  "pure  gaited." 

Purse.  A  specified  sum  of  money,  or  other  prize, 
offered  by  an  association  for  a  race,  to  which  an  entrance  fee 
may,  or  may  not,  be  required.  Where  an  entrance  fee  is 
required,  it  is  not  returnable  on  the  death  of  the  horse  or  his 
failure  to  start. 

Push ;  Push  Him.  A  term  used  to  indicate  that  a 
driver  or  rider  is  urging,  or  forcing  his  horse;  when  such 
extra  force  is  being  used,  it  is  said  that  he  is  "pushing  him," 
or  "  pushing  his  horse." 

Put  Up.  When  judges  are  dissatisfied  with  the  manner 
in  which  a  horse  is  being  ridden  or  driven,  they  have  the  right 
to  put  another  rider  or  driver  in  the  saddle  or  sulky ;  and  this 
is  termed  to  "  put  up,"  or  putting  up.  For  such  act  no  inter- 
ference can  be  made  by  the  owner,  rider  or  trainer ;  and  any 
driver  or  jockey  who  refuses  to  be  put  up,  may  be  at  once 
ruled  off  the  course. 


Quality.  A  high  degree  of  excellence  in  breeding; 
good  blood ;  hence,  a  good  horse  is  one  of  quality ;  a  blooded 
one ;  one  giving  evidence  of  character  in  the  form  and  expres- 
sion of  the  head,  the  symmetry  of  the  limbs,  and  the  velvet- 
like softness  of  the  hair  and  skin.  More  specifically  quality  is 
shown  in  the  manifest  superiority  of  texture,  both  of  bone  and 
muscle — the  bone  being  compact,  not  cancellated;  the  muscles 
free  from  adulteration — that  is,  free  from  adipose  and  cellular 
tissue,  fat,  etc.  Quality  is  mentally  dependant  on  nerve-tissue, 
the  source  of  all  muscular  motion,  sensation  and  intelligence. 
Quality  in  individual  points  embraces  a  neat,  expressive  head; 
a  countenance  indicative  of  ability ;  neat  legs ;  strength,  with 
refinement  of  make ;  ample  bones ;  quality  in  the  tendons ; 
courage  and  superior  physical  power. 

It  is  tins  quality  of  organism  in  its  greatest  perfection  which  enables 
the  horse  to  stand  up.  iinder  preparation  and  training,  year  and 
year,  profiling  by  his  education  and  improving  with  age,  that 
makes  the  really  valuable  turf  horse.  It  is  a  quality  more  valuable 
than  speed,  because  whatever  measure  of  speed  it  possesses  can  be 
depended  upon  and  improved.  In  sliort,  it  is  the  quality  which 
distinguishes  the  thoroughbred  from  tlie  dunghill.  Tlie  number  of 
heats  and  races  won.  and  the  number  of  successful  years  upon  the 
turf,  are  more  reliable  lamps  by  which  the  breeder  may  guide  his 
footsteps  than  the  record  of  colt  stakes  and  mere  tests  of  speed. — 
Horse  Breeding,  J.  H.  Sanders. 

Quarters.  Those  parts  of  the  body  which  embrace  the 
fore  and  hind  quarters — the  former  including  the  part  from 
the  withers  and  shoulder  to  the  arm ;  the  latter  from  the  hip 
and  flank  to  the  gaskin,  or,  in  other  words,  including  the 
entire  thigh  and  haunch.  Both  quarters  should  have  that 
fulness  and  roundness  which  good  judges  so  much  admire  in 
these  parts  of  the  horse.  The  quarters  of  the  foot  are  the 
names  given  to  the  two  sides,  or  lateral  regions  of  the  wall 
between  the  toe  and  heel,  and  known  as  the  outer  and  inner 
quarters. 

Quarter  Blanket.  A  blanket  which  reaches  from  the 
tail  to  a  point  just  forward  of  the  saddle,  and  is  intended  only 
for  street  use. 

Quarter  Crack;  Sand  Crack.  A  crack  or  fissure, 
generally  extending  from  the  coronet  downward,  for  a  variable 
distance,  in  the  direction  of  the  horny  fibers  of  the  foot. 
Often  caused  by  allowing  the  foot  to  grow  long  and  the  horn 

201 


202  HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF. 

to  become  dry  and  hard,  when  the  expansion  of  the  foot  at 
the  coronet  cracks  the  inelastic  hoof  below  it.  It  is  a  legal 
unsoundness.     See  Sand  Crack. 

Quarter  Cut ;  Quarter  GrabMng-.     The  act  of  the 

horse  when  at  speed,  by  which  he  grabs,  or  cuts  the  quarters 
of  the  fore  feet  by  one  or  the  other  of  the  hind  feet.  This 
may  be  due  to  faulty  conformation,  but  it  is  often  caused  by  a 
misstep  or  a  break.  It  is  generally  the  outside  quarter  that  is 
most  liable  to  injury,  and  the  special  use  of  quarter  boots  on 
the  fore  feet  is  to  prevent  them  from  being  cut  by  horses  that 
are  quarter  grabbers. 

Quarter  Horse.  A  horse  that  is  good  for  a  dash  for 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  at  high  speed ;  a  sprinter  ;  not  a  stayer  for  a 
long  distance  ;  a  quitter. 

Quarter  Mile.  AVorld's  running  record  to  close  of 
1893 :  Bob  Wade,  four  years  old,  at  Butte,  Montana,  August 
20,  1890;   0.21f 

Quarterstretch.     The  homestretch  of  the  course. 

Queens  of  the  Turf.  The  queens  of  the  trotting  turf, 
to  the  close  of  the  year  1893,  have  been:  1.  Lady  Suffolk, 
gr.  m.  foaled  in  1833;  by  Engineer  2d,  (3);  dam,  by  Don 
Quioxite,  by  Messenger;  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  October  7,  1844, 
2:28. — 2.  Highland  Maid,  (a  converted  pacer),  b.  m.  foaled  in 
1847;  by  Saltram;  dam,  Roxana,  by  Hickory;  Centerville, 
N.  Y.,  June  15,  1853,  2:27. — 3.  Flora  Temple,  b.  m.  foaled  in 
1845;  by  Bogus  Hunter;  dam,  Madam  Temple,  by  the  Terry 
Horse;  East  New  York,  N.  Y.,  September  2,  1856,  2.24^.  She 
had  a  reign  extending  from  1856  to  1867,  her  best  time  being 
2:19^,  at  Kalamazoo,  Michigan,  October  15,  1859, — 4.  Gold- 
smith Maid,  b.  m.,  foaled  in  1857;  by  Abdallah,  (15),  by 
Abdallah  (1),  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  September  6,  1871,  2:17.  She 
•reigned  from  1871  to  1878,  her  best  time  having  been  made  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  September  2, 1874,  2:14,  when  she  was  seventeen 
years  old. — 5.  i\Iaud  S.,  ch.  m.,  foaled  in  1874;  by  Harold, 
(413);  dam.  Miss  Russell,  by  Pilot.  Jr.,  (12).  In  1880  she 
lowered  the  world's  record,  but  her  time  was  beaten  the  same 
year  by  St.  Julien.  At  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  August  11,  1881, 
she  trotted  in  2:10|,  and  from  that  time  to  1891  her  reign 
was  undisputed,  except  for  a  single  day,  (August  1,  1884), 
when  Jay-Eye-See  beat  her  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  by  three-quar- 
ters of  a  second.  Her  best  time  was  made  at  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
July  30,  1885,  2:08f.— 6.  Sunol,  b.  m.,  foaled  in  1886;  by 
Electioneer,  (125);  dam,  Waxana,  by  General  Benton,  (1755)  ; 
Stockton,  California,  October  20,  1891,  2:08f — 7.  Nancy  Hanks, 
br.  m.,  foaled  in  1886 ;  by  Happy  Medium,  (400);  dam,  Nancy 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  203 

Lee,  by  Dictator,  (11-5);  Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  September  28, 

1892,  2:04. 

In  a  career  extending  from  1838  1o  ISni,  Lady  Suffolk  won  a  total  of 
eiglity-ihree  ruci's.  Flora  Temple  IkuI  ninety-six  winning  raees  to 
her  credit,  and  her  inrf  career  extended  from  185:^  to  1861.  The 
career  of  Goidsmilh  3Iaid  was  largely  nnnle  up  of  exhibition  races. 
From  181)7  to  1877  she  won  one  hundred  and  fourteen  contests,  ami 
made  three  hundred  and  thirty-two  heats  In  2:30  ov  better— a  tri- 
umph never  approacheil  by  any  other  animal.  Her  earnings  dur- 
ing this  lime  were  over  ;^2.">0,()00.  Her  ]>ublic  career  closetl  the  year 
she  was  twenty  years  old,  but  in  that  year  her  campaign  comprised 
twelve  victories,  in  whicii  she  trotteil  seventeen  heals  better  than 
2:20,  including  one  in  '2:14.V,  "  Tlie  day  she  was  twenty-one  years 
old,"  writes  John  Splan,  •'liudd  Di;ble  drove  lier  for  Governor  Stan- 
ford a  mile  in  2:20 — a  performance  I  never  expect  to  see  any  other 
animal  make  under  similar  conditions."  Mautl  S.  was  nine  years 
old  when  she  trotted  in  2:08|.  The  distinction,  "Queen  of  the'high 
wheel  sulky,"  is  claimed  for  her,  by  her  record  of  2:08J  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  July  30,  1885,  the  record  of  Siniol,  at  Stockton,  California, 
October  20,  1891,  of  the  same  mark,  2:08|,  having  been  made  over  a 
kite  track.  When  Nancy  Hanks  trotted  at  Independence,  Missouri, 
August  31, 1892,  in  2:051,  the  trotting  and  pacing  records  were  placed 
on  an  equality  for  that  period. 

Queer.  A  term  applied  to  a  horse  that  is  a  kicker.  To 
say  that  he  is  "queer  behind,"  means  that  he  kicks  and  must 
be  looked  out  for;  as  in  the  term,  "this  horse  is  queer." 

Quidcling-.  The  act  of  partly  chewing  the  hay  and 
allowing  it  to  drop  from  the  mouth.  It  is  a  habit  generally 
due  to  irregular  teeth.  In  cases  where,  from  irregular  teeth, 
the  sides  of  the  mouth  become  lacerated,  quidding  is  an 
unsoundness  while  it  lasts. 

Quietness.  A  warranty  of  soundness  does  not  imply 
quietness  on  the  part  of  the  horse  sold. 

Quintet,  The.  [Eng.]  The  five  mighty  reunions  or 
meets  of  the  English  turf,  viz :  Epsom,  Doncaster,  Goodwood, 
Ascot  and  York,  are  known  as  "  the  quintet." 

Quit.     To  stop  in  a  race. 

It  is  my  idea  that  the  more  finely  organized  and  better  bred  a  horse  is, 
the  more  liable  he  is  to  quit  when  out  of  condition.— Life  with  the 
Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Quitting-.  The  act  of  giving  up  a  heat  or  race.  It  is 
said  of  a  horse  that  lacks  courage  that  he  is  a  "quitter;"  the 
term  denoting  not  so  much  want  of  training  and  work,  as  lack 
of  real  courage  or  nervous  force. 

True  quitting  is  a  mental  quality  —  cowardice,  faint-heartedness.— 
Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Ch'arles  Marvin. 

Some  quitters  are  fair  campaigners.  This  fact  may  tend  to  show  that 
quitting  is  a  mental,  and  not  a  physical  infirmity;  a  lack  ot  cour- 
age and  perseveran(te  rather  than  of  hardiness,  which  I  believe  to 
be  the  general  opinion  of  liorsemen.— Wallace's  Monthly. 

Quittor,  may  be  described  as  a  number  of  abscesses,  in 

most  cases  at  the  coronet,  towards  the  quarters  or  heels,  giving 

great  pain   and  causing  much  lameness.     It  indicates  a  very 

serious  condition  of  the  feet,  and  is  a  legal  unsoundness. 


Race.  A  race  includes  any  purse,  match,  stake,  premium 
or  sweepstakes  for  which  a  contest  of  speed  is  made  by  horses, 
over  any  course  or  track.  The  term  includes  both  trotting 
and  running  contests,  and  whether  in  harness,  to  wagon  or 
under  the  saddle.  Hence  racing  means  the  sport  or  practice  of 
trotting  and  running  horses.  A  public  race  is  understood  to 
mean  a  race  for  any  prize,  for  which  an  admission  fee  is 
charged,  and  at  which  judges  and  timers  take  direction  of  the 
trial. 

Race  Record.     A  record  obtained  in  a  regular  race,  as 

distinguished  from  a  record  made  against  time.  ^ 

Horses  with  race  records  bring  the  best  i)rices. — Tlie  Horseman. 

Racer.     The  thoroughbred  English  or  American  horse ; 

a  running  bred  horse. 

In  a  work  published  at  London  In  1836,  entitled  "  Comparative  View  of 
tlie  Form  and  Character  of  the  English  Racer  and  Saddle  Horse 
During  tlie  Last  and  Present  Centuries,"  enibellislied  with  eigiiteeu 
fine  plates  of  famous  liorses,  a  celebrated  racer  called  Old  Partner, 
foaled  in  1718,  is  represented  as  galloping  in  clothing  which  greatly 
conceals  his  form.  So  also  in  the  portrait  of  tlie  famous  racer, 
Sedbury,  foaled  in  1734,  (both  painted  by  Seymour,  a  noted  animal 
painter),  the  horse's  body  is  much  concealed  by  clothing — a  large 
blanket  being  strapped  closely  about  his  body,  extending  up  on  the 
neck  one-third  of  the  way  to  the  poll,  with  an  apron  fastened  around 
his  breast  and  dropping  nearly  half  way  to  the  knees.  Both  horses 
are  represented  at  full  running  speed. 

Racing  Calendar.  A  stud  book;  a  registry  of  the 
pedigrees  and  performances  of  running  horses.  It  is  said  that 
th^  first  English  racing  calendar  was  issued  by  John  Cheny  in 
1727.  The  English  Jockey  Club,  which  had  been  established 
seven  years  previous  to  this  period,  had  taken  an  active  part  in 
preserving  pedigrees  of  horses,  which  w^ere  probably  published 
in  this  first  calendar.  In  1751  the  records  that  had  appeared 
in  this  old  calendar  and  other  sporting  publications,  were  com- 
piled and  published  in  a  collected  form,  but  it  was  not  until 
1791  that  the  English  Stud  Book  apiDeared  in  its  present  shape, 
since  which  time  it  has  been  continued  to  this  day. 

The  publication  of  the  Stud  Book  marked  an  era  in  the  science  of 
breeding.  It  was  the  first  effort  to  establish  special  books  for 
recording  animal  pedigrees  for  preservation  and  for  purposes  of 
study;  and  the  jiractice  has  spread  to  every  land  where  thorough- 
bred's are  bred,  and  the  method  has  been  extended  to  every  impor- 
tant breed  of  live  stock.  English  racing  first  showed  that  super- 
iority could  only  be  maintained  by  purity  of   blood.     It  took  a 

204 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  205 


hundred  years  or  more  to  establish  that  doctrine  so  as  to  be 
generally  accepted.  The  annual  publication  of  1al)les  of  "  winning 
sires"  began  many  years  before  the  8tud  Booli  appeared.  We  have 
now  such  annual  tables  extending  back  lor  more  than  a  hundred 
years,  and,  from  a  careful  study  of  the  earlier  ones,  men  came  to 
see  tliat  success,  as  shown  by  winnings,  came  from  purity  of  blood, 
and  not  from  witle  adniixture.— Dr.  W.  11.  Brewer,  Yale  College. 
The  standard  of  admission  to  the  first  volume  of  the  Stud  Book  Jippears 
to  have  been  simply  creditable  performance  upon  the  turf,  as 
shown  by  the  Racing  Calendar,  it  being  tjiken  for  granted  that  no 
horse  could  be  a  creditable  performer  that  was  not  well  bred— an 
assumption  that  has  never  yet  been  found  at  fault.— Horse  Breed- 
ing, J.  H.  Samlers. 

Racing"  Plate.  A  very  narrow,  light  rim  of  steel  or 
aluminum,  weigliiug  not  more  than  from  two  to  three  ounces, 
about  half  an  inch  in  width,  and  used  as  a  shoe  for  running 
horses.  The  rules  of  the  Turf  Congress  forbid  the  use  of  shoes 
in  races,  but  allow  that  of  a  plate. 

Rack;  Racking".  A  gait  which  is  a  modification  of 
the  pace,  and  is  often  very  appropriately  called  single  footing. 
In  racking  the  fore  feet  move  as  in  a  slow  gallop,  while  the 
hind  feet  move  as  in  a  trot,  or  pace.  When  the  horse  is  going 
at  this  gait,  we  hear  the  four  distinct  strokes  of  the  four  differ- 
ent limbs,  for  each  foot  strikes  the  ground  singly,  and  inde- 
pendent of  the  others.  In  making  the  complete  revolution, 
therefore,  the  count  is — one,  two,  three,  four — one,  two,  three, 
four;  while  in  either  trotting  or  pacing  the  count  is — one, 
two ;  one,  two.  The  confusion  of  terms  regarding  this  gait  is 
occasioned  by  the  fact  that  the  gait  itself  is  somewhat  varied 
according  as  the  horse  which  racks  carries  the  one  or  the  other 
fore  foot  foremost  in  the  galloping  action  of  the  fore  feet. 
Hence  many  have  confounded  the  rack  with  the  pace  and  itsed 
the  words  synonymously.  A  horse  which  racks  after  a  slower 
trot,  is  esteemed  much  inferior  to  one  which  only  changes  to 
this  gait  after  moving  at  a  greater  speed. 

Rank  of  Distanced  Horses.  AVhen  horses  are  dis- 
tanced in  the  first  heat  of  a  race,  their  rank  is  equal ;  but  when 
they  are  distanced  in  any  subsequent  heat,  they  rank  as  to 
each  other  in  the  order  of  the  positions  to  which  they  were 
entitled  at  the  start  of  the  heat  in  which  they  were  distanced. 

Ranks,  The.  A  term  used  to  describe  that  portion  of 
the  field  not  iqD  to  par ;  those  far  in  the  rear  of  the  contending 
horses;  the  "rank  and  file,"  or  common  members  of  the  field. 

Rarey  Cord ;  War  Bridle.  A  simple  halter  used  in 
giving  colts  their  first  lessons  in  harness  where  they  have  not 
been  well  broken  to  the  halter,  or  not  handled  till  two  or 
three  years  old.  It  is  made  of  a  piece  of  sash-cord  fourteen 
feet  long.  Tie  a  good  knot  at  the  end  by  putting  the  end 
through  twice  before  tieing  down.     Tie  a  half-knot,  (a  regular 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF. 


halter  knot),  about  one  foot  from  this  and  put  the  end  knot 
through,  making  a  small  loop  that  will  fit  the  colt's  under  jaw. 
This  knot  and  loop  should  be  wound  with  soft  cloth  or  leather 
before  being  used.  Standing  on  the  near  side,  put  the  small 
loop  over  the  neck,  pass  the  long  end  through  the  loop  and 
draw  down  to  about  the  size  of  a  headstall.  Pass  the  right 
hand  under  the  jaw,  and  take  firm  hold  of  the  nose  on  top, 
with  the  left  hand  slip  the  small  loop  on  the  under  jaw,  place 
the  rope  on  top  of  the  neck  close  to  the  ears.  In  two  or  three 
lessons  with  this  cord,  any  colt,  however  high  tempered,  can 
be  taught  to  lead  in  any  place,  or  in  any  manner  desired  by 
the  trainer. 

Rarey  System,  The.  The  system  of  educating  horses 
generally  known  as  the  Rarey  System,  and  practiced  with  so 
much  success  by  Mr.  John  S.  Rarey,  its  originator,  is  based 
upon  these  three  simple  principles:  1.  That  any  young  horse 
can  be  taught  to  do  anything  that  a  horse  can  do,  if  taught  in 
a  proper  manner.  2.  That  no  horse  is  conscious  of  his 
strength  until  he  has  resisted  and  conquered  a  man  ;  therefore, ' 
that  the  colt  should  always  be  handled  in  such  manner  that 
he  shall  not  find  out  his  strength.  8.  That  as  seeing,  smelling, 
feeling  and  hearing  are  the  senses  by  which  the  horse  examines 
every  strange  object,  w^e  may,  by  allowing  him  to  exercise 
these  senses,  reconcile  him  to  any  object  or  sound  that  does 
not  hurt  him.  It  is,  undoubtedly,  the  recognition  of  these 
principles  and  their  practice  in  horse  management,  to  which  is 
due  the  success  of  the  various  systems  of  educating  colts,  and 
handling  or  subduing  vicious  horses,  in  use  by  many  horsemen 
and  professional  trainers  of  the  present  day. 

Rating  Driver.  A  term  applied  to  the  driver  in  a 
race  who  comprehends  at  each  step  the  rate  at  which  his  horse 
is  going,  and  is  able  to  so  gauge  and  control  him  in  such  man- 
ner as  to  make  him  do  his  best,  save  himself  and  yet  win.  Such 
a  driver,  however,  is  unable  to  rate  the  speed  of  any  horse  in 
the  race  but  his  own. 

Crit  Davis  I  call  a  rating  driver:  he  seems  to  know  about  how  well  his 
horses  can  '^o  before  they  start,  aiul  then  rates  them  along  to  accom- 
plish the  mile  in  that  way. — Lile  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Ration.     Fodder ;  provender  ;  the  daily  feed  for  a  horse. 

Hay  and  oats  form  the  "  staff  of  life  "  in  the  keep  ,of  the  horse. 

The  only  hay  that  should  ever  be  given  is  clean,  pure  Timothy. 

Old  hay  is  always  preferable  to  new.     If  possible  it  should  not 

be  used  till  a  year  old ;  crisp,  clean,  fresh,  free  from  dust,  of  a 

greenish  color,  and  possessing  a  sweet,  pleasant  smell.     New 

hay  is  hard  to  digest,  is  liable  to  produce  excessive  salivation 

and  purging.      A.  normal  ration  is  four  pounds  at  a  feed,  three 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  207 


times  a  day.  Of  the  grains,  oats  always  take  the  lead.  The 
usual  ration  is  from  ten  to  twelve  quarts  a  day  in  three  equal 
rations.  Barley  is  frequently  used  for  work  horses.  Corn  is  a 
heavier  food  than  oats,  more  fattening,  but  may  be  given  in 
cold  weather,  in  small  quantities,  cracked  and  mixed  with  oats, 
(in  some  cases),  but  generally  preferred  whole.  A  bran  mash 
serves  to  keep  the  bowels  open  and  may  be  given  once  or  twice 
a  week,  according  to  condition.  Always  give  it  at  night.  Of 
the  roots,  potatoes  and  carrots  are  most  esteemed.  These  are 
the  general  essentials,  to  be  varied  according  to  the  condition 
of  the  horse,  the  work  he  is  doing  and  the  work  required  of 
him  in  the  future.  The  subject  of  feeding  is  a  whole  study  in 
itself,  and  one  which  the  groom  should  master  in  all  its 
details,  according  to  the  individual  peculiarities  and  different 
constitutions  of  each  of  the  horses  under  his  care.  See  Bran 
Mash  and  Oats. 

Rattled.  When  a  horse  becomes  confused  or  unsteady 
in  a  race,  is  obstinate  and  unmanageable,  he  is  said  to  be  "  rat- 
tled," to  have  his  head  turned. 

Ill  the  contusion  Palo  Alto  became  rattled  and  made  a  very  bad  break. 

—Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Cliarles  Marvin. 

Readying.     [Eng.]     Explained  by  the  quotation : 

Trial  in  a  horse  case.  Question:  Do  you  mean  to  say  tliat  you  don't 
know  what  was  meant  by  "  readying"  Success?  Answer  :  Ot  course 
I  know  what  it  means.    It  means  pulling.— London  Standard. 

Rearing".  When  a  horse  rears  furiously  the  rider  should 
bend  w^ell  over  the  horse's  neck,  lower  the  hands  and  pull  him 
vigorously  to  one  side  or  the  other.     Rearing  is  a  serious  vice. 

Record.  A  fact  written  down  officially  for  preservation 
and  future  reference ;  the  time  made  in  a  race ;  the  best 
recorded  achievement  of  speed.  Every  public  performance  for 
a  purse,  stake  or  premium  must  be  timed,  and  the  time  thus 
made  written  down  in  a  book  and  attested  by  the  signatures  of 
the  judges.  This  writing  in  the  book  is  the  record,  and  when 
once  made  must  remain  till  blotted  out.  When  one  horse  trots 
against  another  the  time  made  by  the  horse  first  to  pass  under 
the  wire  is  recorded  against  him.  When  a  horse  trots  against 
time,  say  to  beat  2:28,  and  the  time  is  recorded  as  2:28^,  that 
time  is  officially  ascertained  and  must  be  officially  recorded. 
The  common  theory  that  because  a  horse  fails  to  win  he  fails 
to  make  a  record,  does  not  hold.  In  hundreds  of  instances  a 
horse  is  first  in  a  heat  and  is  distanced  in  the  next,  and  fails  to 
win  a  dollar.     But  he  has  made  a  record. 

Record  Breaker.  Any  horse  that  lowers  a  record ;  a 
horse  making  faster  time  than  that  which  has  previously  stood 
as  the  record  for  age,  class  or  distance. 


208  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF. 

Recovery.     A  catch  at  breaking  which  brings  the  horse 

to  his  gait.     When  the  horse  at  such  time  catches  his  gait  and 

goes  to  speed,  he  is  said  to  "  recover";  to  have  recovered. 

Everybody  knows  that  pacers  are  ordinarily  not  as  liaudy  in  recover- 
ing Iruni  a  break  as  are  trotters.— Wallace's  Monthly. 

Rectangular  Course.  A  rectangle  is  a  plane  having 
all  its  angles  right  angles,  and  its  opposite  sides  consequently 
equal.  Hence  a  rectangular  track  or  course  is  one  commonly 
called  a  four-cornered  track,  with  four  short  stretches  and  four 
turns ;  of  which  the  track  at  Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  on  which 
Nancy  Hanks  made  her  record  of  2:04,  is  an  example. 

Reefing".  Driving  for  every  inch  of  speed  the  horse  has 
in  him  ;  using  the  whip ;  urging ;  hard  driving ;  forcing  the 
pace  by  every  known  means ;  rallying  the  horse  by  voice  and 
rein  to  his  best  effort. 

Refuser.  A  horse  that  refuses  an  obstacle  or  a  hurdle, 
either  from  fear,  contrary  disposition,  having  been  badly  edu- 
cated, is  afraid  of  forcing  his  bit,  or  of  hurting  himself  when 
taking-off.  By  the  turf  rules,  a  refuser  having  been  led  over 
an  obstacle,  is  disqualified  from  winning,  although  he  comes  in 
first. 

Registry  Certificate.  A  certificate  from  any  estab- 
lished or  well  recognized  registry  association  for  recording 
either  pedigrees  or  records,  that  the  pedigree  or  record  of  which 
it  is  a  copy,  has  been  duly  received  and  is  eligible  to  registry 
and  publication. 

Regular  Meeting.  A  regular  meeting  is  construed  to 
mean  a  meeting  advertised  in  a  public  journal  not  less  than 
one  week  before  the  commencement  of  the  same,  and  at  which 
meeting  no  less  than  two  regular  events,  (purse  or  stake),  take 
place  on  each  day,  to  which  an  entrance  fee  is  paid  or  a  sub- . 
scription  made ;  entries  must  be  made  as  provided  in  all  cases, 
and  matches  or  races  must  take  place  over  the  tracks  of  the 
National  or  American  Associations. 

Regulation  Track.  A  regulation  track  is  one  gener- 
ally understood  to  mean  a  track  the  stretches  and  tm'ns  of 
which  are  each  eighty  rods  long ;  again  it  has  been  taken  to 
mean  one  in  which  the  stretches  are  shorter  and  the  turns 
longer.  But  the  shape  of  a  track  will  always  depend  much 
upon  the  lay  of  the  land.  That  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  has 
stretches  one  hundred  rods  long,  and  turns  correspondingly 
shorter;  the  track  at  Rigby  Park,  Maine,  has  seventy  rod 
stretches  and  eighty  rod  turns,  and  the  track  at  Terre 
Haute,  Ind.,  has  four  stretches  and  four  short  turns  —  yet  they 
are  all  regulation  tracks.     On  a  regulation  track  the  horses 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  209 

start  from  a  wire  stretched  across  the  track  from  the  judges' 
stand,  and  linish  at  the  same  point.  In  another  sense  a  regu- 
lation track  has  come  to  mean  a  track  in  membership  with  the 
National  or  American  Trotting  Associations,  as  distinguished 
from  a  free  track,  or  one  not  in  membership  with  either 
association. 

Keins.  That  part  of  the  harness  consisting  of  leading- 
lines  or  straps,  passing  through  the  Ds  on  the  gig-saddle,  and 
fastened  to  the  bit  on  each  side,  by  which  the  horse  is  guided. 

Reiu-back.  The  act  of  moving  a  horse  backward  by 
the  reins. 

Rein-liolder.  A  clasp  or  clip  on  the  dashboard  of  a 
carriage  by  which  to  hold  the  reins  after  the  driver  has 
alighted. 

Rein-holders.  Devices  in  the  form  of  adjustable  metal 
buttons  or  clamps,  to  prevent  the  slipping  of  the  rein  in  the 
hand,  thus  enabling  the  driver  to  obtain  a  better  hold  upon 
the  reins  in  controlling  the  horse. 

Rein-hook ;  Water-hook.  A  hook  on  the  gig-saddle 
or  jack-saddle  of  a  harness  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the 
check  or  bearing  rein  in  place. 

Reiiisman.  A  person  skilled  in  managing  horses;  an 
expert  driver. 

Reinforced  Girth.  A  saddle  girth  having  a  double 
thickness  or  backing  of  strong  leather  is  called  a  "reinforced 
girth."  Long  before  the  use  of  the  bike  sulky,  John  Splan 
wrote  :  "  Be  sure  and  have  a  good,  strong  saddle  and  an  extra 
wide,  soft  girth,  as  there  is  where  most  of  the  strain  comes  on 
a  track  harness."  This  is  even  more  true  with  the  pneumatic 
sulky  than  before,  and  the  need  of  reinforced  girths  is  conse- 
quently greater. 

Reinstatement.  The  act  of  restoring  one  to  a  position 
from  which  he  has  been  removed.  All  persons  who  may  have 
been  suspended  by  the  judges  of  a  race  from  any  cause,  have 
the  right  of  appeal  from  such  decisions  or  rulings,  which 
appeal,  with  a  statement  of  all  the  facts  in  the  case,  goes  to  the 
Board  of  Review  or  Board  of  Appeals  of  the  governing  associa- 
tion, where  it  is  carefully  considered,  and  in  many  cases  the 
horse,  party,  or  track  suspended,  is  again  reinstated  to  full 
privileges. 

Repeat.  To  give  a  horse  an  additional  exercise  of  a 
mile,  after  he  has  already  been  driven  one  mile ;  as  "  a  mile 
and  repeat." 

14 


210  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF. 


Repeater.  A  watch  that,  on  the  compression  of  a 
spring,  indicates  the  seconds  and  fractions  of  a  second;  a 
watch  often  known  as  a  split-second  watch,  by  which  horses 
are  timed  in  a  race. 

Resilience.  Resistance  backwards ;  a  term  denoting  the 
resistance  which  a  horse  and  sulky  meet  in  passing  through 
the  air  at  a  high  speed. 

Responding".     A  term  describing  the  act  of  the  horse 

in  understanding  and  yielding  to  the  wishes  of  his  rider  or 

driver;  more  especially  used  in  speaking  of  the  action  of  a 

horse  under  the  saddle. 

Some  men  inspire  confidence  so  readily  that  a  liorse  will  take  hold  and 
do  all  he  knows  the  first  time  the  man  drives  him.  For  another 
man  the  same  horse  will  not  irut  a  yard.— Hiram  AVoodruff. 

Rest.     It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  a  horse  never  rests 

on  two  legs,  but  always  on  the  two  anterior  or  forward,  and  one 

posterior  or  hind  leg,  so  that  the  center  of  gravity  always  falls 

within  a  triangle. 

The  tendinous  fibers  or  tissues,  (serratus  muscle),  of  the  fore  legs  are 
incapable  of  iatigue,  hence  the  horse  has  no  occasion  to  rest  tliem, 
and  will  stand  in  his  stall  all  day  without  resting  either  of  his 
forelegs;  while  in  the  hind  leg  the  labor  falls  upon  the  triceps  of 
pure  muscular  fiber  and  be  will  be  observed  to  rest  his  hind  legs 
alternately.— The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Slilhnan. 

Resting  Break.     A  change  of  gait  made  quickly  by  a 

horse  at  high  speed  for  the  purpose  of  giving  an  instant  of 

rest  to  the  muscles  of   locomotion ;  very  different  from  that 

made  by  the  unsteady,  hard-mouthed,  repeated  breaker  in  a 

race. 

Sometimes  a  horse  seeks  relief  in  a  break,  but  as  to  the  ultimate 
benefit  of  "resting  breaks"  I  am  skeptical.  1  think  tlie  steady 
horse  makes  the  mile  Avilh  greater  ease  than  the  one  that  engages 
in  the  rather  violent  exercise  of  "breaking  and  catching." — Train- 
ing the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Restiveness  stands  at  the  head  of  all  the  vices  of  the 
horse,  for  it  includes  many  different  vices  and  assumes  forms 
which  are  dangerous  to  rider  and  groom.  Among  the  different 
forms  are  pawing,  or  striking  with  the  fore  feet;  rearing; 
pltmging;  kegging;  gibbing,  or  backing;  propping,  and  kick- 
ing. Generally  these  various  forms  of  restiveness  are  the 
result  of  bad  temper  and  worse  education,  and  like  most  habits 
founded  on  natttre  and  confirmed  by  education  are  inveterate. 

Review,  Boards  of.  The  board  of  review  of  the 
National  Trotting  xVssociation  is  made  up  of  one  member  from 
each  district  of  the  board  of  apj^eals,  and  possesses  the 
authority  and  performs  the  office  and  duties  which  belong  to 
the  board  of  appeals,  and  has  jm-isdiction  on  such  matters  relat- 
ing to  the  turf  arising  in  their  respective  districts,  "  as  may  be 
delegated  to  them  by  the  board  of  appeals."     Of  the  American 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF.  211 

Trotting  Association  there  is  a  board  of  review  in  each  state, 
district  and  territory  of  the  United  States,  and  in  each  foreign 
state  or  country  in  which  there  is  one  or  more  members,  which 
has  "original  jurisdiction  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  turf 
arising  on  the  grounds  of  members  in  such  state,"  as  well  as 
all  cases  of  appeal  brought  to  it  under  the  by-laws  of  the 
association. 

Klieuinatism.  A  form  of  inflammation  attacking  the 
fibrous  structures,  (tendons,  joints,  muscles,  etc.),  of  the  bodj'^; 
largely  dependent  on  constitutional  predisposition  transmitted 
from  ancestors  to  offspring.  It  is  an  unsoundness  only  when 
it  has  become  a  determined  and  constitutional  complaint ;  and 
where  no  relapse  of  it  has  occurred  for  some  time,  and  it  may 
be  considered  a  permanent  cure  has  been  effected,  the  animal 
may  be  given  a  certificate  of  soundness. 

Ribs.  The  region  of  the  ribs  of  the  horse  is  bounded  by 
the  shoulders  in  front ;  by  the  flanks  behind ;  by  the  back 
above,  and  by  the  belly  and  brisket,  (sternum),  below. 

Ribbons.     Reins ;  leading-lines  to  a  harness  by  which 

the  horse  or  horses  are  controlled.     To  "  handle  the  ribbons  " 

is  to  drive ;  to  hold  the  reins. 

Jim  Keegan  handled  the  ribbons  over  tlie  six  fine  grays  when  President 
Grant  was  received  in  Angusta,  in  fine  style;  and  many  a  man  on 
the  street  no  doubt  thought  him  a  more  important  person  than  the 
President. — Daily  paj^er. 

Ride ;  Rider.  To  be  carried  on  the  back  of  a  horse ; 
to  sit  in  a  sulky  or  buggy  and  manage  a  horse  in  motion ;  to 
ride  a  race.  Hence  a  rider  is  a  person  who  rides  on  horse- 
back ;  one  who  is  skilled  in  horsemanship. 

Ride  and  Tie.  A  method  of  riding  by  two  persons 
having  but  one  horse  between  them,  much  practiced  in  early 
times  by  those  travelling.  The  plan  was  for  one  person  to 
ride  half  a  mile  or  more,  according  to  the  agreement,  then 
dismount,  hitch  the  horse  and  walk.  The  second  person 
coming  up  on  foot  would  take  the  horse  and  ride  his  turn, 
going  ahead  of  the  one  walking,  and  tieing  the  horse  for  him 
for  his  next  turn  at  riding,  and  so  on  the  entire  distance. 

Riding-  a  Race.  The  four  different  methods  or  tactics 
to  be  used  in  riding  a  race  are  denominated:  1.  Waiting;  2. 
Making  the  running;  3.  Waiting  in  front;  4.  Keeping  with 
one's  horses.     See  particular  definitions  under  each  heading. 

Ridg-ling ;  Ridgel ;  Rig-g-ot.  A  male  animal  having 
one  testicle ;  a  horse  half  castrated ;  a  nag.  The  courts  have 
decided  that  a  ridgling  is  a  horse ;  not  a  gelding. 

Rig".  A  jockey's  outfit.  The  colors  worn  by  jockeys  are 
often   gorgeous    and    brilliant.     Generally   the    oldest   stables 


212  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

have  the  simplest  and  least  variegated  colors ;  the  newer  ones 
the  most  complex.  Among  the  former  are  the  blue  jacket 
with  orange  sleeves  and  blue  cap ;  and  the  blue  jacket,  orange 
sleeves  and  orange  cap.  In  some,  stripes  of  color  run  in  rings 
around  the  body  of  the  jacket,  or  around  the  sleeves,  or  the 
cap;  in  others  the  colors  are  in  vertical  or  diagonal  lines. 
There  are  over  two  thousand  running  stables  in  the  United 
States,  the  riders  of  no  two  being  rigged  in  precisely  the  same 
colors  or  combination  of  colors. 

Rim.  The  felloe  of  a  sulky  wheel,  of  wood  or  steel, 
which  forms  the  support  of  the  tire,  and  into  which  the  spokes 
are  inserted.  Hickory  is  the  wood  most  used  for  this  purpose ; 
and  when  the  rim  is  made  of  steel,  for  holding  the  pneumatic 
tire,  it  is  rolled  cold,  united  with  a  brazed  joint. 

Ring-bone.  Bony  growths  which  usually  begin  as 
inflammation  of  the  membrane  covering  the  bones  at  such 
points  in  the  structure  as  give  attachment  to  ligaments,  viz: 
on  one  or  both  pastern  bones,  and  which  sometimes  extend  to 
the  interphalangeal  joints.  In  cases  where  the  flexibility  of 
the  cartilage  is  altered  or  lost,  it  is  an  unsoundness ;  but  where 
it  is  only  in  front  of  the  pastern  bone,  and  not  in  the  way  of 
any  joint,  or  approaching  the  heels,  it  is  a  blemish. 

Ringer.  A  horse  that  has  been  painted  or  disguised  to 
represent  another  or  different  horse,  with  the  intent  to  have 
him  concealed  in  identity,  in  order  that  he  may  be  taken  in 
different  circuits  and  entered  in  a  class  slower  than  that  in 
which  he  belongs,  and  thus  win  races  and  obtain  purses  in  a 
fraudulent  manner.  Consular  rules  have  been  adopted  by 
England  and  Germany  prohibiting  the  importation  of  horses 
from  this  country,  for  racing  purposes,  unless  the  owner  lodges 
with  the  secretary  of  the  track  a  certificate  of  identity,  pedi- 
gree and  record,  from  the  secretary  of  the  National  Trotting 
Association  of  the  United  States.  All  turf  rules  have  severe 
punishment  for  a  horse  that  is  a  ringer,  and  many  of  the 
states  have  enacted  laws  making  the  operations  of  a  ringer  a 
crime  punishable  by  imprisonment  of  its  owner,  agent  or 
driver.     See  Law. 

The  man  who  starts  out  with  a  ringer,  starts  out  to  steal. — Spirit  of  the 
Hub. 

Roach  or  High-back,  the  reverse  of  low-back,  or 
saddle  back,  is  held  to  be  a  blemish. 

Road  Cart.  A  jogging  cart ;  a  sulkyette ;  a  half-sulky 
for  road  purposes.  Built  somewhat  heavier  than  a  speed 
sulky,  weighing  from  seventy-five  to  eighty  pounds,  having  a 
low  foot-rest,  and  dasher  for  protection  of  the  legs  from  mud 
and  dirt. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF.  213 

Roadster.  A  carriage  horse  as  distinguished  from  a 
speed  or  draft  horse ;  a  gent's  driver ;  a  horse  used  in  driving 
for  pleasure.  He  should  weigh  1100  pounds,  be  handsome  in 
every  outline  and  point ;  showy ;  sound.  He  should  have  his 
nose  above  the  line  of  his  back;  be  well  proportioned;  well 
"  set  up  "  ;  kind ;  fast.     The  best  color  is  bay. 

The  ideal  roadster  starts  slowly,  fjradually  warms  np  to  his  work,  and 
after  ten  miles  or  so,  (just  as  the  inferior  liorse  lias  had  enouKh), 
bejiins  to  be  full  of  play.  Such  pre-eminently  is  the  habit  of  the 
Morgan  family.— Road,  Track,  and  Stable,  H.  C.  Merwin. 

It  requires  a  combination  of  qualities  rarely  met  with  in  any  animal  to 
make  a  perfect  road  horse.  I  find  it  much  easier  to  select  and 
buy  a  first-class  race  horse  than  a  road  horse  which  would  please 
the  ordinary  road  driver.  It  will  be  impossible  to  find  one  that  will 
be  perfect  in  three  or  four  different  positions,  or  in  other  words  you 
cannot  expect  to  use  your  horse  in  the  ordinary  family  carriage 
five  days  in  a  week  anil  then  have  him  able  to  go  at  a  high  rate  of 
speed  the  other  two.  In  picking  out  a  road  horse,  alwavs  be  sure 
and  buy  one  that  is  perfectly  sound.  Test  the  horse  thorougldy  as 
to  kindness  and  ability  to  draw  weight  at  a  high  rate  of  speed.— Life 
with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Roaring".  A  wheezing,  or  hoarse  rasping  sound  made 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  windpipe,  (larynx),  in  breathing,  and 
especially  when  excited,  or  galloped  up  a  steep  hill,  or  put  to 
rapid  work.  It  is  generally  due  to  paralysis  and  wasting  of 
the  muscles  on  the  left  side  of  the  larnyx,  which  opens  the 
channel  for  the  air,  and  in  such  cases  the  roaring  is  only  pro- 
duced in  drawing  air  in.     Roaring  is  an  unsoundness. 

An  animal  that  is  a  roarer  should  not  be  used  for  breeding  purposes, 
no  matter  how  valuable  the  stock.  The  taint  is  transmissible  in 
many  instances,  and  there  is  not  the  least  doubt  in  the  minds  of 
those  who  know  best  that  the  offspring  whose  sire  or  dam  is  a 
roarer,  is  born  with  an  hereditary  predisposition  to  the  affection. — 
W.  H.  Harbaugh,  V.  S. 

RoUs.  Devices  used  upon  the  ankle  of  the  horse  for 
various  preventive  purposes.  The  calking  roll  is  to  prevent 
him  from  standing  in  the  stable  with  one  foot  on  another ;  the 
shoe-boil  roll  is  to  prevent  the  horse  from  getting  the  calk  of 
the  shoe  under  the  arm  while  lying  down,  causing  a  shoe-boil ; 
the  shin  roll  is  used  as  a  protection  to  the  legs  between  the 
knee  and  ankle.  They  are  made  of  buckskin  or  enameled 
leather,  web  or  kid,  and  often  stuffed  with  hair  to  render  them 
soft. 

Roning-inotion  Shoe.  A  shoe  specially  fitted  for 
horses  inclined  to  stumble,  or  for  those  having  a  peculiar 
motion  of  the  fore  legs,  to  assist  them  in  a  more  balanced 
action.  The  shoe  has  four  calks,  and  is  of  great  convexity  on 
the  ground  surface.  It  is  designed  to  give  the  horse  more 
action  and  make  him  raise  his  feet  high,  so  that,  in  placing 
them  down,  there  is  nothing  to  impede  his  movements  or 
cause  him  to  stumble,  as  is  often  the  case  with  horses  shod 
with  shoes  having  the  ordinary  toe-calk. 


214  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUKF. 

Roomy.  A  term  used  in  describing  a  perfectly  shaped 
brood  mare;  as  a  horse  having  a  long,  deep,  wide  middle, 
with  a  well-developed  pelvic  boundary. 

Kosettes.  Metal  ornaments  attached  to  the  upper  parts 
of  the  side  pieces  of  a  headstall ;  embossed  and  plain ;  con- 
taining fancy  device,  initial  or  monogram. 

Roug'li-g'aited.  A  horse  is  said  to  be  "  rough-gaited  " 
when  he  travels  in  a  hitching,  unbalanced  way ;  a  horse  that 
hobbles,  falters  and  breaks  in  his  ordinary  gait,  or  when  put 
to  speed. 

Rounding'  To.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  art  of  again 
getting  a  horse  into  condition  after  a  hard  race.  It  takes 
some  horses  a  long  time  to  recover,  others  will  do  it  more 
quickly.  Mr.  Marvin  says :  "  On  returning  from  the  East,  I 
found  AVildflower  and  Manzanita  somewhat  broken  up,  and 
both  were  some  time  in  'rounding  to'  again." 

Rovmd-course.  What  was,  without  doubt,  the  first 
round,  circular  or  oval  race  track  ever  built,  was  that  estab- 
lished at  Newmarket,  England,  in  1666.  .  It  was  three  miles, 
four  furlongs  and  one  hundred  and  seventy-eight  yards  long. 

Rowel.  One  of  the  short,  pointed  arms  on  the  circle, 
or  wheel  of  a  horseman's  spur. 

RoAvley  Mile.  Where  the  two  thousand  guineas  stakes 
is  run — the  important  opening  three-year-old  event  of  the  year 
on  the  English  turf.  The  distance  was  formerly  one  mile  one 
yard;  but  is  now  one  mile  eleven  yards. 

Rubber.     A  person  who  rubs  down,  dresses  or  cares  for 

horses;    especially  one   who  rubs  a  race  horse   after  he  has 

trotted  or  ran  a  heat  or  race ;  a  person  who  has  graduated  as 

a  stable-boy  and  is  apprentice  to  a  trainer. 

In  attending  to  a  hovse  as  famous  as  Rarus,  the  head  rubber  must  be, 
on  every  day  of  the  trotting  season,  prepared  to  act  as  a  reception 
commiLtee  to  thousands  of  people,  many  of  wliom  have,  apparently, 
no  idea  of  the  responsibilities  that  are  involved  in  the  care  of  such 
an  animal.  Morrel  Higbie  was  the  best  rubber  I  ever  saw.  He 
remained  with  me  until  the  day  Rarus  was  sold,  and  afterward 
rubbed  for  me  the  pacer  Johnston. — Life  with  the  Trotters,  John 
Splan. 

Rubber  Tire.  The  term  generally  used  in  describ- 
ing the  pneumatic  tire  of  the  bike  s,ulky.  A  rubber  tire  is 
described  by  Mr.  Samuel  Sidney,  in  his  "  Book  of  the  Horse," 
published  in  1880,  which  is,  undoubtedly,  the  first  mention  of 
such  a  tire  having  been  used  for  carriages  in  England  or 
America.  He  says  :  "  India-rubber  tires  are  a  great  luxury  ; 
they  give  to  a  wheeled  carriage  the  smoothness  of  a  sledge  on 
hard  snow,  and  subdue  nearly  all  the  rattle  and  noise  of 
wheels.     But  they  are  usually  made  on  a  wrong  principle.     If 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  215 

india-rubber  is  stretched,  every  cut  continually  widens,  and  the 
tire  is  speedily  destroyed.  Tires  made  on  a  directly  opposite 
plan  will  endure  for  an  unlimited  period;  that  is,  a  thick, 
hollow  tube  of  india-rubber  shrunk  on  an  iron  core  shorter 
than  the  rubber,  and  coiled  round  a  wheel  grooved  to  receive 
it  This  kind  of  india-rubber  has  been  used  for  many  years 
on  two  carriages,  by  Mr.  llansome,  the  agricultural  implement 
maker,  of  li)swich." 

Kuck,  To  Come  in  With  the.  To  come  in  with  the 
ruck,  is  to  arrive  at  the  winning  post  among  the  unplaced 
horses. 

I  once  knew  a  chappie  not  famed  for  his  luck, 

Who  to  punting  was  muciily  addicted; 
But  tlie  liorses  he  backed,  to  a  place  "  in  the  ruck 
Were,  with  scarce  au  exception,  restricted. 

'  — Bird  o'  Ireedom. 

Rudder  and  Compass.  [Eq.]  In  horseback  riding, 
the  head  and  neck  of  the  horse  are  said  to  be  at  once  the  rud- 
der and  compass  of  the  rider. 

Rules.  When  an  appeal  to  the  rules  is  made,  or  the 
rules  are  referred  to,  it  means,  for  the  trotting  turf  to  the  rtiles 
of  the  National  or  American  associations;  for  the  running 
turf  to  those  of  the  American  Turf  Congress. 

Rule  of  the  Track.  In  all  driving  on  the  track,  or 
course,  the  rule  is  to  turn  to  the  left  in  meeting,  not  to  the 
right,  as  in  driving  on  the  highway.     See  Law  of  the  Track. 

Ruled  Out;  Ruled  Off.  A  term  used  to  imply  a 
punishment  to  an  offending  horse,  rider  or  driver.  Horses 
may  be  ruled  out  for  interfering  with  other  horses  or  failing 
to  keep  positions,  and  an  offending  horse  may  be  ruled  out  in 
case  of  collisions  or  break-downs,  for  which  he  is  responsible. 
A  horse  ruled  out  for  fraud  retains  his  record,  or  bar.  Drivers 
and  riders  may  be  ruled  out  for  improper,  corrupt  or  fraudti- 
lent  practices.  In  the  summary  of  a  race  the  letters  "R.  O.," 
following  the  name  of  a  horse  at  any  given  heat,  mean  that 
such  horse  was  ruled  out  of  the  race  on  that  heat. 

Rumbling-.  A  low,  rattling,  rumbling  sound  of  the 
bowels,  technically  called  borhorijgmus.  It  is  an  unpleasant 
fault  in  a  horse,  not  an  unsoundness. 

Run.  The  leaping,  or  springing  gait  of  a  horse;  an 
acceleration,  or  quickening  of  the  action  of  the  gallop,  with 
two,  three,  or  all  the  feet  off  the  ground  at  the  same  instant 
during  the  stride ;  a  race,  as  "  the  horses  were  matched  for  a 
run  at  Morris  Park." 

Tlie  run  is  the  perfect  gait  of  the  horse,  for  it  is  that  which  displays 
most  perfectly  the  play  of  all  liis  locomotive  organs,  and  by  which 


216  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

he  attains   his   greatest   speed.— The   Horse   in   Motion,  J.  D.  B. 
Stilhnan. 

Run  Big'.  A  horse  that  runs  when  quite  fat,  and  yet  in 
good  training,  is  said  to  "  run  big."  The  term  applies  more 
particularly  to  the  English  turf. 

Run  Fine.     For  a  horse  to  "  run  fine  "  is  to  carry  no 

superfluous  flesh ;  trained  fine ;  in  high  form. 

All  race-horse  men  will  tell  you  tliat  some  liorses  run  big,  and  otliers 
run  fine — that  is,  that  some  are  at  their  best  wlieii  rather  stouter 
than  wliat,  on  the  average,  is  regarded  as  perfect  condition,  while 
otliers  show  the  highest  form  when  trained  pretty  "fine,"  but  the 
latter  are  in  the  minority.  That  S(;me  horses  are  at  tlieir  best 
when  very  fine  is  true  beyond  question;  but  I  know  that  in  tlie 
great  majority  of  cases  a  horse,  to  be  in  the  pink  of  condition,  must 
carry  a  quite  fair  degree  of  flesh— a  good  smootli  coating  over  the 
ribs,  not  feeling  gross  and  thick  to  the  hand,  but  amply  covering 
the  bones.— Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Run-in.  A  term  used  more  especially  in  the  hunt  and 
steeplechase,  where  the  horses  come  in  in  fine  style  at  the 
close ;  but  also  used  in  describing  the  finish  of  a  running  race, 
as,  "a  fine  run-in,"  "a  fine  finish."  That  j)art  of  the  course 
on  which  the  finish  of  a  race  takes  place ;  the  last  quarter ; 
the  straight. 

Run  off ;  Run  out.  [Eng.]  The  habit  w^hich  many 
horses  have  of  turning  away  from  fences,  w^hen  in  the  chase, 
and,  instead  of  taking  them,  turn  rapidly  and  run  along  their 
side.  To  break  a  horse  of  this  habit  nothing  is  so  effectual  as 
a  secundo  bit,  which,  though  quite  severe,  is  much  used  with 
horses  that  refuse. 

Running  Horse.  The  thoroughbred  race  horse.  The 
exterior  conformation  of  the  running  horse  may  be  summed 
up  in  these  words :  He  should  have  a  high  chest  and  long 
members ;  a  short  body  and  strong  loins ;  the  neck,  shoulder, 
croup,  thigh,  buttock,  leg  and  forearm  should  be  long,  without 
being  too  heavy  in  the  upper  part ;  the  members  strong,  clean, 
free  from  blemishes ;  he  should  have  wide  and  thick  articula- 
tions, closed  in  the  superior  angles,  open  in  the  inferior ;  a 
deep  chest,  abdomen  slightly  full;  fine  skin,  hair,  mane  and 
tail ;  an  animated  and  expressive  physiognomy ;  he  should  be 
graceful,  nimble,  elegant,  excitable,  energetic,  impetuous,  and 
of  great  endurance. 

Running"  Races.  [Eng.]  During  twenty  years  coming 
down  to  about  1890,  the  average  time  of  the  English  Derby  at 
Epsom,  has  been  2m.  48sec.;  the  Grand  National  at  Liverpool, 
has  been  for  the  same  time,  10m.  13sec.  The  Derby  is  one  and 
one-half  miles ;  the  Grand  National  is  four  and  one-half  miles. 
At  Epsom  one  mile  has  been  run  in  Im.  52  sec. ;  at  Liverpool  in 
2m.  16sec.     The  Derby  horses  carried  an  average  of  eighty 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  217 

pounds  ;  the  Liverpool  horses  carried  nearly  eleven  stone — one 
hundred  and  hfty-four  pounds.  On  the  Liverpool  course  there 
are  about  thirty  jumps  of  formidable  size,  the  going  on  the  turf 
is  worse  than  at  Epsom  and  there  are  some  ploughed  fields  to 
be  crossed. 

Kunning-,  Remarkable.  In  October,  1741,  at  the 
Curragh  meeting  in  Ireland,  Mr.  Wilde  engaged  to  ride  127 
miles  in  nine  hours.  lie  performed  it  in  six  hours  and  twenty- 
one  minutes.  He  employed  ten  horses  and,  allowing  for  mount- 
ing and  dismounting,  and  a  moment  for  refreshment,  he  rode 
for  six  hours  at  the  rate  of  twenty  miles  an  hour.  IVIr.  Thorn- 
dike,  in  1715,  rode  from  Stilton  to  London,  and  back  again  to 
Stilton,  213  miles,  in  eleven  hours  and  thirty-four  minutes, 
w^hich  is,  after  allowing  the  least  possible  time  for  changing 
horses,  twenty  miles  an  hour  on  the  turnpike  road  and  uneven 
ground.  Mr.  Shaftoe,  in  17  02,  with  ten  horses,  and  five  of 
them  ridden  twice,  accomplished  fifty  and  one-fourth  miles,  in 
one  hour  and  forty-nine  minutes.  In  1763,  he  won  a  more 
extraordinary  match.  He  was  to  procure  a  person  to  ride  one 
hundred  miles  a  day,  on  any  horse  each  day  for  twenty-nine 
days  together,  and  to  have  any  number  of  horses  not  exceding 
twenty-nine.  He  accomplished  it  on  fourteen  horses ;  and  on 
one  day  rode  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles,  on  account  of  the 
tiring  of  his  first  horse.  Mr.  Hull's  Quibbler,  however,  aiforded 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  instances  on  record,  of  the  speed  of 
the  race  horse.  In  December,  1786,  he  ran  twenty-three  miles 
round  the  flat  at  Newmarket  in  fifty-seven  minutes,  ten  seconds. 

Running  Rules.  By  the  rules  of  the  Turf  Congress  a 
horse  when  in  the  hands  of  the  starter  shall  receive  no  further 
care  from  his  attendants.  He  must  be  started  by  the  jockey. 
With  the  consent  of  the  starter  a  horse  can  be  led  to  his  posi- 
tion, but  must  then  be  let  loose.  The  horses  are  started  by  a 
flag,  and  there  is  no  start  until,  and  no  recall  after  the  assist- 
ant starter  drops  his  flag  in  answer  to  the  flag  of  the  starter. 

Running.  World's  record  to  close  of  1893.  It  is  notice- 
able that  in  races  on  the  running  turf  the  time  record  has  been 
lowered  but  slightly  in  recent  years  and  that  only  in  short 
races ;  the  long  distance  races  having  been  changed  but  little 
as  but  few  long  races  have  been  run.  The  fastest  one-half 
mile  up  to  1880,  was  0:47|;  it  was  reduced  by  Geraldine,  four- 
year-old,  carrying  122  pounds,  at  Morris  Park,  (straight  course), 
August  30,  1889,  to  0:46.  In  1880,  the  fastest  five  furlongs 
was  1:02| ;  reduced  in  1889  by  Britannia  to  0:59  ;  reduced  by 
Correction,  five-year-old,  carrying  119  pounds,  at  Morris  Park, 
September  29,  1893,  to  0:57.     In  1880,  three-fourths  of  a  mile, 


218  HAIv-DBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

fastest  time  was  1:15;  reduced  by  Domino,  two-year-old,  carry- 
ing 128  pounds,  at  Morris  Park,  September  29,  1893,  to  1:09, 
The  fastest  seven  furlongs  is  Bella  B's,  five-year-old,  carrying 
103  pounds,  at  Monmouth  Park,  July  8,  1890,  (straight  course), 
l:23|^.  The  fastest  one  mile  in  1880  was  by  Ten  Broeck, 
1:39 f  ;  reduced  by  Salvator,  four-year-old,  carrying  110  pounds, 
(straight  course,  against  time),  at  JNIonmouth  Park,  August  28, 
1890,  to  1:35|-.  One  mile  and  twenty  yards.  Maid  Marian, 
fom*-year-old,  carrying  101  pounds,  Washington  Park,  Chicago, 
July  19,  1893,  1:40.  One  mile  and  seventy  yards,  Wildwood, 
four-year-old,  carrying  115  pounds,  Washington  Park,  Chicago, 
July  5,  1893  ;  and  Faraday,  four-year-old,  carrying  102  pounds, 
Washington  Park,  Chicago,  July  21,  1893,  each  1:41.  In  1880 
the  best  time  for  one  mile  and  one-eighth  was  1:54  ;  reduced  by 
Tristan,  six-year-old,  carrying  114  pounds,  iS'ew  York  Jockey 
Club,  June  2,  1891,  to  1:51.  One  mile  and  a  quarter.  Banquet, 
three-year-old,  carrying  108  pounds,  JNIonmouth  Park,  N.  J,. 
(straight  course),  July  17,  1890,  2:03| ;  Salvator,  four-years-old, 
carrying  122  j)ounds,  at  Sheepshead  Bay,  X.  Y.,  June  25,  1890, 
and  ]Morello,  three-year-old,  carrying  117  pounds,  Washington 
Park,  Chicago,  July  22,  1893,  each  2:05,  on  circular  courses. 
One  mile  and  five  hundred  yards.  Bend  Or,  four-year-old,  car- 
rying 115  pounds,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  July  25,  1882,  2:10|-.  One 
mile  and  five-sixteenths.  Sir  John,  four-year-old,  carrying  116 
pounds,  Morris  Park,  X.  Y.,  June  9,  1892,  2:11^.  One  mile 
and  three-eighths,  Versatile,  five-year-old,  carrying  100  pounds 
Washington  Park,  Chicago,  July  7,  1893,  2:19f.  One  mile 
and  a  half,  Lamplighter,  three-year-old,  carrying  109  pounds, 
Monmouth  Park,  (straight  course),  August  9,  1892,  2:32f.  Of 
the  long  distance  running,  Ten  Broeck's  two  miles,  Louisville, 
Ky.,  May  29,  1877,  3:27|  and  his  four  miles,  Louisville,  Sept- 
tember  27,  1876,  7:15f  yet  stand  as  the  best. 

If  the  time  occupied  by  a  running  horse  in  going  a  mile  be  one  minute 
and  forty  seconds,  and  the  length  of  stride  twenty-five  feet,  (as  rep- 
resente<l  by  some  horses),  it  would  follow  that  he  must  be  off  the 
ground  a  full  half  second  at  each  bound,  and  according  to  the  la\v 
of  falling  bodies,  he  woidd,  if  he  moved  horizontally,  during  that 
lime,  fall  a  distance  of  four  feet.— The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B. 
Stillman. 

In  1889,  Prof.  W.  H.  Brewer  of  Yale  College,  published  a  tabulated  analy- 
sis of  the  recoi'ds  of  one  thousand  and  thirty-seven  running  horses, 
whose  performances  extended  over  a  period  of  nineteen  years,  hav- 
ing records  of  one  mile  in  1  :45  or  better,  made  on  ninety-three  trades 
in  twenty-eight  different  States.  This  table  sliowed  that  tliere  was 
but  one  best  horse;  six  within  one  second  of  the  best;  fifty-three 
within  two  seconds  of  the  best;  one  hundred  and  ninety-two  within 
three  seconds  of  the  best;  four  hundred  and  sixty-six  within  four 
seconds  of  the  best,  and  one  thousand  thirty-six  within  live  and 
one-fourth  seconds  of  the  best.  "  The  results,"  says  Professor 
Brewer,  "illustrate  in  an  impressive  manner  that  low  records  are 
due  to  the  qualities  of  the  breed  rather  than  to  any  local  excellence 
of  track,  climate,  jockeys,  or  training." 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  319 

If  we  would  improve  our  horses  we  must  lengthen  the  distances  run. 
By  means  of  these  short  selling  races,  handicaps  and  penalties  and 
allowances,  good  horses  either  cannot  enter  or  are  crushed  out  by 
weight,  and  bad  ones  are  left  in  with  feather  weights.  What  is 
wanted  in  a  race  horse  is  one  with  speed  and  endurance  which 
enables  him  to  cover  a  distance  of  ground  with  little  distress  to  him- 
self and  in  the  (luickest  time.— The  Horseman. 

Running-  Kein.  A  device  used  by  riders  where  the 
horse  has  tlie  liabit  of  carrying  his  head  so  high  as  to  cause  the 
bit,  when  drawn  upon,  to  ride  up  into  the  corners  of  the  mouth 
instead  of  bearing  against  the  lower  jaw.  It  is  of  the  width  of 
an  ordinary  bridle-strap  and  about  eight  feet  long.  One  end  is 
furnished  with  a  buckle  at  the  end  of  a  tongue-strap  eighteen 
inches  long.  Buckle  this  end  through  a  staple  or  D-ring  on 
the  left  side  of  the  saddle  near  the  pommel.  Then  pass  the 
other  end  of  the  rein  through  a  smooth  iron  ring  about  two 
inches  in  diameter,  in  front  of  the  horse's  breast  like  the  ordi- 
nary martingale ;  then  through  an  iron  ring  an  inch  or  more 
in  diameter  attached  to  a  strap  under  the  horse's  chin  about 
nine  inches  from  the  bit,  then  back  again  through  the  same 
breast-ring  and  up  to  the  rider's  right  hand.  This  gives  the 
rider  more  power  to  draw  the  horse's  head  down  to  its  proper 
position  than  any  other  device.  When  this  rein  is  slack  the 
horse  has  perfect  freedom,  but  when  necessary  the  least  pull 
acts  with  double  force  and  brings  the  head  at  once  in  the  right 
position. 

Kiinning'  Rein.  One  of  the  greatest  scandalg  in  the 
history  of  the  English  turf  is  known  as  the  Running  Rein  swindle 
in  connection  with  the  Derby  of  1844.  This  was  a  scheme  for 
"  ringing  the  changes  "  by  exchanging  a  three-year-old  for  an 
English  four-year-old  called  Running  Rein,  and  also  for  run- 
ning a  German  bred  horse  called  Leander,  a  four-year-old.  In 
the  race  Leander  fell,  broke  his  leg  and  was  buried  the  same 
night.  The  changeling  Running  Rein  won,  Orlando  being 
second.  The  secret  became  known,  payment  of  stakes  was 
refused,  and  an  action  brought  to  recover  them.  At  the  trial  the 
justice  adjourned  the  same  for  one  day  in  order  that  the  best 
and  most  important  witness,  Running  Rein  himself,  could  be 
produced.  AVhen  the  trial  again  came  on  the  horse  was  not  to 
be  found,  so  a  verdict  went  for  the  defendants  and  the  stakes 
were  awarded  to  Orlando.  Some  curious  people  dug  up  the 
body  of  Leander  to  look  at  his  mouth,  but  found  him  headless. 
Running"  Walk.  A  gait  which  is  a  modification  of  the 
trot.  In  this  gait  the  head  is  generally  carried  higher  than  in 
the  fox-trot  or  the  ordinary  walk,  and  the  hind  foot  takes  the 
ground  in  advance  of  the  diagonal  fore  foot,  which  breaks  the 
concussion.     It  is  a  more  showy  gait  than  the  fox-trot,  and  in  it 


220  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

the  poise  of  the  horse  is  such  as  to  give  him  more  of  a  climb- 
ing action  in  front.  At  this  gait  the  sound  of  the  footfalls  is 
not  unlike  that  of  the  ordinary  walk  quickened,  and  the  feet 
take  the  ground  in  the  same  order.  A  closer  rein  is  generally 
held  with  this  gait  than  in  the  fox-trot,  and  the  pace  is  a  faster 
one  and  may  be  carried  to  a  three  minute  gait  before  the  horse 
is  forced  out  of  it. 


s 

S.  Following  the  name  of  a  horse,  in  Chester's  Trotting 
and  Pacing  llecord,  indicates  that  the  horse  went  to  saddle. 

Saddle.  That  piece  of  horse  furnishings,  which,  secured 
to  the  back  of  a  horse,  makes  a  seat  for  tlie  rider.  The  parts  of 
the  saddle  are  :  Pommel  or  head — that  part  which  goes  over  the 
withers.  Cantle  —  the  hind  part.  Seat  —  that  on  which  the 
rider  sits.  Tree — the  wood  and  iron  framework.  Gullet  plate 
—  the  iron  arch  under  the  pommel.  Points  of  the  tree  —  the 
wooden  continuations  of  the  gullet  plate.  Bars  of  the  tree  — 
the  narrow  front  portions  of  the  wooden  side  pieces  of  the  tree. 
Bellies  of  the  tree  —  the  broad  boards  on  which  the  rider  sits. 
Waist  —  the  narrowest  part  of  the  seat  about  midway  between 
the  pommel  and  cantle.  Pannel  —  the  lining  which  lies 
between  the  tree  and  the  horse's  back.  Point  pockets  —  small 
pockets  in  which  the  ends  of  the  points  of  the  tree  rest.  Spring 
bars  —  which  allow  the  stirrup-leathers  to  be  attached  to  or 
detached  from  the  saddle.  Knee-pads  or  rolls — placed  on  the 
flaps  to  help  prevent  the  rider's  knees  from  going  forward. 
Skirts  —  small  flaps  that  cover  the  bars  on  which  the  stirrup- 
leathers  are  suspended.  Sweat  flaps  —  pieces  of  leather  which 
are  placed  under  the  girth  straps  on  each  side  to  prevent  the 
sweat  working  through.  Ds  —  small  semicircular  metal  hoops 
which  are  attached  by  chafes,  (short  leather  straps),  to  the 
front  or  back  of  the  saddle  for  strapping  on  a  coat,  or  small 
traveling  case.  Staples  —  somewhat  similar  in  size  and  shape 
to  Ds  but  which  are  firmly  fixed  to  the  tree. 

Saddle-back ;  Cradle-back ;  Hollow-back ;  Low- 
back.  These  terms  denote  a  horse  having  a  back  lower  than 
is  generally  seen.  When  such  ill  formation  prevents  him  from 
carrying  a  reasonable  amount  of  weight,  it  is  an  unsoundness 
for  saddle  purposes,  but  not  for  harness  purposes. 

Saddle-blanket.  A  small  and  coarse  blanket  folded 
under  a  saddle ;  used  almost  exclusively  in  the  Western  United 
States,  in  place  of  any  special  saddle-cloth. 

Saddle-cloth.  A  cloth  put  under  the  saddle  and  extend- 
ing some  distance  behind  it  to  preserve  the  rider's  clothes  from 
becoming  soiled  from  contact  with  the  horse ;  and  also  used  to 
save  the  pommel  of  the  saddle  from  being  soiled  by  sweat. 

221 


222  HAN-DBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Sadclle-clotlis  of  felt  are  most  useful  when  the  saddle  stuffing  has 
become  lliiii,or  wlieii  the  l.orse's  back  lias  become  sore.  Leather 
suddle-clotlis  chiefly  preserve  the  lining  of  the  saddle;  but  as  a 
rule,  a  saddle  looks  better,  is  lighter,  and  less  liable  to  give  a  liorse 
a  sore  back,  when  well  stuffed,  tlian  when  a  saddle-cloth  is  used. — 
The  Practical  Horse  Keeper,  George  Fleming,  L.  L.  D.,  F.  R.  C.  Y.  S. 

Sacltlle-girth.  A  band  which  is  passed  under  a  horse's 
belly  and  secured  to  the  saddle  at  each  end,  being  fastened  by 
buckles. 

Saddler;    American  Saddler;    Gaited   Saddler. 

A  saddle-gaited  horse,  having  the  natural  gaits,  the  walk-trot- 
canter,  to  perfection.  The  conformation  of  the  saddler  consists 
of  a  good  forehead — a  "  horse  in  front  of  you ;  "  good,  servicea- 
ble withers ;  a  strong,  sj)ringy  back  and  loin ;  quarters  of  pleasing 
shape ;  "  set  "  hocks  ;  short  canons  ;  having  a  long,  easy  stride 
that  conveys  but  little  motion  and  is  agreeable  to  the  rider — 
and  all  these  points  set  off  by  a  flowing  tail  and  mane,  and 
controlled  by  a  gentle  yet  spirited  temper,  make  up  the  ideal 
saddler. 

St.  Lieg'er.  The  great  English  race  run  at  Doncaster, 
York.  Inaugurated  in  1776,  but  did  not  receive  its  present 
name  till  1778,  in  honor  of  Colonel  St.  Leger  who  founded  the 
stakes,  since  which  time  it  has  been  run  annually.  The  course 
was  originally  two  miles.  In  1813  the  distance  was  changed 
to  one  mile,  six  furlongs,  and  one  hundred  and  ninety-three 
yards.  In  1826  the  distance  was  reduced  sixty-one  yards,  and 
has  remained  since  that  date,  one  mile,  six  furlongs,  and  one 
hundred  and  thirty-two  yards. 

Sale.  [Law.]  Where  there  is  no  warranty  in  the  sale  of 
a  horse,  the  rule  caveat  emptor  applies,  and  except  there  be 
deceit  either  of  fraudulent  concealment  or  fraudulent  misrepre- 
sentation, no  action  lies  by  the  vendee  against  the  vendor  upon 
the  sale  of  the  animal. 

Salivation.  Slobbers.  Frequently  caused  by  the  irri- 
tation of  the  bit ;  and  often  by  diseases  of  the  teeth,  or  wounds 
and  ulcers  of  the  mouth.     In  such  cases  consult  a  veterinarian. 

Sallenders ;  Sellanders ;  Sellenders.  Epidermal 
structures  or  eruptions,  upon  the  hind  legs  of  the  horse,  the 
upper  end  of  which  is  about  four  inches  below  the  point  of  the 
hock  or  ankle  joint.  Its  posterior  margin  is  nearly  straight  or 
regularly  convex,  while  its  anterior  margin  is  excavated  in  its 
upper  third,  being,  therefore,  more  pointed  above  than  below. 
Its  natural  color  is  dark  slate,  bat  when  much  dry  epidermis 
gathers  on  the  surface  it  has  a  lighter  or  yellowish  appearance. 
Similar   to  mallenders  which  appear  on  the  fore  legs.     See 

MaLLEjSDERS. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUKF.  223 

Salute  the  Ditch.  [Eng.]  The  ditch  at  Newmarket, 
Eng.,  was  an  object  of  regard  with  old  tui'fmen.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  remains  of  an  ancient  Roman  fortifica- 
tion, or  an  entrenchment  which  divided  the  Eastern  and 
Western  Anglican  tribes.  From  the  historic  associations  con- 
nected with  it  this  ditch  became  an  object  of  regard,  and  in 
by-gone  times  it  was  the  custom  with  all  turfmen  in  passing 
by  it  to  "salute  the  ditch." 

Salute  the  Judges.  At  the  close  of  a  heat  all  the 
drivers  and  jockeys  return  to  the  front  of  the  judges'  stand  and 
salute  the  judges,  receiving  in  return  their  recognition,  before 
dismounting.  While  all  the  rules  prescribe  that  no  rider  or 
driver  shall  dismount  without  the  consent  of  the  judges,  this 
salutation  is  a  graceful  act  of  mutual  recognition. 

Sandals.  [Eng.]  A  plate  or  bar  shoe  made  to  buckle 
upon  the  foot  of  the  horse,  in  case  of  accident  by  which  a  shoe 
was  thrown,  serving  as  a  very  good  substitute  for  the  lost  shoe 
when  on  the  road  or  in  the  field.  In  earlier  times  it  was  the 
custom  for  riders  and  hunters  to  carry  one  or  two  of  these 
sandals  in  the  pocket  when  starting  out  for  the  hunt. 

Sand  -  crack ;  Quarter  -  crack ;  False  Quarter. 
Fissures  or  lesions  in  the  horn  of  the  wall  of  the  foot.  Quarter 
cracks  on  the  lateral  parts  of  the  wall  nearly  always  affect  the 
fore  feet.  The  inside  quarter  is  more  liable  to  the  injury  than 
the  outside  one,  because  the  crust  is  thinner,  and  when  in  motion 
it  receives  a  greater  part  of  the  weight  of  the  body.  Toe 
cracks  are  more  common  in  the  hind  feet.  All  fissures  of  this 
ki^d  constitute  an  unsoundness. 

Sandwiched  Race.  A  race,  the  heats  of  which  are 
sandwiched  in  between  those  of  another  class.  Such  sand- 
wiching of  heats  is  allowable,  but  in  these  cases  one  race  of  the 
two  must  be  finished  before  another  can  be  started. 

Sash.  When  two  horses  from  the  same  stable  run  in  a 
race,  the  jockey  riding  the  secondary  horse  is  distinguished  by 
a  sash. 

Save  the  Distance.  For  a  driver  to  land  safely  within 
the  distance  flag  when  he  cannot  win,  or  for  any  reason  does 
not  want  to  win  the  heat,  is  to  "save  his  distance";  to  save  his 
horse  from  being  shut  out. 

I  drove  my  mare  all  this  time  with  a  view  of  simply  savingher  distance, 
and  I  noticed  that  most  of  the  other  drivers  were  Imslliiig  their 
horses  as  though  they  were  in  a  hurry.— Life  with  the  Trotters, 
John  Splan. 

If  yon  dro])  so  far  back  in  the  first  quarter  or  half  that  you  will  have  to 
drive  fast  in  the  last  half  to  save  your  distance,  you  "have  not  gained 
anything.    Get  away  well  with  the  field  and  drop  back  gradually, 


224  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUEF. 


say  about  twenty  yards  in  each  quarter,  so  that  you  will  land  safely 
inside  the  distance  flag  after  going  an  easy,  evenly  rated  mile  well 
within  your  liorse's  capacity  at  every  stride.— Training  the  Trotting 
Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Savetl  Him".  A  term  used  to  denote  the  act  of  saving  a 
horse  from  breaking,  in  a  heat.  Before  breaking,  most  horses 
give  some  indication  to  the  driver,  either  by  a  pull  on  the  bit, 
an  error  in  gait,  or  by  some  other  motion  that  they  are  to 
break  their  gait ;  and  the  driver,  by  understanding  his  horse, 
can  usually  tell  what  these  signs  mean,  and  can  often,  by 
instantly  taking  advantage  of  them,  save  the  horse  from  a 
break.  Hence  it  is  a  common  thing  to  hear  a  driver  say: 
"  He  wobbled,  but  I  saved  him." 

Scalp  ;  Scalping".  The  act  of  cutting  the  coronary  band 
or  quarters,  when  the  horse  is  at  extended  speed;  although 
some  horses  scalp  w^hen  at  a  slow  gait.  Generally  due  to  faulty 
conformation,  but  inay  be  remedied  in  many  cases  by  proper 
shoeing. 

Scalpers  ;  Scalping  Boots.  Light  toe-boots,  made  of 
thin  leather  and  padded,  worn  only  on  the  hind  feet.  They 
are  especially  needed  for  use  on  a  half-mile  track,  to  prevent 
scalping  or  cutting  of  the  coronary  band,  when  the  horse  is  on 
the  sharp  curves. 

Scalping  a  Track.  The  act  of  taking  a  thin  shaving 
off  from  the  surface  of  the  track,  either  for  the  purpose  of  even- 
ing its  face,  or  for  removing  a  slight  layer  of  sand  and  replac- 
ing with  loam  or  clay,  or  vice  versa.  This  scalping  is  done 
with  a  track  planer. 

Scapula.  The  shoulder-blade,  or  bladebone.  In  the 
horse  there  is  practically  but  one  action  at  the  shoulder  joint — 
a  fore-and-aft  hinge  motion.  The  scapula  and  the  leg  attached 
to  it  are  not  in  any  way  joined  to  the  rest  of  the  skeleton  by 
bone,  but  only  by  the  muscles  which  pass  from  one  to  the 
other.  The  trunk  is,  in  fact,  only  slung  between  the  two 
shoulder  bones. 

Scars  upon  the  horse  from  wounds  or  sores,  and  all 
unsightly  enlargements,  from  whatever  cause,  not  affecting  the 
soundness  of  the  animal,  are  blemishes. 

School  for  Trainers,  Jockeys  and  Drivers.  It 
has  been  the  hope  of  many  gentlemen  interested  in  turf  inat- 
ters,  and  who  desire  to  see  the  business  raised  to  a  more  intel- 
ligent level  based  upon  special  education,  and  knowing  that 
drivers  and  jockeys  come  up  from  stable  boys,  who,  in  most 
cases,  have  but  deficient  education ;  to  see  established  in  this 
country  a  school  for  the  education  and  fitting  of  young  men 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  226 

who  wish  to  become  trainers,  riders  and  drivers  of  speed 
horses.  The  scheme  of  instruction  at  sucii  a  school  has  been 
formulated  to  embrace  the  following :  The  theory  of  breeding 
on  scientific  principles ;  history  of  the  race  and  trotting  horse ; 
the  sources  from  which  speed  has  been  derived ;  characteristics 
of  the  different  types  and  families ;  results  of  crossing  strains, 
of  inbreeding  and  outcrossing  as  demonstrated  by  perform- 
ances ;  the  handling,  feeding  and  care  of  colts ;  preparation  of 
colts  to  show  their  greatest  flights  of  speed  without  injury  to 
themselves  or  to  their  development ;  expedients  and  appliances 
necessary  for  colts  of  different  conformation  and  disposition ; 
the  management  of  horses  before,  during  and  after  a  race ;  the 
driving  and  riding  of  horses  in  a  race;  the  proper  judgment  of 
pace  or  gait  and  how  to  place  the  horse  in  a  race  so  as  to  give 
him  the  best  chance  to  bring  out  his  power  of  speed ;  study  of 
the  rules  of  racing ;  propriety  of  deportment  on  the  turf. 

Schooling'.  The  art  of  teaching  a  horse ;  training,  edu- 
cating and  developing  the  trotter,  chaser,  jumper  and  racer;  a 
horse  in  training  is  said  to  be  ''  at  school." 

Score  ;  Scoring.  A  mark  or  line ;  the  act  of  bringing 
a  field  of  horses  to  the  score  or  starting  point,  in  order  for 
them  to  make  a  fair  start  in  a  heat  or  race ;  getting  in  position 
and  coming  down  to  the  judges'  stand  for  the  word.  The  trot- 
ting rules  provide  that  any  horse  in  scoring,  which  unneces- 
sarily delays  the  race,  may,  after  notice  to  the  driver,  be 
started  regardless  of  his  position  or  gait.  Xo  field  is  ever 
sent  away  when  any  of  the  horses  are  running  under  the  wire. 
One  of  the  contending  horses,  usually  the  pole  horse,  is  selected 
by  which  to  score  or  govern  the  other  horses ;  and  no  driver 
must  come  down  for  the  word  in  advance  of  the  governing  or 
pole  horse,  nor  can  any  driver  hold  back  from  the  governing 
or  pole  horse,  without  the  infliction  of  severe  penalties. 

In  many  years  of  exi^erience  we  have  never  seen  one  of  these  "incoTi- 
troUable"  horses  that  conkl  not  he  taken  hack  when  an  adequate 
fine  was  imposed  on  the  driver  for  improper  scoring. — Wallace's 
Monthly. 

There  is  a  great  differance  in  the  behavior  of  the  different  horses  in 
scoring.  Some  pull  and  tug  on  the  hit,  despite  the  signal  to  return, 
carrying  their  drivers  down  to  tlie  first  turn  in  the  track  before 
they  can  be  stopped;  whereas  others,  old  campaigners  as  a  rule, 
will  slacken  at  once  when  they  hear  the  bell,  stop,  and  turn  around 
of  their  own  accord.— Iload,  Track,  and  Stable,  H.  C.  Merwin. 

Ahorse  scoring  two  hundred  ami  twenty  yards  at  each  score,  in  scor- 
ing two  times  trots  one-fourth  of  a  mile;  four  times,  one-half  mile; 
six  times,  three-fourtlis  of  a  mile;  eiglit  times,  one  mile;  ten  times, 
one  and  ojie-fourth  miles;  twelve  times,  one  and  one-half  miles; 
fourteen  times,  one  and  tliree-fourths  mile;  sixteen  times,  two 
miles.  The  pole  horse  trots  thiee  feet  from  the  pole.  Allowing 
three  feet  more  to  his  outer  wheel,  one  foot  between  liis  outer  wheel 
and  the  inner  wheel  of  the  second  horse,  then  three  feet  to  the 
horse,  makes  seven  feet  between  the  pole  and  second  horse,  and  so 

15 


226 


HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TURF. 


on  to  the  extreme  outside  horse.  The  second  horse  trots  forty- 
four  feet  further  in  trotting  the  mile  tlian  tlie  pole  horse  ;  the  third 
horse,  eighty-eiglit  ieet;  the  fourth  Ju)rse,  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
two  feet;  the  fifth  horse,  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  feet,  and  a 
horse  forty  teet  from  the  pole  trots  two  hundred  and  fifty-one  feet 
over  tlie  mile. 

Score  Board.  The  sign-board  in  front  of  the  judges' 
stand  upon  which  the  positions  of  the  horses  and  time  made, 
is  hung  out  by  the  judges  at  the  close  of  each  heat.     In  the 


2:23 

Class. 

A 

4 

B 
2 

C 

5 

D 
1 

E 
3 

F 

7 

G 
6 

H 

I 

J 

K 

Ttmf,. 

First 
Heat. 

2:23J 

DIAGRAM    OF    SCORE    BOARD. 

accompanying  diagram  representing  the  first  heat  of  a  race, 
there  were  seven  starters  represented  by  the  letters  A  to  G, 
attached  to  the  arm  of  each  driver,  respectively.  In  this  heat 
the  horse  D  came  in  first ;  the  horse  B  came  in  second,  and  so 
on,  as  indicated. 

Score  Card.  A  printed  card  having  upon  it  the  names 
of  the  horses  entered  in  each  class,  at  a  race  meeting,  with 
blanks  for  the  purpose  of  recording  the  time  made  in  each 
heat. 

Scratch.  A  scrub  race;  a  race  without  conditions", 
often  put  in  to  fill  up  the  time,  on  a  free  track,  where  a  class 
did  not  fill ;  a  scurry. 

Scratch.  To  scratch ;  to  strike  a  horse's  name  out  of  the 
list  of  runners  in  a  particular  race.  The  rules  of  the  Turf 
Congress  provide  that  if  any  person  offers  or  receives  any 
amount  of  money  for  scratching  an  entry  in  purse  or  stake, 
the  person  so  offending  shall  be  ruled  off  the  course. 

Scratches.  Grease ;  a  disease  of  the  heels  of  the  horse, 
and  until  cured,  an  unsoundness.     See  Grease. 

Screw.  A  common  stable  term  for  a  used-up  horse,  or 
one  having  an  ill-shaped  or  unsound  foot ;  a  plug. 

Seat.  That  part  of  the  riding  saddle  on  which  the  rider 
sits. 

Seat.  [Eq.]  The  principles  of  a  correct  seat  in  eques- 
trianism are,  that  the  flat  thigh  should  grip  the  saddle  with 
the  lower  leg  free  to  give  impulse,  direction  and  control  to  the 
horse ;  the  body  erect  and  moving  in  instinctive  harmony  with 
the  horse's  motion,  and  the  hands  entirely  independent  of  the 
body. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  227 

The  seat  on  liorseback  is  one  in  which  the  crotch  and  hips  are  as  firmly 
attached  to  tl:e  saddle  as  it  is  possible  tor  tlicm  to  be;  the  legs 
below  the  knee  as  free  and  independent  as  possible,  and  the  body 
from  the  waist  upward,  innfectly  supple  and  i)liable.  "VVI);Uever 
movement  the  horse  makes,  tlie  hips  must  conlorm,  moving  to 
tlie  right  or  to  tlie  left,  or  tii)i)ing  backward  or  forward,  as  tlic  case 
may  be.  The  legs  from  the  knees  downward,  must  l)e  frct^  to  move 
in  obedience  to  the  rider's  will,  tiie  upper  part  of  thetriink  keep 
perfect  balance  and  move  easily  on  a  llcxibic  spine,  accommodat- 
ing itself  to  every  movement.— The  Saddle  Horse, 

Seated  Shoe.  A  horse-shoe  fitted  into  a  groove  or  bev- 
eled edge  oi:  the  crust  or  wall  of  the  foot ;  a  Charlier  shoe. 

Second  Favorite.  A  horse  thought  to  possess  the 
ability  of  winning  second  place ;  the  second  choice  of  the  field. 

Second  Tliig"li.  A  group  of  small  muscles  located  on 
the  outer  face  of  the  thigh  and  below  the  stifle  or  knee,  and  in 
front  of  the  calf. 

Sectional  Shoe.  A  shoe  for  contracted  feet,  quarter 
cracks  and  tender  feet.  It  consists  of  a  plate  and  overshoe, 
the  shoe  being  adjustable  and  removable  from  the  plate  as 
often  as  desired,  without  drawing  the  nails  from  the  foot. 

Secundo.  The  name  of  a  very  severe  English  bit  used 
for  pulling  horses;  for  those  that  refuse  the  jumps;  that  run 
out  at  their  fences,  or  which  are  at  times  liable  to  take  charge 
of  their  riders. 

Selling"  Race.  A  race  the  conditions  of  which  require 
that  the  winner  must  be  offered  for  sale  at  public  auction, 
unless  otherwise  stipulated.  Any  horse  running  in  a  race  "to 
be  sold,"  shall  be  liable,  if  the  winner,  to  be  claimed  for  the 
selling  price ;  and  if  it  is  a  condition  of  the  race  that  the  win- 
ner is  to  be  sold  by  auction,  the  sale  takes  place  immediately 
at  the  close  of  the  race,  one-half  of  any  surplus  over  the  selling 
price  going  to  the  second  horse,  and  the  remainder  to  the  asso- 
ciation. In  selling  races  the  horse's  engagements  are  included 
in  the  sale.  Any  person  offering  or  entering  into  an  agreement 
for  a  consideration  to  bid  or  not  to  bid  on  a  horse  winning  a 
selling  race,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  fraud  and  shall  be 
ruled  off. 

Send-off;  Sent  Away.  A  start  in  a  race;  a  good 
send-off  is  a  fine  uniform  and  fair  starting  of  all  the  horses  in 
a  heat  or  race. 

Sensitive  Liaminse.  The  thin  plates  of  soft  tissue  cov- 
ering the  anterior  surface  of  the  cofRn  bone.  They  number 
from  five  to  six  hundred,  extend  parallel  to  each  other,  and  by 
fitting  into  corresponding  grooves  on  the  inner  surface  of  the 
horn  of  the  wall,  the  union  of  the  soft  and  horny  tissues  of  the 
hoof  is  rendered  complete  and  perfect. 


228  hain'dbook  of  the  turf. 

Sent  to  Stable.  A  horse  sent  to  the  stable  is  a  horse 
that  is  ruled  out  by  the  judges.  A  horse  may  be  sent  to  the 
stable  for  any  misdemeanor,  foul  driving,  or  fraud  of  any  kind. 
In  heats  of  one,  two,  three  or  four  miles,  a  horse  not  winning 
one  heat  in  three  cannot  start  in  a  fourth ;  and  in  heats  best 
three  in  five,  a  horse  not  winning  one  in  five  cannot  start  in 
a  sixth — unless  such  horse,  in  either  case,  shall  have  m.ade  a 
dead  heat. 

Sesamoids ;  Sesamoid  Bones.  Bones  developed  in 
tendons  where  they  play  over  joints.  In  each  foot  of  the 
horse  there  are  three ;  a  pair  of  nodular  form,  placed  side  by 
side  over  the  metacarpo-phalangeal  articulation,  or  behind  the 
fetlock  joint ;  and  a  single,  large,  transversely  extended  one, 
called  the  navicular  bone.  The  sesamoid  bones  of  the  hind 
and  fore  feet  are  exactly  alike. 

Set  Back.  AVhen  an  offending  horse  is  placed  behind 
other  horses  of  the  field  for  breaking,  running  or  foul  driving, 
he  is  said  to  have  been  "set  back,"  or  punished. 

Settles  to  his  Work.      AVhen  a  horse  trots  low,  or 

hugs  the  track,  he  is  said  to  "  settle  to  his  work." 

This  teclinical  expression  is  intended  to  represent  tlie  idea  that  when 
tlie  liorse  is  speeding  the  centers  of  motion  are  nearer  tlie  grovind, 
in  order  that  tlie  muscles  should  act  to  the  best  advantage,  and 
that  in  propulsion  the  act  shall  be  most  direct  and  longer  sus- 
tained; or,  in  other  words,  the  i)oints  of  action  and  reaction  are  in 
a  line  forming  a  uiore  acute  angle  with  the  ground. — The  Horse  in 
Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Shaft.  A  thill;  one  of  a  pair  between  which  a  horse  is 
harnessed  to  a  sulky  or  buggy ;  the  pole,  or  tongue  of  a  car- 
riage used  with  a  sj^an  of  horses. 

Shaft-holder;  Shaft-rest.  A  device  for  supporting 
the  ends  of  the  shafts  projecting  in  front  of  the  horse's  breast. 
Leather  sockets  are  made  to  fit  the  ends  of  the  shafts,  and  a 
strap  on  each  side  of  the  horse's  neck  extends  therefrom  to 
the  strap  supporting  the  breastplate  over  the  neck ;  so  that  a 
part  of  the  weight  of  the  shafts  is  borne  by  the  shoulders, 
instead  of  the  entire  w^eight  being  borne  from  the  back. 

Shag'-trot.     [Eng.]     Jog-trot:  a  slow  trotting  gait. 

The  shag-trot  is  practiced  on  the  way  home  by  every  huntsman,  every 
whip,  and  every  hunting  man,  after  a  long  day,  if  he  has  any  con- 
sideration for  h'is  hoise.— The  Book  of  the  Horse,  Samuel  Sidney. 

Shake  Him  Off.  To  come  away  from  a  contending 
horse.  "He  came  up  to  my  wheel  but  I  shook  him  off," 
means  that  the  horse  of  which  it  is  said  did  not  have  speed 
enough  to  go  past  his  leader,  or  pace-maker. 

Shank.  That  part  of  the  hind  leg  of  the  horse  above 
the  fetlock  and  below  the  hock,  corresponding  to  the  canon  of 


HANDBOOK    OP   THE   TURF.  329 

the  fore  leg.  It  generally,  however,  is  somewhat  longer  than 
the  canon,  flatter  and  measures  greater  in  circumference.  It 
should  be  flat  and  deep  from  the  front  backwards,  the  skin 
lying  close  to  the  bone  and  tendon. 

Shifting"  Gait.  A  horse  that  changes  from  a  trot  to  a 
pace,  and  from  a  pace  to  a  trot,  is  said  to  be  of  "  shifting  gait." 
A  fast  trotter  will  make  a  fast  pacer,  and  vice  versa. 

Shirt.     [Eng.]     To  put  one's  shirt  on  a  horse,  is  to  lose 

aU  one's  money  on  a  horse. 

"Now  the  word  shirt,"  said  the  teaclier,  "is  a  common  noun,  and 
means  an  undergarment  for  men."  "And  tor  horses,  sir,"  put  in  a 
sharp  youngster.  "  For  liorses  !  "  roared  the  teaclier,  "  wiiat  do  you 
mean  ?"  "  Father  says  lie  is  goinjj;  to  put  his  on  Friar's  Balsam  for 
the  Derby,  sir."     There  Avas  trouble  in  that  class.— 13ird  o'  Freedom. 

Shoe ;  Shoeing".  A  horse  shoe ;  a  protective  support 
to  the  horse's  foot;  a  plate,  or  rim  of  metal,  generally  iron, 
nailed  to  the  horse's  hoof  to  protect  it  from  injury;  the  art,  or 
business  of  shoeing  horses;  farriery.  There  can  be  little 
doubt  that  the  first  shoes  were  of  leather,  attached  to  the  feet 
with  thongs,  as  were  sandals  to  the  human  foot,  and  from  the 
use  of  leather,  or  socks  made  of  rushes,  the  transition  to  metal 
was  very  naturah  It  is  believed  that  horseshoes  were  orig- 
inated by  the  Romans  and  came  into  use  in  Caesar's  time,  as 
Catullus,  a  Roman  who  was  contemporary  with  Caesar,  speaks 
of  them.  In  the  East  there  was  no  necessity  for  an  artificial 
protection  to  the  hoof,  as,  from  the  dryness  of  the  soil  and 
even  temperature,  the  hoofs  became  firm  and  tough.  During 
the  period  of  the  Crusades,  when  knight-errantry  was  at  its 
zenith,  the  horses  were  heavy  and  carried  great  weights. 
They  wore  shoes  which  were  fastened  with  clamps,  so  they 
cotild  be  easily  detached.  Some  writers  have  asserted  that 
horseshoeing  was  not  practiced  in  England  until  the  time  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  in  1066;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
has  been  shown  from  illuminated  MSS.  that  the  custom  was 
practiced  by  the  Anglo  Saxons  as  early  as  A.D.  600,  and  there 
is  a  statement  in  history  that  horseshoes  were  found  at 
Tourney,  in  the  tomb  of  Childeric,  the  Frankish  king,  which 
refer  us  to  the  date  of  480  A.D.  There  is  historic  evidence 
that  iron  shoes  were  nailed  to  the  hoofs  of  war  horses  in  the 
ninth  century.  In  general  form  and  manner  of  attachment 
horseshoes  have  undergone  very  little  change  dtiring  hundreds 
of  years ;  it  is  in  the  evolution  of  shoes  for  trotting  horses, 
witlin  the  years  1869-1893,  that  the  greatest  change  has  been 
noticeable.  In  1869  American  Girl,  2:19,  carried  shoes  weigh- 
ing eighteen  to  twenty  otmces  in  front,  and  fourteen  or  fifteen 
ounces  behind.     Goldsmith  Maid,  2:14,  in  1874,  carried  a  sev- 


230  HAN^DBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

enteen  ounce  bar  shoe.  Smuggler,  2:15|,  1874-1876,  wore, 
at  one  time,  two-pound  shoes  on  each  front  foot;  and  it  is 
said  that  the  little  mare  Lula,  2:15,  1875,  carried  a  shoe  of 
even  greater  weight.  In  1889  the  shoes  of  Axtell,  2:12, 
weighed  five  ounces  in  front  and  three  ounces  behind.  Shoes 
of  reasonable  weight  are  those  of  from  eight  to  twelve  ounces, 
although  the  range  of  weight  in  1893  would  be  eight  ounces 
forward,  and  from  five  to  six  ounces  behind,  nailed  with  four 
nails  on  the  outside,  and  three  nails  on  the  inside.  Aluminum 
is  now  much  used  for  horseshoes.  It  is  a  metal  of  silver-white 
color,  about  as  hard  as  zinc,  very  malleable  and  ductile,  and 
very  light.  Horseshoes  are  made  in  a  great  variety  of  styles ; 
but  the  old,  standard,  plain  shoe  with  beveled  edges,  bar  or 
open  heel,  has  always  been,  and,  without  doubt,  will  always 
be,  the  most  in  use,  and  the  best  suited  to  the  greatest  number 
of  horses.  From  the  records  of  the  United  States  patent 
ofiice  down  to  the  close  of  the  year  1893,  it  appears  that  in 
Class  Xo.  168,  sub-class  No.  6,  Farriery,  four  hundred  and 
thirty-five  patents  had  been  granted  on  horseshoes  alone.  The 
parts  of  the  shoe  are :  The  toe ;  the  two  heels ;  the  quarters 
between  the  toe  and  the  heels ;  the  calks,  or  projections  from 
the  lower  part  of  each  heel ;  the  toe  calk ;  the  clip,  a  sort  of 
claw,  usually  at  the  upper  edge  of  the  toe,  for  protecting  the 
hoof  and  assisting  in  keeping  the  shoe  in  place ;  the  fullering, 
or  crease  in  the  lower  face,  in  which  the  nail  holes  are  punched ; 
the  bar,  which  is  the  entire  body  of  the  shoe.  The  following 
principles  should  govern  the  shape  of  the  shoe  and  the  art  of 
shoeing:  1.  The  foot  surface  of  the  shoe  should  be  flat,  so 
that  the  outer  portion  of  the  sole  may  aid  the  wall  in  bearing 
weight;  2,  in  order  that  the  frog  may  bear  weight,  the  shoe 
should,  generally,  be  as  thin  as  possible  consistent  with  its 
standing  wear  and  retaining  its  shape ;  3,  the  shoe  should,  as  a 
rule,  be  of  uniform  thickness  at  the  toes,  quarters  and  heels, 
so  that  the  proper  bearing  of  the  foot  be  not  disturbed ;  4,  the 
shape  of  the  foot  surface  should  follow  the  general  form  of  the 
weight-bearing  surfaces  of  the  wall  and  sole ;  5,  the  heels  of 
the  shoe,  on  their  foot  surface,  should  be  perfectly  flat,  or 
sloping  slightly  outward,  to  prevent  the  tendency  to  contract ; 
6,  shoes  should  project  slightly  beyond  the  ends  of  the  heels, 
(without  risk  of  the  fore-shoe  getting  caught  by  the  hind-shoe), 
so  that  the  heels  of  the  shoe  may  rest  on  the  solid  pieces  of 
horn  that  are  found  immediately  behind  the  angle  formed  by 
the  wall  and  bar ;  7,  the  ground  surface  of  the  shoe  should  be 
beveled,  to  increase  the  foothold  of  the  horse,  and  also  to  les- 
sen the  weight  of  the  metal  employed.     These  are  the  generally 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE  TUKF.  231 

approved  principles— when  it  comes  to  balancing  the  trotting 
action  it  is  a  matter  of  individuality,  for  no  two  horses  can  be 
shod  exactly  alike. 
Keep  the  foot  level,  and  the  frog  untouched  and  on  the  ground.- 

[LawO^'wh^nevel'bar  or  round  shoes  are  required,  even  for  a  tempo- 
rary  purpose,  tl.e  liorse  is  unsound  ;  tor  nu  disease  is  cured,  wliether 
saudcuaJks,  corns,  tl.rushes  or  vyluitever  else  it  may  t>e,  so  long  as 
these  shoes  are  necessary  .-The  La vy  of  Horses,  M.  L>.  ll'"\"^ei. 

The  unpared  sole  ai.d  frog  of  the  healthy  toot  need  ^^^P^o.^^f  ^"\!_«_^ 
any  kind  of  soil.  The  more  the  frog  is  exposed  to  weai,  the  laiger 
and  sounder  it  grows,  and  the  beiter  it  is  for  the  toot  and  limb. 
Wliat  is  required  in  shoeing  is  merely  protection  tioni  undue  weai, 
with  the  least  possible  interference  with,  or  disturbance  to,  the 
functions  of  the'^foot  and  limb.  Not  a  grain  of  iron  more  tlian  is 
absolutely  necessary,  should  be  allowed  as  a  protection.-Geoige 

The^ideSl  shoe ^regar led  simply  as  a  means  to  locomotion,  is  «|e  light- 
est, simplest,  suiallest  piece  of  metal  that  can  be  connived  to  pivj- 
tect  the  wall  of  the  foot.  Wlien  it  is  a  question  ot  balancing  a  tiot- 
ter  by  means  of  weight  iu  his  shoes,  another  problem  is  intioduced. 
—Road,  Track  and  Stable,  H.  C.  Meiwin.  ^„,-Ki.r 

The  first  thing  to  be  decided  upon  is  how  little  weight  you  can  possibly 
use  in  the  horse's  shoe  to  protect  the  foot,  and,  at  the  same  tune, 
balance  the  horse  so  he  will  be  able  to  go  at  his  highest  rate  of 
speed  on  a  trot.  What  makes  it  more  difficult  than  anytlung  else 
to  give  rules  to  shoe  a  horse  by  is  the  fact  that  no  two  horses  can 
beihod  alike.  All  horses  are  formed  differently,  gaited  different  y, 
and   have   different   dispositions.— Life    with    the    irotters,  Joim 

Shoeing  is  unnecessary  to  the  horse  in  his  wild,  natural  state;  it  is 
artificial  and  unnatural,  because  the  domesticated  horse  is  kept  m 
an  artificial  and  unnatural  state.  It  must,  therefore,  be  reg-ardea 
as  a  necessary  evil.  But  the  foot  of  the  horse,  unprotected,  will 
not  stand  the  battering  of  turf-training;  therefore,  the  prime  and 
sole  object  of  shoeing  is  to  afford  the  wall  of  the  foot  protection 
against  the  terrific  concussion  of  fast  trotting  on  more  or  less  hard 
tracks.  *  *  *  I  want  to  enforce  the  necessity  of  non-interference 
with  the  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  hoof  from  the  quarter  to 
the  heel,  according  as  the  foot  bears  weiglit  or  is  relieved  of  it.  As 
a  rule,  use  six  nails,  three  on  either  side;  but  never  put  a  nail  back 
of  the  widest  part  of  the  hoof,  the  quarters,  thus  leaving  the  heels 
free.  The  foot  should  be  trimmed  so  that  the  frog  will  lightly 
touch  the  ground,  but  take  little  or  no  weight.  In  shoeing,  the  aim 
is  to  keen  the  foot  elastic,  yielding  and  natural.  Be  careful  with 
the  knife,  cutting  only  the  horn  of  the  wall.  Leave  the  frog,  the 
sole  and  the  bars  alone.  They  will  care  for  themselves.  Shoeing, 
like  everything  else,  should  be  looked  at  from  a  common-sense 
standpoint.  There  are  no  wonderful  and  nnrevealed  mysteries 
about  it.  Keeping  iu  view  what  nature  intended,  remembering 
that  the  sole  purpose  of  shoeing  is  to  afford  protection,  the  simpler 
the  better,  steering  clear  of  quack  smiths  that  know  it  all  and 
recklessly  slash  and  rasp— these  are  the  most  important  precau- 
tions to  be  kept  in  view  concerning  shoeing.— Training  the  Trotting 
Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Sliort  of  Work.  It  is  often  said  of  a  good  horse  when 
he  fails  to  do  his  best  in  a  race,  that  he  is  "  short  of  work  " — a 
term  which  also  embraces  many  apologies  for  a  poor  horse; 
although  it  is  no  doubt  true  that  being  short  of  work  has  much 
to  do  with  defeats  on  the  turf. 

The  gamest  horse  will  stop  if  short  of  work,  and  if  you  do  not  know 
that  he  has  had  sufacient  work,  that  he  is  not  sick  or  sore,  how  are 


232  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 


you  going  to  know  whether  he  stops  from  physical  causes  or  from 
true  quitting.— Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Cliarles  Marvin. 

Sliovilder.     The  withers  form  the  upper  boundary  of 

the  shoulder.     The  rear  border  of  the  shoulder  may  be  taken 

from  behind  the  swell  of  the  muscle  which  is  just  below  the 

withers  to  the  elbow. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  indispensable  conformations  in  a  race  horse  or 
jumper  to  have  an  oblique  shoulder.  No  straight  shouldered  horse 
could  be  a  successful  racer  or  steeple  chaser.  A  straight  shoulder 
means  a  short  stride,  and  racers  with  short  strides  are  distanced 
and  get  run  off  the  turf ,— Tlie  Bridle  Bits,  Col.  J.  C.  Battersby. 

Shuffling".  A  word  which  most  appropriately  describes 
any  gait  which  is  dull,  awkward,  inelegant ;  the  motion  of  a 
lazy,  used-up,  worthless  horse. 

Shut  Out.     Left  behind  the  distance  flag. 

Shut  Up.  A  horse  which  fails  to  respond  to  rider  or 
driver,  or  which  refuses  his  jumps,  is  said  to  "  shut  up." 

Shying".  A  dangerous  and  disagreeable  characteristic  in 
a  horse.  Often  a  horse  sliys  at  naught,  in  which  case  he  is 
governed  by  illusion  of  sight ;  it  is  frequently  due  to  near- 
sightedness ;  to  a  bad-fitting  bridle,  or  other  cause  that  may 
be  remedied.  Where  it  results  from  nervousness  it  is  a  vice ; 
but  if  it  results  from  disease  in  the  eye,  it  is  an  unsoundness. 

Side  Check.     The  check-rein  in  ordinary  use. 

Side-pulling.  A  very  disagreeable  habit,  due  in  many 
cases  to  the  presence  of  painful  wolf -teeth ;  or,  in  colts  before 
they  have  a  full  mouth,  to  sore  and  swollen  gums  on  one  side 
of  the  lower  jaw,  between  the  incisors  and  molars ;  often  due 
to  the  sharp  edges  of  the  gTinders  coming  in  contact  with  the 
cheek.  In  some  instances  it  is  due  to  the  use  of  too  long  a 
bit,  in  which  case  the  bit  may  need  side-washers  of  leather  or 
chamois  skin  of  several  degrees  of  thickness  to  prevent  the  bit 
from  pulling  through  the  mouth. 

Side-reiner.  Said  of  a  horse  that  is  a  side-puller ;  he 
"side-reins,"  or  drives  on  one  rein. 

Side-weights.  Often  attached  to  the  outside  of  the 
hind  hoofs  to  obviate  defective  or  narrow  hind  action.  The 
side-weight  is  frequently  combined  in  the  shoe,  the  outside  bar 
of  which  is  much  heavier  than  that  of  the  inside. 

Side-wheeler.  A  pacing  or  racking  horse.  See  Pac- 
ing and  Single-footing. 

Sight.  Any  disease  which  causes  obscurity  or  dimness 
of  sight,  and  prevents  a  horse  from  seeing  common  objects, 
renders  him  unsound. 

Sinew.     Any  cord  or  tendon  of  the  physical  structure. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TUllF.  233 

Single  -  footing.  An  irregular  pace  of  a  horse  in 
motion ;  the  single-footed  rack ;  a  strictly  lateral  gait.  The 
full  revolution  is  this :  The  hind  foot,  on  the  right  side,  strikes 
the  ground  a  little  before  the  fore  foot  strikes  it,  then  with  the 
legs  of  the  left  side  making  the  same  movements,  there  are 
four  strokes  in  the  revolution. 

The  single-foot  is  an  irregular  pace,  rather  rare,  and  distinguished  by 
the  posterior  extremities  moving  in  the  order  of  the  fast  walk,  and 
the  anterior  ones  in  that  of  a  slow  trot,  Tliese  mixed  paces  are 
quite  compatible,  as  they  are  of  the  same  kind  and  move  in  the 
some  diagonal  order. — Tiie  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  St  illman. 
The  single-foot  is  intermediate  between  a  trot  and  a  pace;  or  in  other 
words  is  such  an  exaggeration  of  the  fox-trot  as  to  bring  it  half  way 
to  the  rack ;  or  vice  versa.  Each  foot  appears  to  move  independently 
of  association  witli  either  of  the  others,  and  the  same  interval  of 
time  elapses  between  each  footfall.  It  is  a  fast  gait,  generally  not 
less  than  ten  miles  an  hour,  Avhieh  can  be  increased  to  a  three- 
minute  gait.  It  affords  the  smoothest  seat  of  all  the  gaits,  because 
that  portion  of  the  animal  which  supports  the  saddle  apparently 
glides  evenly  forward,  while  each  quarter,  moving  separately, 
causes  none  of  that  bounding  or  jolting  that  accompanies  the  trot 
or  pace.— Randall's  Horse  Register. 

Sir  Archy.  One  of  the  best  bred  horses  ever  produced 
in  England  or  America.  Bred  by  Col.  John  Tayloe,  Mt.  Aery, 
Virginia.  Foaled  in  1805.  By  imported  Diomed,  by  Florizel, 
one  of  the  best  sons  of  old  King  Herod ;  dam,  Castianira,  by 
Rockingham,  son  of  Highflyer,  by  Herod.  Sir  Archy,  although 
bred  in  Virginia,  was  from  imported  English  sources  on  both 
sides — Diomed  was  one  of  the  best  racers  on  the  English  turf, 
and  unquestionably  the  finest  formed  horse  ever  imported  into 
this  country;  Castianira,  his  dam,  was  imported  when  three 
years  old,  by  Colonel  Tayloe,  in  1799,  and  ran  successfully  in 
Virginia.  Sir  Archy  was  a  blood  bay  16  hands  high,  his  shoul- 
ders were  unexceptional,  very  deep  in  his  girth,  back  short  and 
strong,  arms  and  thighs  long  and  muscular,  and  bone  large. 
He  was  possessed  of  both  speed  and  bottom,  and  was  not  only 
distinguished  on  the  running  turf,  but  also  famous  as  a  pro- 
ducer of  great  horses.  He  died  June  7,  1833,  "meriting," 
says  Mr.  S.  D.  Bruce,  "  the  sobriquet  of  the  Godolphin  Arabian 
of  America." 

Sit  Down  in  Front.  A  term  describing  the  act  of 
stopping  or  pulling  in  front  of  a  contending  horse,  for  the  evi- 
dent purpose  of  impeding  him,  or  to  help,  or  aid  another  horse 
in  the  race.  An  offense  punishable  by  fine,  suspension  or 
expulsion. 

Sitfasts;  Horny  Sloug'hs.  Pieces  of  dead  tissue,  or 
small  tumors,  otherwise  known  as  wartles,  generally  caused  by 
saddle-galls,  or  by  irritating  masses  of  sweat,  hair,  and  dirt 
under  the  saddle,  which  would  be  thrown  off  but  from  the  fact 
that   they  are  firmly  connected  with  the  fibers  of  the  skin 


234  HANDBOOK    OF    THE    TURF. 

beneath.  Whenever  they  become  ulcerated,  and  are  in  such 
position  as  to  prevent  the  ordinary  use  of  the  harness  or  saddle, 
they  constitute  an  unsoundness. 

Sixty-mile  Race.  A  famous  race  made  in  Deer  Lodge 
county,  Montana,  between  a  horse  owned  by  Colonel  Thornton, 
and  a  "  little  short-legged  horse  called  the  Lizzard,"  owned  by 
Bailey  &  Hammond.  Run  in  1890.  Distance  sixty  miles  con- 
tinuous running.  The  large  horse  took  the  lead  from  the 
start,  and  held  it  up  to  the  thirty-second  mile,  when  Lizzard 
commenced  to  close  on  him,  had  everything  his  own  way  after 
the  thirty-third  mile,  and  won  in  four  hours,  forty-five  minutes. 

Skeleton.  A  track  wagon  of  four  wheels,  the  w^heels 
being  of  the  high  or  old  style,  and  also  bike  style  w^ith  pneu- 
matic tire. 

On  the  Beacon  and  Centreville  courses,  wagons,  in  distinction  from 
sulkies  or  match-carts,  must  weigh  250  pounds.  —  Rules  of  the  New 
York  Trotting  Chib,  September,  1841. 

I  liave  lately  seen  in  a  Boston  warehouse  a  skeleton  wagon  that  weighs 
but  fifty  pounds.  Such  a  veliicie  might  almost  l)e  described  as  a 
work  of" art.— Road,  Track  and  Stable,  H.  C.  Merwin,  1892. 

Skin.  The  external  covering  of  the  horse.  It  is  com- 
posed of  two  quite  distinct  sections,  each,  however,  intimately 
connected  with  the  other.  The  first  or  inner  part  is  called  the 
derm,  a  layer  of  interlacing  filaments  of  fibrous  tissue  to  which 
the  nerves  and  blood  vessels  are  copiously  distributed ;  and  the 
second  or  outer  section  called  the  epidermis,  non-sensitive,  con- 
taining no  blood  vessels,  soft  in  its  deeper  or  newly -formed 
part,  but  dry  and  hard  at  the  exposed  surface.  The  hairs  cov- 
ering the  skin  grow  from  minute  projections,  cylindrical  in 
form,  seated  in  the  outer  surface  of  the  derm,  the  roots  of 
wiiich  form  little  follicles  or  pits.  The  outer  part,  or  epider- 
mis, is  continually  being  worn  away  at  the  surface,  but  is  also 
continually  being  renewed  from  the  inner  surface  of  the  derm ; 
or,  as  is  the  case  with  the  hairs,  thrown  off  entire.     See  Coat. 

Skin  the  Lranib.  [Eng.]  When  a  non-favorite  wins  a 
race,  bookmakers  are  said  to  "  skin  the  lamb,"  under  the  sup- 
position that  they  win  all  their  debts,  no  person  having  backed 
the  winner. 

Skipping"  Break.  A  break  in  gait  that  is  not  contin- 
uous ;  the  act  of  quickly  recovering,  on  the  part  of  the  horse, 
at  the  very  instant  any  change  in  gait  occurs,  from  whatever 
cause,  and  at  once  sti'iking  the  former  gait ;  a  skip  with  one 
foot,  while  the  next  takes  its  regular  step. 

Skirts.  Small  flaps  that  cover  the  bars  on  which  the 
stirrup  leathers  are  suspended  to  the  saddle. 


HANDBOOK    0¥   THE   TUilE.  235 


Skittish.  Said  of  a  horse  that  shies ;  is  disposed  to 
start  quickly,  and  at  times  to  run;  is  over -timid;  tricky; 
deceitful  in  action.     Skittishness  is  a  vice. 

Slew  ;  Slue.  The  turning  of  a  body  upon  an  axis  within 
its  own  tigure  ;  to  swing  around  ;  the  outward  motion  of  a  sulky 
wheel  in  going  rapidly  around  the  curves  of  a  track. 

Sling".  A  device  in  which  to  suspend  a  horse  in  case  of 
broken  or  injured  limbs,  where  it  is  necessary  to  take  all  the 
weight  of  the  body  from  off  the  feet. 

Slip-liiin.  A  term  used  to  describe  the  act  of  giving  a 
horse  his  head ;  letting  him  out ;  the  opposite  from  pulled. 

Slow  Track.  A  track  is  said  to  be  slow  when  from  any 
cause  horses  cannot  make  their  usual  speed  upon  it ;  a  heavy 
track.  This  slowness  may  result  from  some  peculiarity  of  con- 
struction, or  kind  of  soil  that  renders  it  slow  at  all  times  ;  or  it 
may  be  temporarily  slow,  although  a  good  track,  from  poor 
drainage,  and  being  heavy  from  rain. 

Slow  Trot.  A  trot  in  which  the  undulations  are  greater 
than  in  the  fast  trot,  and  therefore  one  very  hard  for  the  rider. 
These  slow  undulations  diminish  as  the  speed  is  increased. 

Smell.      The  sense  of  smell  in  the  horse  is  one  which  is 

most  acutely  developed ;  and  many  good  students  of  the  horse 

are  of  the  opinion  that  this  sense  has  far  more  to  do  with  his 

general  intelligence  and  ability  for  education  than  any  special 

endowment  of  brain  power. 

Contioisseurs  in  horse  flesh  prefer  plenty  of  space  between  the  eyes, 
and  some  even  go  so  tar  as  to  say  that  a  broad  forelieail  is  indica- 
tive of  intelligence;  but  as  tliis  part  of  the  bone  does  not  cover  the 
brain,  (tue  seal,  of  intelligence,)  it  is  hard  to  conceive  liow  its  shape 
cm  control  sucli  an  important  feature  in  an  animal.  When  the 
space  between  the  eyes  is  well  developed  that  portion  of  the 
interior  of  tiie  head  to  which  the  nerve  of  special  sense  of  smell  is 
distributed  would  naturally  be  larger  in  proportion,  on  that  account 
the  smelling  power  of  the  animal  with  tlie  broad  forehead  may  be 
increased;  and  if  it  be  true  that  the  horse  is  capable  of  judging  of 
the  quality  of  things  by  their  odour,  we  can  then  explain  why  the 
horse  with  the  broad  forehead  and  well  developed  organs  of  special 
sense  of  smell,  may  appear  more  intelligent  than  his  less  fortunate 
neighbor  with  the  narrow  one.— E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S.,  Michigan 
Agricultural  College  Experiment  Station. 

Snaffle.     A  bridle  having  one  plain  bit,  jointed  or  stiff, 

and  one  pair  of  reins,  without  guards.     Its  action  is  to  restrain 

the  horse  by  pressure  on  his  tongue,  bars  of  his  mouth,  (the 

part  of  his  gums  which  are  between  the  tushes  and  grinders), 

and  the  corners  of  the  mouth.     It  is  simple  in  its  operation 

and  less  apt  to  confuse  the  horse  than  any  other  bit  used. 

The  snaffle,  in  its  various  sizes  and  forms  is  the  most  useful  bit,  and 
were  I  restricted  to  one  pattern  that  would  be  the  one  chosen.— 
Horse  Portraiture,  Joseph  Cairn  Simpson, 


236  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF. 

This  bit  is  the  same  as  the  bridoon  with  the  exception  of  the  guards. 

It  was  originally  used  on  the  saddle  horse,  while  the  bridoon  with 

plain  rings  was  always  used  alone  or  in  common  with  a  carriage 

harness  bit,  or  the  ciirb  bit  for  riding.    For  the  light  buggy  horse 

and  harness,  and  head  stall  without  blinds,  it  is  a  most  desirable 

bit.    It  is  the  king  of  hunting   bits.— The   Bridle   Bits,   Col.  J.  C. 

Batters  by. 

Snaffle  Lay.     An  old  term  used  to  describe  the  hold  or 

clutch  of  a  thief  or  highwayman  who  stopped  horseback  riders 

by  laying  hold  of  the  horse's  bit  or  snaffle. 

Snip.  [Eng.]  Information  as  to  the  certainty  of  a  horse 
winning  a  race. 

Soft.  Out  of  condition ;  wanting  in  stamina ;  not  fitted 
for  a  race. 

Many  have  said  that  Johnston  was  a  soft  horse.  Out  of  condition  he  is 
about  as  helpless  a  horse  as  can  be  imagined;  but  this  is  not  his 
case  alone.  Some  of  the  gamest  horses  that  I  ever  saAV  when  in 
condition,  were  the  most  helpless  when  out  of  form.— Life  with  the 
Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Soft-hearted.  Faint;  faint-hearted;  wanting  in  cour- 
age ;  the  quality  characteristic  of  a  quitting  horse. 

In  Flanders,  where  the  air  is  humid,  and  the  pastures  are  moist  and 
rank,  horses  grow  large,  but  they  have  tiat  feet,  inferior  sinews, 
lymphatic  temperaments  and  soft  hearts.— Road,  Track  and  Stable, 
H.  C.  Merwin. 

Sojer-toed.  A  horse  that  is  a  knee-knocker  is  said  to 
be  "  sojer-toed." 

Sole.     That  portion  of   the  ground  surface  of  the  foot 

included  between  the  wall,  bars  and  frog.     Its  front  and  side 

borders,  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  inner  surface  of  the 

toe  and  quarters  of  the  wall,  form  nearly  two-thirds  of  a  circle. 

Its  rear  concave  border  is  bounded  on  each  side  by  the  bars, 

and  in  the  middle  it  is  deeply  grooved  to  receive  the  point  of 

the  frog. 

The  sole  binds  the  frog  and  wall  together.  The  horn  of  which  it  is 
made  is  very  different  from  that  of  the  wall  or  frog.  It  is  formed 
of  a  number  of  extremely  hard  and  strong  horny  plates  laid  one 
above  the  other,  and  curved  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  dome  surround- 
ing both  sides  and  the  front  of  the  frog.  The  sole  has  another 
object  besides  connecting  the  frog  and  the  wall.  It  is  intended  to 
defend  the  sensitive  parts  of  the  interior  hoof  from  stones,  sharp 
points  of  rocks,  etc.  When  the  sole  becomes  worn  out,  it  has  the 
faculty  of  reproducing  itself  in  a  manner  quite  distinct  from  that 
of  the'wall  and  the  frog.  Instead  of  being  rubbed  away  by  friction 
like  the  former,  or  throwing  off  little  flaps  like  the  latter,  it  exfo- 
liates in  flakes,  a  new  flake  being  secreted  above  before  the  effete 
one  falls  below.— Horse  and  Man,  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood. 

Soliped.  According  to  the  old  classification  of  Cuvier,  a 
family  of  solid-hoofed  animals,  including  the  domestic  horse. 

Sons     of     Horses.       An     Arabian     half-bred     horse. 

Explained  by  the  quotation  : 

The  Bedouins  of  Arabia,  in  general,  keep  their  mares,  but  sell  many  of 
tljeir  horses,  aiid  it  is  from  the  horses  thus  sold,  crossed  with  infer- 


HAN^DBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  237 

ior  mares,  that  the  animal  known  In  England  and  in  India  as  an 
Arab,  is  bred.  The  Bedouins  call  these  half-breds  "the  sons  of 
horses,"  and  they  look  npon  them  as  mongrels,  or  "kadishes." — 
Road,  Ti-aek  and  Stable,  II.  C.  Merwin. 

Sore.     Until   cured,  sores   are  a  cause  of   unsoundness. 

Sound;  Soundness.  Free  from  defect  or  injurj\  A 
horse  is  sound  when  he  is  free  from  liereditary  disease,  is  in  the 
possession  of  his  natural  and  constitutional  health,  and  possesses 
no  alteration  of  structure  in  any  part  which  impairs,  or  is 
likely  to  impair,  his  natural  usefulness. 

Soundness.  [Law.]  A  horse  is  defined  to  be  sound 
when  he  is  free  from  hereditary  disease,  is  in  the  possession  of 
his  natural  and  constitutional  health,  and  as  much  of  his  bodily 
perfection  as  is  consistent  with  his  natural  formation. 

The  word  "sound"  means  sound;  and  the  only  qualification  of  which 
it  is  susceptible  arises  from  the  purpose  for  which  the  warranty  is 
given.  If,  for  instance,  a  liorse  is  purcliased  to  be  used  in  a  given 
way,  the  word  "sound"  means  that  the  animal  is  useful  for  that 
purpose;  and  "unsound"  means  that  he,  at  the  time,  is  affected 
with  something  which  will  have  the  effect  of  impeding  that  use. 
The  word  "sound"  does  not  mean  perfect,  but  means  just  what  it 
expresses,  viz.:  That  the  animal  is  sound  and  free  from  disease  at 
the  time  he  is  warranted. 

The  rule  of  unsoundness  is,  that  if,  at  the  time  of  the  sale,  the  horse 
has  any  disease  which  actually  does  diminish  the  natural  useful- 
ness of  the  animal,  so  as  to  make  him  less  capable  of  Avork  of  any 
description,  or  which  in  its  ordinary  progress  will  diminish  the 
natural  usefiilness  of  the  animal;  or  if  the  horse  has,  either  from 
disease  or  accident  undergone  any  alteration  of  stnicture,  that 
either  does  at  the  time,  or  in  its  ordinary  effects  will  diminish  the 
natural  usefulness  of  the  horse,  such  horse  is  unsound. 

Soup.      A  term  used   to  denote  any  drug,   mixture  or 

lotion  administered  to  a  horse  by  means  of  an  injecting  needle, 

for  the  purpose  of  affecting  his  speed  or  spirit,  either  one  way 

or  another. 

The  danger  of  doping  a  horse  was  again  illustrated  lately  at  Gloucester, 
Avhen  Gray  Forest,  who  had  been  given  the  needle,  ran  away  about 
two  miles  and  had  to  be  withdrawn.  Oreaon,  who  had  a" liberal 
quantity  of  the  soup,  was  caught  Tuesday  about  a  mile  from  Glouc- 
ester, after  he  had  run  away.— The  Horseinan. 

Spanner.  A  small  pocket  wTench  for  clasping  and  turn- 
ing a  screw  coupling.  Made  with  a  projecting  end  or  claw  to 
fit  into  a  hole  in  the  cone  or  coupling  in  order  to  give  it  a  hold 
or  purchase.  Used  for  adjusting  the  axle  cone  of  a  pneumatic 
sulky  W'heel. 

Spanish  Walk ;  Spanish  Trot.  High  stepping  paces 
of  the  horse.  When  each  fore  leg  is  advanced  in  its  turn 
it  is  poised  for  a  moment  and  left  more  or  less  straight  out, 
and  about  as  high  as  the  elbow,  before  it  is  placed  upon  the 
ground. 

Spavin.  Inflammation  and  ulceration  of  the  small  flat 
bones  in  the  lower  and  inner  part  of  the  hock  joint,  often 


238  HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TURF. 

involving  those  of  the  outer  side  as  well.      Blood  spavin — a 

dilation  of  the  vein  which  runs  over  the  seats  of  the  bog  and 

bone  spavins.     Bog  spavin — An  excessive  secretion  of  joint-oil, 

from  over  exertion,  into  the  cavity  of  the  joint,  producing  a 

swelling.     Bone  spavin — A  bony  swelling  which  may  be  more 

to  the  front,  or  more  backward  on  the  inner  side  of  the  hock, 

or  it  may  even  show  mainly  on  the  outer  side ;  w^hile  in  bad 

cases  it  may  extend  up  to  the  true  hock-joint  and  even  prevent 

its  movement.     In  some  cases  these  are  known  as  high  and 

external  spavins  according  to  location. 

Spavin.     Inflammation   and  ulceration  of  the  small  flat 

termed  enlargement  on  the  seat  of  spavin,  the  disease  being 

determined,  and  not  likely  to  increase,  if  the  horse  goes  sound 

he  is  sound,  in  common  sense.     But  the  courts  having  decided 

both  ways  it  is  best,  as  in  case  of  curb  and  other  diseases,  to 

except  spavin  in  the  warranty.     See  Curb. 

Blood,  bog  and  bone  spavin  are  unsoundness.     Bone  spavin  is  not  a 
curable  disease.— The  Law  of  Horses,  M.D.  Hanover. 

Speech.  [Eng.]  Private  information  on  a  horse,  and 
what  he  can  do  in  a  race,  used  in  such  phrases  as  "get  the 
speech ;"  "  give  the  speech." 

Speed.  Speed  may  be  defined  as  comparative  rapidity, 
whether  fast  or  sIoav  ;  the  rate  of  motion  ;  haste  in  progression ; 
to  advance  towards  a  goal.  Interesting  tables  compiled  from 
accurate  sources  are  given.  The  evolution  of  the  fast  individ- 
ual trotter  is  thus  shown  by  the  records — 

In  1806,  Yankee,  trotted  in,  2 :50  ;      one  mile. 

"  1810,  tlie  Boston  horse,  2:48V2;  "  " 

"  1834,  Edwin  Forest,  (under  saddle),       2:311/2;  "  " 

•'  1844,  Ladv  Suffolk,  (under  saddle).        2:26V2;  "  " 

"  1859,  Flora  Temple,  2:1934;  "  " 

"  1867,  Dexter,  2:i:i4;  "  " 

"  1S79.  St.  Julien,  -2:123/4;  "  " 

"  1885,  MaudS.,  2:083^;  " 

"  1893,  Directum,  2:05V4;     "  " 

The  table  of  aA^erage  extreme  speed  from  1820  to  1890,  in 
the  United  States,  is  thus  given ;  the  distance  being  one  mile : 

1820  to  1830,  2:42 

1830  to  1840,  2:3514 

1840  to  1850,  2:281/2 

1850  to  1860,  2:25 

1860  to  1870,  .  2:1834 

1870  to  1880,  2  :14 

1880  to  1890,  2:101/4 

A  horse  in  trotting  a  mile  in  three  minutes,  covers  a  dis- 
tance of  29  ft.  3  in.  and  15-16  of  an  inch  in  one  second  of  time ; 
at  a  2:30  gait,  35  ft.  2  in.  and  4-16  of  an  inch  is  covered  in 
every  second;  at  a  2:20  gait,  37  ft.  9  in.  and  1-16  of  an  inch 
is  covered;  at  a  2:10  gait,  40  ft.  7  in.  and  8-16  of  an  inch  is 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TURF.  239 

covered;  at  a  2:08  gait,  41  ft.  3  in.  is  covered;  at  a  2:04f  gait 
42  ft.  3  in.,  and  14-1(3  of  an  inch  is  covered,  and  at  a  2:00  gait, 
44  feet  is  covered. 

Empliasize  the  possession  of  speed  certainly,  but  do  not  let  us  lose 
siglit  of  the  fact  that  speed  without  brains  is  not  worth  trying  to 
produce.— Wallace's  Montldy. 

We  have  uo  more  right  to  conclude  that  no  horse  will  ever  beat  Nancy 
Hanks'  nuirk  of  2:04,  than  we  had  to  conclude  that  Goldsmith  Maid's 
record  of  2:14  woultl  never  be  broken.— Kentucky  Stock  Farm. 

The  record  of  18l»3  is  surpassingly  brilliant,  and  every  page  evidences 
the  progress  of  the  trotting  brec«l  toward  that  time  when  it  will  be 
as  purely  a  breed  antl  a  type  as  is  tlie  thoroughbred  to-day,  and 
when  2:00  trotters  will  be  no  more  rare  than  thoroughbreds  that 
can  run  in  1 :40.— The  Horseman. 

If  &peed  is  desired  we  must  look  for  those  mechanical  conformations 
of  parts  that  determine  speed,  but  speed  is  always  at  the  expense 
of  i^ower.  The  anterior  limbs  must  conform  in  their  mechanical 
force  to  the  posterior,  and  vice  versa.  In  the  posterior  limbs,  long, 
full  propellers,  low  liip  joint  set  well  back,  so  as  to  alTord  room  for 
long  femur  and  tibia,  give  great  length  of  limb  when  extended, 
enabling  it  to  support  the  weight  of  the  body  and  exert  its  propul- 
sion for  a  long  time;  at  the  same  time  (he  power  is  more  directly 
applied  when  the  head  of  the  bone  is  lower  down.  So  far  as  these 
principles  can  be  applied  to  the  anterior  limbs  they  hold  true  of 
them  as  of  the  posterior  extremities.  All  animals  distinguished 
for  great  speed  have  the  angles  of  the  bones  most  inclined  to  one 
another;  but  while  this  mechanical  arrangement  gives  great  advan- 
tage for  speed  it  is  a  source  of  weakness  in  bearing  burdens  or  haul- 
ing. =ff  *  *  The  speed  of  the  horse  depends  upon  the  length  and 
thickness  of  the  locomotive  muscles,  the  angles  aud  lengths  of  the 
bony  levers  on  which  thev  act,  the  freedom  of  their  articular  liga- 
ments, the  correlation  of  all  the  mechanical  parts,  and  much  also 
on  the  nervous  energy  or  will  transmitted  to  the  muscles,  techni- 
cally know  as  courage.— The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Speedaway ;  Speedway.  A  straight  trotting  or  run- 
ning course. 

Speed  Cart.  Road  cart;  combined  speeding  and  road 
cart ;  sulkyette.  They  are  built  much  like  a  sulky,  although 
generally  heavier,  and  are  used  for  speeding  and  road  purposes. 
They  have  corduroy  and  cane  seats,  adjustable  foot  rests,  seat 
trays  in  which  to  carry  small  parcels ;  and  are  liked  by  gentle- 
men for  ordinary  road  use.  Breaking  carts  are  built  extra 
strong,  and  have  shafts  three  feet  longer  than  those  on  a  road 
cart  or  sulky. 

Speedy  Cut.  An  injury  to  the  inside  of  the  fore  leg,  a 
little  below  the  knee,  or  carpus,  at  or  near  the  point  of  contact 
of  that  joint  w  ith  the  canon ;  inflicted  by  the  foot  of  the  oppo- 
site side  during  speed.  The  result  of  faulty  conformation.  If 
the  horse  is  sound  at  the  time  when  sold,  lameness  resulting 
from  it,  immediately  afterwards,  is  not  a  breach  of  warranty 
of  soundness. 

Speedy  Cutters.  Those  horses  of  high  action,  which, 
from  interfering  in  consequence  of  faulty  shape,  cut  the  fore 
leg  from  the  knee  down,  are  called  "  speedy  cutters." 


240  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TUKF. 

Spin.  A  spirited  dash  ;  a  single  effort  at  high  speed ;  to 
"  take  a  spin,"  is  to  give  the  horse  a  sliort  exercise  at  a  fast  gait. 

Splint.  An  inflammation  of  the  shank-bone  resulting  in 
small  bony  swellings.  When  existing  at  the  time  of  sale,  and 
the  cause  of  future  lameness,  a  splint  is  a  breach  of  warranty 
of  soundness. 

Splinter-lbar.  [Eng.]  The  cross-bar  of  a  carriage  to 
which  the  whipple-tree  is  attached. 

Spoke.  One  of  the  standards  of  wood  or  steel  which 
support  the  rim  or  felloe  of  a  sulky  wheel,  from  the  hub  or 
nave. 

Sponge-out.  The  act  of  giving  the  horse's  mouth  a 
bath,  or  washing,  by  means  of  a  sponge  and  cold  water.  The 
rules  allow  helpers  to  sponge  out  a  horse  not  oftener  than  once 
in  five  times  scoring. 

Sport  of  King's.  Racing  has  been  termed,  by  all  the 
old  writers  on  the  history  of  the  English  turf,  "  the  sport  of 
kings  " ;  and  most  of  the  sovereigns  from  the  earliest  times  to 
the  ascension  of  Queen  Victoria,  have  been  patrons  of  the  turf. 
Edward  II.,  (Io07-lo27),  was  particularly  fond  of  horses. 
Edward  III.,  (1327-1377),  bought  "running  horses"  at  the 
price  of  £160  of  the  money  of  the  present  day.  Henry  VIII., 
(1.509-1547),  devoted  a  great  deal  of  attention  to  improving  the 
breed  of  horses,  and  obliged  all  orders  of  men  to  keep  a  certain 
number  of  horses  in  proportion  to  their  rank  and  circumstances. 
Edward  VI.,  (1547-1553),  was  the  first  sovereign  to  make  the 
stealing  of  horses  a  capital  offence.  James  I.,  (1603-1625), 
was  a  great  lover  of  horses,  was  the  originator  of  regulations 
relating  to  horse  racing,  and,  indeed,  has  been  called  the 
"  father  of  the  English  turf."  During  his  reign  the  former 
crude  methods  of  racing,  without  system,  with  no  description 
oi  the  horse  being  given,  gave  place  to  more  scientific,  accurate, 
and  satisfactory  trials.  The  horses  were  prepared  for  run- 
ning by  the  discipline  of  food,  physic,  airing,  sweating  and 
clothing ;  the  weights  to  be  carried  and  the  weights  of  riders 
w^ere  adjusted ;  the  courses  were  measured,  and  flat  racing  was 
introduced.  He  built  great  stables  at  Newmarket,  near  the 
palace,  which  were  afterwards  rebuilt  by  Charles  II.,  and  in 
the  middle  of  this  century  by  the  Rothschilds.  Henry,  Prince 
of  Wales,  son  of  James,  cultivated  horsemanship  with  great 
industry  and  satisfaction.  Charles  II.,  (1660-1685),  at  the  res- 
toration, honored  the  Newmarket  races  with  his  presence,  and 
established  there  a  mansion  for  his  own  use.  He  was  an  able 
and  experienced  rider,  and  a  competitor  at  the  races,  entering 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  241 

the  horses  in  his  own  name.  William  III.,  (1089-1702),  added 
to  the  racing  plates  given  in  different  places  in  the  kingdom, 
and  established  a  riding  school.  Queen  Anne,  (1702-1714), 
continued  the  bounty  of  her  predecessors,  and  added  several 
plates.  In  1712  her  horses  ran  for  the  royal  plates  in  her  own 
name,  the  last  race  by  any  of  her  horses  having  taken  place  July 
30,  1714.  Her  consort,  George,  Prince  of  Denmark,  took  great 
delight  in  racing.  It  was  during  Anne's  reign  that  the  Darley 
Arabian  was  brought  into  England.  About  1727,  races  were 
held  in  one  hundred  and  twelve  towns  and  cities  in  England, 
and  five  in  Wales.  George  I.,  (1714-1727),  and  George  II., 
(1727-1760),  were  great  patrons  of  the  turf;  but  the  royal  stud 
was  sold  on  the  ascension  of  Queen  Victoria,  October  25,  1837, 
for  £16,476. 

Spot  the  Favorite.     To  name  the  winner  in  a  race. 

Sprains.  A  forcible  stretching  of  the  muscles  or  fibrous 
tissues  beyond  their  natural  length ;  in  extreme  cases  accom- 
panied by  rupture  of  the  parts.  Slight  sprains  are  generally 
healed  by  rest;  but  until  cured  the}^  are  an  unsoundness, 
whether  in  slight  or  severe  cases. 

Spreaders.  Devices  for  controlling  or  changing  the  gait ; 
widening  the  hind  action ;  preventing  striking  or  interfering ; 
forming  a  steady,  open  gait ;  stopping  hitching  and  forging. 
There  are  several  patterns  —  some  of  which  are  attached  to  the 
sulky  shafts,  others  being  in  the  simpler  form  of  boots. 

Spreaders  ;  Expanders.    Used  for  expanding  the  hoof, 

in  case  of  contractions,  quarter  crack  and  corns.     They  are 

made  in  different  forms. 

I  am  not  In  favor  of  artificial  spreaders  of  any  kind,  I  believe  the  frog 
to  be  tlie  best  spreader  in  the  world.  — Artistic  Horseshoeing, 
George  E.  Rich. 

Spring  a  Curb,  To.     It  is  said  of  a  horse  which  injures 

or  sprains  the  perforatus  tendon  which  plays  over  the  front  of 

the  hock,  that  he  has  "  sprung  a  curb."     It  is  an  unsoundness. 

When  a  horse  springs  a  curb  with  me,  I  first  get  the  inflammation  down 
In  the  usual  way  and  then  iodine  it  severely.  I  then  let  him  up  in 
his  work,  but  jog  him  to  keep  him  in  as  good  condition  as  possible. 
I  have  generally  found  curbs  to  yield  to  this  treatment.  A  curb  is 
the  least  ob.iect'ionable  form  of  unsoundness.— Training  the  Trotting 
Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Spring-  Bars.  Those  parts  of  the  saddle  which  allow 
the  stirrup-leathers  to  be  attached  to,  or  detached  from,  the 
saddle. 

Sprint ;  Sprinter.  A  burst  of  high  speed  for  a  short 
distance ;  a  horse  capable  of  only  a  short  stay  at  great  speed ; 
a  quarter  horse. 

16 


242  HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF. 

Spur.  A  pointed  instrument  worn  on  the  heel  by  a 
horseman  or  rider,  for  the  purpose  of  punishing  the  horse. 
The  earliest  medieval  spurs  were  devoid  of  rowels,  but  had  a 
single  point;  another  form  was  that  of  a  ball  from  which 
a  short  point  projected  called  the  ball  and  spike  spur.  The 
rowel  was  first  introduced  in  the  thirteenth  century,  although 
it  was  not  common  till  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. When  a  horse  does  not  respond  to  the  legs,  or  when  he 
refuses  to  approach  an  object  he  does  not  like,  it  may  be  nec- 
essary to  use  the  spur ;  but  their  use  requires  prudence,  tact, 
good  judgment  and  adaptability  to  the  mental  and  physical 
character  of  the  horse,  for  there  is  as  much  difference  in  the 
sensibility  of  the  horse's  flanks,  as  in  that  of  the  mouth.  When 
the  pressure  of  the  legs  becomes  insufficient  to  completely  col- 
lect the  forces  of  the  horse,  the  spur  must  be  used  —  not  vio- 
lently, but  with  kindness,  delicacy,  and  good  management. 
The  use  of  electrical  spurs  is  prohibited  by  the  rules  of  the 
Tm'f  Congress. 

Yon  may  ride  us 
With  one  soft  kiss,  a  thousaud  furlongs,  ere 
With  spurs  we  beat  an  acre. 

— Herniione,  in  Sliakespeare's  Winter's  Tale. 

Spur.  A  small,  metallic  projection  screwed  to  the  toe  of 
the  hoof,  to  which  a  toe-weight  is  attached  by  means  of  a 
groove  which  fits  the  spur  on  the  foot,  holding  it  securely  in 
place. 

Spurs.  Horny  structures  concealed  in  the  tuft  or  lock 
of  hair  growing  from  the  fetlock.     See  Ergot. 

Spurt.  A  forced  pace  in  a  race,  generally  made  on  the 
homestretch  or  at  the  finish  in  an  effort  to  win ;  a  dash  of 
speed ;  a  sprint. 

Square  Gaited.    Pure  gaited ;  a  pure  trotter.    The  pure, 

square-gaited  trotter  is  perfectly  balanced,  and  goes  without 

jerking  or  hitching,  every  movement  being  smooth  and  true, 

like  the  revolution  of  a  perfectly  balanced  wheel. 

One  can,  with  a  little  practice,  judge  whether  a  horse  driven  by 
another  is  trotting  square  by  listening  to  the  foot-falis.  Tlie  sound 
of  a  fast,  well  balanced  trotter's  steps  mark  lime  as  regularly  as 
tl)e  swinging  of  a  pendulum.  Time  is  beaten,  one,  two,  three,  four; 
one,  two,  three,  four  —  smoothly  and  accurately  with  the  intervals 
strictly  regular.  Develojiment  ceases  at  that  point  where  truly 
balanced  and  regular  action  is  transformed  into  the  jerky,  hitch- 
ing, irregular  way  of  "getting  there"  that  we  so  often  see.  — Train- 
ing the  Trotting  Horse,  Cliarles  Marvin. 

Stake.     A  race  open  to  all  complying  with  its  published 

conditions,  for  which  the  prize  is  the  total  of  the  subscriptions, 

or  entrance  fees  paid  by  the  nominators,  to  which  is  generally 

added  a  specified  sum  by  the  association  or  track  under  whose 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  243 

auspices  the  stake  is  given ;  all  of  which  belongs  to  the  winner 
or  winners,  unless  provided  to  the  contrary  in  the  conditions. 
Stakes  are  of  diiferent  sums,  for  horses  of  different  ages,  and 
are  usually  named  for  prominent  turf  patrons,  individuals, 
places,  etc. 

Stakeholder.  A  person  chosen  to  hold  the  stakes,  or 
amount  of  the  match,  in  a  match  race,  whicli  must  be  deposited 
one  day  before  the  race  is  to  come  off,  omitting  Sunday,  when 
the  race  becomes  "  play  or  pay." 

Stakey  Gait.  A  stiff,  imperfect,  constrained  action  of 
the  fore  legs ;  faulty  knee  action ;  such  a  horse  is  said  to  have 
a  "stakey  gait.'' 

Stall.  A  room,  or  box ;  standing  place  for  horses.  The 
dimensions  of  stalls  vary,  but  the  generally  recognized  best 
sizes  are:  For  a  single  stall,  five  feet  wide,  nine  feet  long; 
for  a  box,  or  room,  fifteen  feet  by  seventeen  feet ;  or,  better,  if 
the  size  of  the  stable  will  allow  it,  eighteen  feet  by  twenty  feet. 

Stall  off  a  Rush.  To  head  off,  or  prevent  a  spurt  of 
speed  from  an  opposing  horse,  at  the  finish,  by  which  he 
attempts  to  win ;  to  leave  a  contending  horse  behind ;  to  shake 
him  off. 

It  is  a  dangerous,  and  often  a  fatal  mistake  for  a  jockey  to  ease  his 
horse,  or  to  cease  riding  liini,  when  leading  and  close  to  the  win- 
ningiiost;  for  by  so  doing  he  may  make  him  stop,  and  may  then 
be  nnable  to  get  him  into  his  stride  again  in  time  to  "stall  off  a 
rush  "  from  one  of  the  others. — Riding,  M.  Horace  Hayes,  M.  R.  C. 
V.  S. 

Ormonde's  last  race  was  characterized  by  a  great  exhibition  of  game- 
ness.  The  race  was  at  Ascot,  the  distance  over  a  mile,  the  finish 
up  hill,  and  the  company  two  of  the  best  horses  England  has  ever 
produced,  Mr.  Vyner's  Minting,  and  Mr.  Barclay's  Bendigo.  The 
pace  was  terrific,  and  the  np  hill  finish  particularly  trying  to 
Ormonde,  yet  he  "stalled  off"  Minting's  brilliant  challenge,  and 
won,  after  a  desperate  finish.— The  London  Sportsman. 

Stallion.  The  male  of  the  horse  kind;  an  ungelded 
horse ;  one  kept  for  breeding  purposes. 

Stallion.  [Law.]  Where  a  party  does  not  come  to  an 
inn  for  entertainment  as  an  ordinary  wayfarer,  but  with  a 
horse  to  be  used,  under  a  special  arrangement  in  serving  mares, 
the  inn  keeper  is  not  bound  to  receive  and  treat  the  person  as 
his  guest,  and  is  not  liable  for  the  destruction  of  the  horse 
without  his  fault. 

An  inn  keeper  is  not  bound  to  permit  his  establishment  to  be  made  a 
depot  for  the  i:)ropagation  of  horses. — American  Reports,  F.  G. 
Thompson,  San  Francisco,  1877,  244-246. 

Where  the  party  came  to  an  inn  under  a  special  arrangement  previ- 
ously made,  whereby  his  stallion  was  to  stand  at  the  inn  certain 
days  each  week  for  the  purpose  of  serving  mares,  it  has  been  held 
that  the  inn  keeper  was  not  subject  to  the  common  law  liability 
for  the  preservation  of  the  animal.— Cases  decided  in  the  Commis- 
sion of  Appeals  of  the  State  of  New  York.  H.  E.  Sickles,  Albany, 
1876,  34-39. 


344  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

Stand ;  Grand  Stand.  The  principal  stand,  or  pavil- 
ion, from  which  persons  witness  the  contests  of  speed  at  race 
meetings. 

Stand-house.  An  elevated  court  of  great  magnificence 
built  by  Charles  II.,  of  England,  at  Newmarket,  about  the  year 
1367,  to  enable  him  to  see  the  races;  and  where  the  royal 
guests  were  received. 

Standard.  A  horse  is  standard  when  his  breeding 
meets  the  requirements  of  the  rules  controlling  admission  to 
standard  rank.  Down  to  and  including  volume  third  of  the 
American  Trotting  Register,  (1879),  no  standard  of  blood  had 
been  requisite  to  admission,  the  aim  having  been  to  ascertain  and 
record  the  facts  regarding  a  pedigree  without  reference  to  the 
trotting  inheritance.  But  with  volume  four,  (1882),  the  pedi- 
grees commenced  to  be  numbered  consecutively ;  and  appeared, 
based  upon  a  standard,  the  rules  of  which  had  the  sanction  of 
the  ISTational  Association  of  Trotting  Horse  Breeders.  These 
rules  were  formulated  in  order  to  define  what  was  meant  by  a 
standard  bred  trotting  horse,  and  to  establish  a  breed  of  trot- 
ters on  a  more  intelligent  basis  than  had  then  existed.  This 
standard  was  fixed  upon  a  trotting  record  of  2:30,  or  better ; 
and  the  original  rules  were  so  framed  as  to  embrace  and  admit 
all  animals  that  were  believed  to  have  a  sufficiently  well-defined 
trotting  inheritance  to  justify  the  expectation  that  they  would 
transmit  the  ability  to  trot.  Equality  between  the  sexes  was 
purposely  ignored  from  the  beginning.  A  mare  was  given 
admission  by  a  performance  of  2:30 ;  but  a  stallion  was  obliged 
to  have  other  qualifications  besides  performance.  This  greater 
stringency  with  stallions  grew  out  of  the  purpose  to  discourage 
badly  bred  stallions  from  being  kept  for  breeding  purposes. 
The  standard  rules  now  in  force,  with  the  changes  to  go  into 
effect  January  1,  1895,  follow: 

First:  Any  trotting  stallion  that  has  a  record  of  2:30  or 
better;  provided  any  of  his  get  has  a  record  of  2:35  trotting, 
or  better ;  or  provided  his  sire  or  dam  is  already  a  standard 
trotting  animal. 

Second :  Any  mare  or  gelding  that  has  a  trotting  record 
of  2:30  or  better,  [whose  sire  or  dam  is  already  a  standard 
animal].  The  words  in  brackets  will  be  added  and  in  force 
after  January  1,  1895. 

Third:  Any  horse  that  is  a  sire  of  two  trotters  with 
records  of  2:30  or  better. 

Fourth :  Any  horse  that  is  the  sire  of  one  trotter  with  a 
record  of  2:30  or  better,  provided  he  has  either  of  the  following 
additional   qualifications:     1,    A    trotting   record    of   2:35    or 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TUKF.  245 

better ;  2,  is  the  sire  of  two  other  animals  with  trotting  rec- 
ords of  2:35;  3,  has  a  sire  or  dam  that  is  akeady  a  standard 
trotting-  animal. 

Fifth :  Any  mare  that  has  produced  a  trotter  with  a  rec- 
ord of  2:30. 

Sixth :  The  progeny  of  a  standard  trotting  horse  when 
out  of  a  standard  trotting  mare. 

Seventh:  The  female  progeny  of  a  standard  trotting 
horse  when  out  of  a  mare  by  a  standard  trotting  horse. 

[After  January  1,  1895,  rule  seventh,  as  above,  will  be 
displaced  by  the  following :  Seventh :  Any  mare  whose  sire 
is  standard  and  whose  first  and  second  dams  are  by  standard 
horses.] 

Eighth :  The  female  progeny  of  a  standard  trotting  horse 
out  of  a  mare  whose  dam  is  a  standard  trotting  mare. 

Ninth:  Any  mare  that  has  a  trotting  record  of  2:35  or 
better  whose  sire  or  dam  is  a  standard  trotting  animal. 

[After  January  1,  1895,  rules  eighth  and  ninth,  as  above, 
will  be  abolished.] 

Standard  Bred.  A  horse  is  standard  bred  when  the 
produce  of  a  standard  trotting  mare,  by  a  standard  trotting 
horse.  The  distinction  of  the  terms  "standard"  and  "stand- 
ard bred"  grows  out  of  the  manner  in  which  animals  become 
standard.  Blue  Bull  became  standard  by  the  performance  of 
his  progeny,  and  not  in  virtue  of  his  inheritance,  hence  he  was 
not  "standard  bred."  A  mare  comes  into  the  standard  by 
virtue  of  her  performance  in  2:30  or  better,  and  nothing  known 
of  her  pedigree,  hence  it  cannot  be  said  she  was  standard  bred. 
But  the  progeny  of  Blue  Bull  out  of  this  mare  would  be 
"standard  bred"  as  soon  as  it  was  foaled,  as  both  sii*e  and 
dam  were  standard. 

Standard  by  Inheritance.  A  term  used  in  the  same 
sense  as  standard  bred ;  or  a  colt  of  a  standard  horse  out  of  a 
mare  that  is  standard. 

Standard  by  Performance.     A  phrase  denoting  that 

the  horse  to  which  it  applies  has  a  trotting  record  of  2:30  or 

better,  and  is  therefore  entitled  to  standard  registry  by  virtue 

of  his  own  performance. 

The  best  example  of  developed  trotters  is  the  case  of  such  sons  and 
daughters  of  uon-slandard  parents  that,  by  training  derelopment, 
become  themselves  standard  by  perfoonance.— Wallace's  Monthly. 

Standing:  in  the  Stirrups.  Standing  in  the  saddle. 
At  the  start,  in  running  races,  the  jockey  sits  down  in  the 
saddle,  but  as  soon  as  the  horse  has  got  into  his  stride  he 
should   stand   in  the  stirrups.     This  attitude  is  assumed  in 


24G  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

order  to  enable  the  rider  to  conform  to  the  movements  of  the 
horse  in  the  best  possible  manner.  The  body  should  be 
slightly  bent  forward,  free  from  all  stiffness,  and  the  position 
such  that  the  points  of  the  shoulder,  knee  and  toe  should  be  in 
the  same  vertical  line,  the  whole  attitude  characterized  by 
grace  and  ease.  But  the  jockey  should  always  sit  down  at  the 
finish. 

Standing  Jump.  [Eq.]  In  a  standing  leap  the  horse 
steadily  raises  himself  on  his  hind  feet,  more  or  less  perpendic- 
ularly, according  to  the  height  and  extent  of  the  object  to  be 
passed  over.  Having  balanced  himself  a  moment,  he  com- 
mences his  spring  by  very  forcibly  extending  the  previously 
contracted  angles  of  his  hind  limbs,  which  action  propels  the 
body  upward  and  forward,  but  more  particularly  to  receive  it 
in  its  descent,  during  which  change  of  position  the  hinder 
limbs,  which  had  been  gathered  up  to  keep  them  from  inter- 
fering with  the  obstacle  passed  over,  are  now  let  down  to 
receive  the  hind  quarters. 

Standing  Martingale.  When  the  standing  martin- 
gale is  attached  to  a  properly  fitted  noseband,  it  restrains  the 
horse  from  getting  his  head  too  high,  makes  the  action  of 
either  snafile  or  carb-bit  more  effective,  and  checks  the  inclina- 
tion of  a  fresh  horse  to  bounce  or  bolt.  It  should  be  so  fitted 
as  to  hang  loose  until  the  moment  that  the  horse  attempts  to 
take  any  improper  liberty,  when  the  pressure  of  the  noseband 
over  the  sensitive  junction  of  the  bone  and  gristle  wiU  give 
him  a  hint  to  be  quiet. 

Staples.  Metallic  pieces  somewhat  similar  in  size  and 
shape  to  Ds,  which  are  firmly  fixed  to  the  tree  of  a  saddle. 

Star.  A  chief  performer ,  a  term  applied  to  the  champion 
of  the  turf  for  the  year ;  as  the  saying  of  John  Splan,  "  Guy  was 
the  star*  performer  of  the  year." 

Star-gazer.     A  term  used  to  denote  a  horse  that  holds 

or  keeps  his  head  highly  elevated,  with  the  nose  thrown  out, 

when  in  motion. 

A  star-gazer  with  an  ewe  neck,  or  a  borer  that  can  only  go  with  his 
nose  close  to  the  ground,  is  totally  unfit  for  military  purposes.— 
Seats  and  Saddles,  Francis  Dwyer. 

Starring.     Campaigning. 

This  starring  system  which  has  been  so  fashionable  for  a  term  of  years 
has,  witlioiU  donbt,  been  a  source  of  great  injury  to  the  trotting 
turf,  not  alone  by  making  fast  time  the  only  attraction  to  draw 
people  to  the  course,  but  inaugurating  the  hi]ipodromiiig  evil  that 
has  done  far  more  injury.  The  large  purses  advertised  meant 
only  a  division  of  the  gate  money;  and  people  who  had  been 
induced  to  visit  the  arena,  expecting  to  see  a  true  struggle  for  the 
thousands  of  dollars  said  to  be  at  stake,  went  away  dissatisfied 
when  the  transparency  of  the  humbug  was  made  apparent. — Horse 
Portraiture,  (1868),  Joseph  Cairn  Simpson. 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  247 

Starter ;  Starting  Judge.  The  person  who  has 
control  of  the  horses  and  drivers  in  a  trotting  race,  (under  the 
association  rules  and  with  the  ax)proval  of  the  judges^,  from 
the  first  score  in  every  heat  until  the  word  "go"  is  given ;  and 
in  all  cases  the  starting  judge  is  the  only  person  authorized  to 
give  the  word.  There  are  some  advantages  in  having  the 
starting  judge  occupy  a  stand  by  himself  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  track  from  that  of  the  timing  judges ;  and  where  the 
plan  has  been  tried,  as  it  has  in  a  few  instances,  it  has  given 
full  satisfaction.  In  general  it  may  be  said  in  such  cases  that 
the  attention  of  the  starter  is  more  completely  given  to  the 
field,  and  that  errors  and  mistakes  in  sending  away,  or  giving 
the  word,  are  not  so  liable  to  occur  as  where  the  mind  of  the 
starter  is  liable  to  be  diverted  from  his  business  by  the  con- 
fusion or  inadvertent  remarks  often  made  in  the  judges'  stand 
at  the  moment  of  a  send  off.  In  all  running  races  the  starter 
has  absolute  control  of  horses  and  jockeys  with  power  to  fine  or 
suspend  jockeys,  appoint  assistants,  and  give  such  orders  and 
take  such  measures  as  will  secure  to  all  a  fair  start.  AVhen  the 
horses  receive  the  word,  or  are  sent  oft'  by  drum  or  flag,  there  is 
no  recall.  In  general,  the  use  of  the  drum  in  starting  running 
races  has  been  abandoned,  the  flag  being  now  chiefly  used. 
The  starter  has  a  box  of  his  own  just  against  the  inside  fence, 
and  although  he  often  goes  upon  the  course  to  give  corrections 
or  admonitions,  he  invariably  starts  from  his  box  or  near  it. 
Running  races  are  never  started  by  word. 

The  starter  shotild  be  honest  and  incapable  of  being  swayed  by  fear, 
favor  or  prejudice;  be  cool  in  temperament;  promjit  in  action; 
have  a  qiiiclc  eye,  and  be  a  good  judge  of  pace.  He  nnist  be  ilK;r- 
cughly  <'onversant  with  the  rules  and  their  application,  and  -'hew 
to  the  line"  in  their  administration.  Plis  moral  character  and  per- 
sonal habits  must  be  above  reproach— tlie  first  in  order  to  insi)ire 
confidence;  the  second  to  enable  him  to  perform  his  arduous  duties 
acceptably. 

Starters.     The  horses  starting  in  a  race. 

Station.  The  position  of  the  horse  when  at  rest,  or  in 
the  attitude  of  standing  almost  motionless  and  touching  the 
ground  with  his  four  feet,  his  head  at  ease,  his  whole  body 
passive. 

Stay ;  Stayer.  The  quality  of  endurance ;  bottom  ; 
possessed  of  courage ;  a  horse  that  does  not  readily  give  in 
through  weakness  or  lack  of  vitality  and  energy ;  one  not  dis- 
couraged. When  two  horses  are  equal  in  a  race,  the  one  that 
has  the  better  position  at  the  end  of  the  race  is  the  horse  of 
greatest  power.  Hence  a  horse  that  has  not  won  a  heat  cannot 
be  equal  to  one  that  has  won  a  heat.  A  horse  that  is  second 
four  times  in  a  race  is  not  as  good  as  one  that  is  first  once,  and 


248  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

third  three  times.  If  the  race  is  concluded  in  four  heats,  and 
two  horses  have  each  second  place  in  tMO  heats,  the  one  that  is 
second  in  the  last  heat  is  the  better  of  the  two. 

Stay  a  Distance.  Ability  of  the  horse  to  stay  a  dis- 
tance, depends,  (the  horse  being  in  good  health  and  condition), 
upon,  1,  The  breathing  power  being  good,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  capacity  of  lung  expansion  being  perfect ;  2,  the  muscles 
working  to  advantage;  3,  the  entire  conformation  being  of  the 
required  kind,  and  4,  the  action  of  the  limbs  well  balanced. 

Steadiness  in  a  trotting  liorse  is  as  much  a  virtue  to  be  cultivated  as 

speed.    The  liorse  that  sticks  to  his  work,  under  any  system,  has 

the  advantage  over  the  flighty,  headstrong  performer.— Kentucky 

Stock  Farm. 

S.  t.  b.     These  letters  given  in  a  pedigree  mean  that 

the  horse  to  which  they  refer  is  "said  to  be"  by  a  given  horse, 

or  out  of  a  given  dam. 

Steeplecliasing^.  A  contest  over  a  given  number  of 
miles  of  "fair  hunting  country" — generally  understood  as  mean- 
ing a  section  of  country  having  pastures,  plowed  fields,  hedges 
of  different  sorts,  with  and  without  ditches,  posts  and  rails, 
open  brooks  and  other  obstacles,  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the 
best  and  speediest  horse.  Originated  in  Ireland  in  1752.  It 
is  said  the  term  arose  from  a  party  of  fox-hunters  on  their 
return  from  an  unsuccessful  chase,  who  agreed  to  race  to  the 
village  church,  the  steeple  of  which  was  in  sight ;  he  who  first 
touched  the  church  with  his  whip  to  be  the  winner.  This 
account  of  its  origin  appears  very  probable.  But  the  first 
steeplechase  of  which  there  is  any  accurate  mention  was  in 
1752,  which  was  run  over  four  and  a  half  miles  of  country  from 
the  church  of  Buttevant  to  the  spire  of  St.  Leger  church.  It 
was  not,  however,  till  1803  that  the  first  regular  steeplechase 
took  place  in  Ireland,  the  "added  money"  to  a  race  that  year 
being  "a  hogshead  of  claret,  a  pipe  of  port  and  a  quarter-cask 
of  rum."  This  value  was  that  they  proved  the  excellence  of 
the  animal  and  tested  the  horsemanship  of  the  rider.  The  old 
system  was  dangerous  in  the  extreme  and  turf  annals  record 
many  serious  accidents  resulting  therefrom.  In  1820  it  was  a 
favorite  amusement  with  young  fox-hunters,  and  men  ventured 
large  sums  on  the  ability  of  their  horses  to  cross  a  country. 
The  meets  in  Ireland  at  that  time  were  held  for  three  days, 
during  wiiich  the  distance  ran  was  four  miles  with  six  five-foot 
walls  to  take  for  the  first  day ;  on  the  second  day  the  walls 
were  reduced  six  inches,  and  on  the  third  day  six  four-foot 
walls  formed  the  course.  In  France  in  1834,  the  start  was 
"down  the  Rabit  Mount,  a  short  but  steep  declivity  full  of 
holes,  after  which  several  ugly  places  were  crossed,  including  a 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  249 

river  and  swampy  meadows."  It  is  no  wonder  that  such  a  race 
was  not  popular,  as  only  the  finish  could  be  witnessed  by  spec- 
tators. In  18o(3  the  Liverpool  steeplechase  was  run  near  Ain- 
tree,  "twice  round  a  two  mile  course"  ;  a  great  recommendation 
being  that  nearly  the  whole  performance  could  be  seen  from 
the  grand  stand.  In  England,  the  Grand  National  Hunt  Com- 
mittee, which  has  been  several  times  reorganized,  and  is  now 
known  as  the  "Huntsman's  Graiul  National,"  was  formed  in 
1SG6.  Its  rules  now  have  the  same  authority  over  steeplechas- 
ing,  that  the  Jockey  Club  rules,  (which  had  refused  to  take  any 
cognizance  of  disputes  connected  with  steeplechasing  and  hur- 
dle racing),  does  over  the  races  on  the  running  turf,  and  they 
are  as  rigidly  enforced.  In  this  country  when  steeplechases 
are  run,  they  are,  so  far  as  may  be,  governed  by  the  general 
rules  of  the  American  Turf  Congress.  In  addition  the  special 
rules  require  that  no  steeplechase  shall  be  of  less  distance  than 
one  mile ;  that  no  horse  shall  carry  less  than  one  hundred  and 
twenty  pounds ;  that  horses  running  on  the  wrong  side  of  a 
post  or  flag,  (the  limits  of  the  course  being  flagged  out  or  indi- 
cated by  posts),  and  not  turning  back  shall  be  disqualified ;  no 
rider  can  go  over  one  hundred  yards  on  any  high  road,  lane  or 
public  thoroughfare,  Mithout  being  disqualified ;  riders  going 
over  any  place  where  the  ground  is  not  flagged  out,  are  not 
allowed  to  open  any  gate  or  wicket  or  go  through  any  gateway 
or  common  passage  from  one  enclosure  to  another,  under  pen- 
alty of  being  disqualified ;  no  horse  can  be  led  over  any  fence 
by  a  bystander  or  any  horseman  not  in  the  race,  under  penalty 
of  disqualification.  Steeplechasing  was  abolished  by  the  Amer- 
ican Jocky  Club  in  1888,  but  such  races  are  run  on  courses  of 
some  of  the  members  of  the  Turf  Congress. 

Steeplechaser.  One  who  rides  in  steeplechases;  a 
horse  running,  or  trained  to  run  in  a  cross-country  chase. 

Step.  The  forward  or  backward  movement  of  one  foot; 
often  used  synonymously  with  stride.  It  is  understood  to 
mean  the  distance  spanned  by  two  feet  both  resting  on  the 
ground.  While  this  distance  will  vary  with  muscular  energy, 
it  is  also  limited  by  the  anatomical  proportions  of  the  animal. 

Stepper.  A  fast  horse ;  one  of  fine  action ;  as  "that 
horse  is  a  good  stepper." 

Stiff.  This  term  means  a  horse  that  on  public  form,  or 
in  general  estimation,  should  win  the  race ;  and  that  either  the 
jockey,  driver,  or  horse  has  been  so  fixed  that  he  will  not  win. 
The  term  "bookmaker's  stiff,"  has  a  similar  meaning  and 
is  played  at  the  expense  of  the  public,  and  in  the  interest  of 
the  bookmakers. 


250  HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF. 

Stiff  'un.     [Eng.]     A  horse  certain  not  to  run. 

Stifle.  The  jomt  of  the  hind  leg  of  the  horse,  between 
the  hip  and  the  hock,  and  corresponding  to  the  knee  in  man. 
It  ie  on  a  line  with  the  flank,  near  the  abdomen.  It  is  the 
office  of  the  iliacus  muscle  to  guard  the  abdomen  from  the 
injury  to  which  it  would  be  liable  from  the  blows  the  stifle  joint 
might  give  it,  in  its  extreme  and  violent  flexions ;  and  when 
this  muscle  performs  its  work  well  it  gives  the  fine  "stifle 
action"  so  much  admired. 

Stifle  Shoe.  A  special  form  of  shoe  exposing  a  curved 
surface  to  the  ground,  used  in  treating  a  stifled  horse.  It  is 
placed  upon  the  sound  foot,  with  the  effect  of  causing  the  horse 
to  throw  its  weight  on  the  weak  joint,  and  thus  strengthen  it 
by  use. 

Stirrup.  The  support  for  the  foot  of  a  person  mounted 
on  horseback,  attached  to  the  saddle  by  means  of  an  adjustable 
stirrup-strap ;  a  metal  loop  with  a  corrugated  foot-piece  to  pre- 
vent the  foot  from  slipping.  The  stirrups  of  some  western 
riding  saddles,  and  also  some  of  those  used  in  the  cavahy  ser- 
vice have  a  strong  front  piece  of  leather  or  other  material, 
which  not  only  protects  the  front  of  the  leg,  but  prevents  the 
foot  from  pressing  too  far  into  the  loop.  Stirrups  were 
unknown  to  the  ancients.  The  Greeks  rode  bare  back,  or  on  a 
saddle  consisting  of  a  single  pannel  of  sheepskin,  or  often  of  a 
piece  of  cloth  folded  several  times  and  thus  forming  a  pillion. 
Gracchus,  a  noble  Roman,  who  Avas  at  the  height  of  his  fame 
about  126  B.  C.,  fitted  the  highways  with  stones  to  enable  the 
horsemen  to  mount.  The  methods  of  mounting  must  have 
been  to  vault ;  to  step  from  a  horse-block,  or,  as  Xenophon 
said,  "after  the  Persian  manner,"  that  is,  to  step  from  the  back 
of  a  slave  or  captive  who  bent  himself  for  the  purpose.  War- 
riors mounted  with  the  aid  of  the  spur.  It  had  a  hook  upon 
the  shaft,  and,  placed  at  the  side  of  the  horse,  assisted  the  rider 
in  mounting.  Stirrups  were  used  somewhat  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, but  were  not  common  even  in  the  twelfth. 

The  saddle  bow,  pommel  and  cantle  were  invented  in  Constantinople 
toward  the  middle  of  the  fourth  century.  Even  later  than  this  Ihe 
stirruj)  came  into  use,  appearing  for  the  first  time  in  the  "Treatise 
on  the  Art  of  AVar,"  written  by  the  Emperor  Maurice  at  the  entl  of 
tlie  sixth  century.  These  Byzantine  innovations  spread  every- 
where. It  is  beyond  question  "that  the  Turks,  for  example,  adopted 
with  the  saddle  and  spurs  all  the  administrative  forms  of  the  Lower 
Empire,  and  many  a  usage  whicii  seems  little  in  accord  with  their 
primitive  genius. — A  Phidian  Horse:  Art  and  Archaeology  on  the 
Acropolis,  From  the  Frencli  of  Victor  Clierbuliez,  translated  by  Eliz- 
abeth Roberts. 

Stirrup.  A  metallic  loop  for  holding  the  foot  of  the 
driver,  fastened  on  the  inside  of  each  thill  of  the  sulky  just  in 
front  of  the  cross-bar. 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE   TURF.  251 

Stocking.  White,  reaching  down  to  the  coronet  on  the 
leg  of  a  dark  colored  horse,  and  which  comes  up  as  high  as  the 
knee  or  hock,  is  termed  a  '<  stocking."  When  the  white  mark- 
ing is  shorter  than  this,  it  is  called  a  sock. 

Stone.  [Eng.]  The  English  imperial  standard  weight 
of  fourteen  pounds  avoirdupois.  The  weight  carried  by  horses 
in  races  is  always  reckoned  as  such  a  immber  of  stone,  and  so 
many  pounds  ;  as,  eight  stone,  twelve  pounds. 

Stonelieiig"e.  The  nom  de  plume  or  pen  name  of  John  H. 
Walsh,  F.  R.  C.  8.,  known  throughout  England,  Australia  and 
America,  as  a  writer  on  horsemanship  and  field  sports.  Born 
in  1810 ;  died  February  12,  1888.  Edited  the  London  Field 
from  1857  till  his  death;  and  was  an  industrious  and  volumi- 
nous writer.  With  a  wide  range  of  knowledge  he  combined 
thoroughness  and  accuracy,  and  his  style  is  smooth  and  flow- 
ing. His  treatise  on  "  The  Horse  in  Stable  and  Field,"  is  one 
of  the  best  books  in  the  entire  range  of  English  and  American 
horse  literature. 

Stop.     To  quit  in  a  race. 

Stops.  On  a  bridle,  used  with  reins  which  have  buckles, 
to  prevent  the  martingale  rings  catching  on  the  buckles. 

Stopping".     Packing  or  filling  for  the  horse's  feet. 

Before  tlie  horse  is  i>iit  away  after  work,  the  feet  should  be  carefully 
oleaued  and  washed  out,  and  stopped  up  with  clay.  We  avoid,  in 
all  eases,  the  use  of  oils  on  the  hoof,  as  oil  will  spoil  any  hoof,  mak- 
ing it  brittle.  The  cooling,  cleansing,  and  moistening  effect  of 
washing  is  all  that,  is  necessary  to  keep  a  healthy  hoof  in  good  con- 
dition.— Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Strag"g:ling-  Start.  A  poor  send  off.  "  The  field  got  the 
word  with  many  of  the  horses  straggling  in  the  rear." 

Straig"lit-away.  A  straight  course ;  the  long,  straight 
stretch  of  a  course,  like  the  three-fourths  mile  straight,  or  the 
2,450  feet  home  stretch  of  Morris  Park,  N.  Y.  On  this  straight 
the  famous  horse  El  Rio  Rey  ran  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in 
1:11  ;  and  on  the  mile  straight-a^vay  at  Monmouth  Park,  N.  J., 
the  mighty  Salvator  ran  the  mile  August  28,  1890,  in  1:35^. 

Strang'les,  and  bastard  or  false  strangles,  are,  until  cured, 
an  unsoundness. 

Stretch.  One  of  the  two  straight  sides  of  a  course,  as 
distinguished  from  the  turns  or  ends. 

Stride.  The  distance  from  the  foot-print  of  any  one  leg 
to  the  foot-print  of  the  same  leg,  when  it  comes  next  to  the 
ground ;  or  it  may  be  described  as  the  action  of  the  limbs  while 
that  distance  is  being  covered.  The  average  stride  of  the  fast 
gallop,  or  that  of  the  race-horse  at  speed  is  about  twenty-four 


252  HANDBOOK    OP   THE   TURF. 

feet ;  and  that  of  the  trotter  about  seventeen  feet.     The  stride 

of  Eclipse  was  twenty-five  feet ;  Flying  Dutchman  and  Volti- 

geur,  in  1851,  struggling  head  to  head  opposite  York  Strand, 

took  a  stride  of  twenty-four  and  a  half  feet.     Martha  Wilkes, 

in  going  a  2:09^  gait,  made  a  stride  of  eighteen  and  a  half  feet. 

Actual  measurement  of  strides  shows  that  the  stride  is  both 

extended  and  quickened,  instead  of  quickened  and  shortened, 

when  the  speed  is  increased. 

The  trotting  stride  is  made  up  of  tAvo  supports  and  two  flights.  The 
time  of  botli  supijorls  is  alilve,  and  tlie  tiiue  of  botli  fliglits  corre- 
sponds. But  tlie  time  of  the  supports  is  not  the  same  as  tliat  of  the 
fliglits.  With  different  trotting  movements  tlieir  relative  times 
materially  change.  The  dwelling-gaited  horse,  for  instance,  umluly 
prolongs  and  supports.  Just  in  proportion  as  the  speed  increases 
the  tiuje  of  the  supports  is  lessened,  and  the  length  of  the  flights  is 
increased.  The  time  of  the  supports  and  tlie  time  of  the  flights  of 
the  two  pairs  of  feet  must  necessarily  correspond.  But  the  length 
of  the  stride  of  the  hind  feet,  with  reference  to  that  of  the  front  feet, 
not  only  changes  in  the  same  horse  at  different  rates  of  trotting 
speed.but  also  changes  decidedly  in  different  horses.  *  *  *  In  the 
run  tlie  stride  is  divided  in  to  five  parts  instead  of  two,  as  in  the  trot, 
each  limb  taking  its  turn  as  supporter  and  propeller,  with  a  scarcely 
appreciable  interval  between;  and  an  interval  between  the  last 
fore  leg  and  the  first  hind  one  representing  a  fifth  of  the  whole 
stride.  Each  limb,  therefore,  works  one-fitth  of  each  stride  and 
rests  the  other  four-fifths.— The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

String".  A  number  of  horses;  as,  the  horses  from  one 
stable  ;  "  a  great  string  " ;  the  horses  from  a  single  stable  shown 
at  a  fair  by  themselves. 

String-halt ;  Chorea.  The  involuntary  contractions  of 
voluntary  muscles,  manifested  by  the  sudden  jerking  up  of  one 
or  both  hind  legs  when  the  animal  is  walking.  Stringhalt  is 
not  an  unsoundness  if  the  horse  works  well — it  is  only  a 
defect ;  but  if  it  results  from  an  inflamed  nerve,  there  is  a 
question  if  it  is  not  then  an  unsoundness,  and  in  all  cases  it  is 
best  to  have  it  excepted  in  warranty. 

Stud.  A  collection  of  horses;  as,  the  royal  stud,  the 
government  breeding  stud,  a,  private  stud. 

Stvid  Book.  A  book  containing  the  pedigrees  and 
history  of  horses.  The  English  Stud  Book  was  established  in 
1791,  and  has  been  published  annually  ever  since.  The 
American  Stud  Book,  (AVallace's,)  was  first  published  in  1867 ; 
and  (Bruce's,)  in  1873.  See  American  Stud  Book,  Ameri- 
can Trotting  Register  and  Racing  Calendar. 

Stviinhler.     A  horse  which  is  habitually  stumbling  from 

faulty  conformation,  or  in  consequence  of  a  weak,  shuffling  gait. 

Such  a  horse  should  never  be  used  for  saddle  purposes. 

A  nag  that  puts  his  toe  down  first  is  almost  sure  to  be  a  stumbler. 
—Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

Stumbling.     There  are  two  kinds  of  stumblers.     The 

one  lifts  his  foot,  at  the  walk,  without  throwing  his  weight  too 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  253 

much  forward  at  the  same  time,  but  he  does  not  bend  his  knee 
sufficiently,  or  unduly  depresses  his  toe,  when  putting*  the  foot 
to  the  ground.  If,  at  the  conclusion  of  the  step,  there  be  an 
inquality  on  the  ground,  he  will,  in  all  probability,  strike  it 
and  stumble,  but  generally  he  will  not  fall,  for  the  luischance 
will  not  be  sufficient  to  disturb  the  equilibrium  of  the  body. 
The  other  and  more  dangerous  kind  of  stumbler  has  generally 
straight  shoulders,  infirm  fore  legs,  or  cramped  action.  As  he 
leans  his  Aveight  too  much  forward,  he  is  very  liable  to  catch 
the  ground  with  the  toe  of  his  advancing  fore  leg,  a  fall  being 
the  probable  result,  from  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  body 
being  well  beyond  the  point  of  support  of  the  fore  legs.  AVhile 
a  stumbling  horse  should  never  be  ridden  if  any  other  can  be 
had,  yet  if  the  rider  knows  a  horse  is  inclined  to  stumble  he 
should  always  ride  him  carefully  and  well  up  to  the  saddle  so 
that  he  may  get  his  hind  legs  well  under  him.  A  properly 
adjusted  curb  bit  may  be  substituted  for  the  snaffle;  and  in 
some  instances  peculiar  shoeing  may  help  to  overcome  the 
fault.  Where  stumbling  is  occasioned  by  inflammation  of  the 
feet  arising  from  tightness  of  the  shoes,  or  from  unequal  pressure 
from  which  cause  he  is  liable  to  stumble,  it  is  an  unsoundness. 

Subscription.     A  payment  to  a  stake ;  an  entrance  fee. 

Suburban  Handicap.  A  great  American  race  run 
annually  at  Coney  Island,  N.  Y.  Founded  by  James  G.  K. 
Lawrence  of  New  I'ork,  and  first  run  in  1884.  The  winners 
have  been:  1884,  Gen  Monroe;  1885,  Pontiac;  1886,  Trouba- 
dour; 1887,  Eurus;  1888,  Elkwood;  1889,  Raceland;  1890, 
Salvator;  1891,  Loantaka;  1892,  Montana;  1893,  Lowlander; 
1894,  Ramapoo. 

It  holds  the  highest  place  in  the  affections  and  the  enthusiasm  of 
American  turfmen. — New  Yorlv  Tribune. 

Suffolk  Park.  A  once  famous  race  course  established 
at  Philadelphia  in  1859,  by  James  KeUy.  It  was  opened 
September  8,  of  that  year,  with  a  race  between  Flora  Temple 
and  the  California  mare.  Princess.  Flora  won  the  first  heat  in 
2:43,  and  could  have  distanced  her  competitor;  but  distance 
was  waived,  and  Flora  won  the  third  heat  in  2:23.  George  M. 
Patchen,  Dexter,  May  Queen,  Goldsmith  Maid,  American  Girl 
and  other  great  ones  have  trotted  over  it.  It  was  discontinued 
and  cut  up  into  building  lots  in  1890. 

Sulk.     Explained  by  the  quotation : 

You  will  find  there  is  a  grain  of  sulk  in  the  make-up  of  many  good  race 
horses.  It  requires  a  good  deal  of  tact  and  ingenuity  to  get  out  of 
such  animals  their  full  measure  of  speed.— T.  J.  Dunbar. 

Sulky.     The  track  vehicle  used  in  a  race  with  trotting 

horses;  a  light  carriage  fitted  for  but  one  person.     In  1841, 


254  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

the  Spirit  of  the  Times,  referring  to  the  rules  of  the  New  York 
Trotting  Club  and  the  comparative  tests  of  speed  and  weight 
in  harness  and  imder  saddle,  says  :  "  The  same  weight  has  to 
be  carried  b}^  the  driver,  exclusive  of  the  weights  of  his  sulky 
or  match-cart,  as  by  the  same  jockey  in  the  saddle.  These 
match-carts  are  of  the  neatest  construction,  and  weigh  gen- 
erally ninety  pounds,  though  they  often  weigh  twenty  pounds 
less,  and  there  are  one  or  two  which  weigh  but  fifty-three 
pounds!"  From  that  date  to  1892,  a  period  of  fifty-one  years, 
there  was  little  or  no  change  in  the  general  style  of  the  track 
sulky.  The  main  difference  was  in  the  use  of  better  materials, 
a  higher  artistic  finish  and  less  weight.  Yet  fifty-three  pounds 
was  the  exact  weight  of  a  Pray  standard  sulky,  with  wheels 
four  feet  seven  inches  high,  weighed  and  measured  by  the 
author  in  September,  1893.  But  at  the  commencement  of  the 
season  of  1892,  a  complete  revolution  in  trotting  was  inaugu- 
rated by  the  use  of  the  pneumatic  wheel,  the  first  experiments 
with  which  were  made  with  a  pair  of  bicycle  wheels  attached 
to  an  ordinary  sulky.  It  was  at  the  Detroit,  Mich.,  meeting 
in  July  1892,  however,  at  which  the  new  style  sulky  was  first 
publicly  recognized.  The  race  won  by  Honest  George  took 
place  there  on  July,  20  and  21,  of  that  year,  and  this  was  the 
first  race  in  which  the  pneumatic  sulky  was  ever  used  at  a 
prominent  meeting  in  this  country.  Immediately  manufac- 
turer's commenced  to  adapt  their  sulkies  to  the  new  require- 
ments, and  by  the  beginning  of  the  season  of  1893,  pneumatic 
sulkies  were  in  use  upon  all  the  leading  tracks  of  the  country. 
Builders  not  only  made  entirely  new  patterns  but  devised 
methods  for  changing  over  the  high  wheel  to  the  bike  wheel 
sulky,  making  stays  of  different  kinds  to  fit  the  new  wheel  to 
the  old  axle.  A  great  number  of  experiments  took  place 
before  the  pneumatic  wheel  was  fully  adjusted  to  its  new  uses, 
but  these  finally  proved  successful  and  in  cases  of  entirely  new 
or  changed-over  sulkys  they  have  given  the  utmost  satisfaction 
to  owners,  trainers  and  drivers.  The  high  wheel  sulky,  like 
the  stage  coach,  is  a  thing  of  history  only.  The  two  great 
advantages  of  the  new  sulky  are  the  pneumatic  tire  and  ball 
bearings.  The  height  of  the  wheels  is  from  tM^enty-six  to 
twenty-eight  inches.  They  are  made  of  both  wood  and  steel 
the  tire  being  attached  to  the  rim  of  the  wheel.  There  are 
from  twenty  to  twenty-four  ball  bearings  in  each  wheel,  (ten 
or  twelve  in  each  end  of  the  hub),  being  held  in  the  boxes  by 
means  of  a  cone-case  or  recess  into  which,  they  are  fitted.  These 
bearings  are  of  different  sizes,  the  usual  diameter  being  one- 
fourth  or  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch.     The  weight  of  the  pneu- 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  255 

matic  sulky  is  from  thirty-eight  to  fifty-three  pounds;  the 
weight  of  a  chaiiged-over  sulky  from  fifty-five  to  fifty-eight 
pounds.  There  is,  however,  another  advantage  in  the  less 
liability  of  accident  on  the  track  with  the  bike  sulky.  The 
air  cushion  absorbs  the  jar,  and  the  driver's  seat  is  so  far  above 
the  wheel  that  he  hears  less  of  the  vibration  hence  he  can 
drive  better  having  his  mind  more  completely  upon  his  work. 
There  is  also  less  risk  of  accidents  occasioned  by  wheels  lock- 
ing, hub  punching  and  spoke  splitting.  The  low  wheels  are 
guarded  upon  the  outside  by  the  forks,  thus  reducing  the 
possibility  of  accident  to  the  mininmm. 

The  exact  influence  of  tlie  bicycle  snlky  in  bringing  about  the  reduc- 
tion of  tlie  pacinfT  and  tvotlinK  records  lias  not  yet  been,  and 
probably  never  will  be,  properly  deterniined.  That  it  lias  had  some 
influence  no  one  will  deny ;  but  that  it  has  accelerated  the  speed  of 
the  lecord-breakers  by  four  or  five  seconds  is  not  witliin  the  bounds 
of  reason.  *  *  *  If  any  large  concessit)n  must  be  made  to  holders 
of  records  to  the  old-style  sulky,  Johnston  nuist  be  considered  the 
kinj>-piu  pacer  of  tlie  annals  of  the  American  turf,  and  Maud  S. 
the  Irottiiiii-  queen.  The  bicycle  sulky  does  its  most  perfect  work 
on  this,  (Fleetwood),  track  of  winding  turns,  sharp  ant>les  witli 
ascending  and  descending  grades  and  makes  it  take  rank  with  tlie 
average  regulation  mile  course.— The  Horseman,  December  7,  1893. 

Sulky  Case.  A  case  made  of  canvas  for  the  purpose  of 
protecting  a  sulky  when  being  transported  on  campaigns.  A 
set  consists  of  three  pieces,  one  for  each  wheel,  and  one  for  the 
gear,  each  in  the  shape  of  sacks  fitted  to  the  parts  they  are  to 
receiA^e,  buckled  tightly,  thus  protecting  them  from  dust  and 
also  from  being  marred. 

Sulkyette.  A  close-hitch  speeding  cart ;  a  combination 
road  cart  and  jogging  sulky,  adapted  for  track  work  and  run- 
about business. 

Summary.  A  summary  of  a  race  should  give  the  place 
and  track  upon  which  it  took  place;  the  date;  the  purse  for 
which  it  was  made ;  the  conditions  as  to  harness,  wagon  or 
saddle ;  the  ntimber  of  heats ;  the  names,  color  and  sex  of  the 
horses  competing ;  the  name  of  the  sire  of  the  horse,  (and  the 
dam  if  she  is  a  winner  of  one  or  more  heats) ;  names  of  owners 
and  drivers;  positions  of  the  horses,  and  time  made.  The 
names  of  pacers  should  be  in  italics.  An  entire  horse  should 
be  entered  as  a  horse,  not  as  a  stallion ;  and  described  in  the 
summary  as  "b.  h."     The  letters  "b.  s."  should  not  be  used. 

Summary  Against  Time.  Where  a  horse  is  started 
to  beat  his  record  it  is  called  trotting  against  time.  When  the 
summary  is  published,  if  the  horse  lowers  his  record,  his  name 
and  time  are  given  first;  if  he  does  not  beat  his  record  they 
are  given  last.     Thus  : 


256  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TUEF. 


SUMMARY. 

Stockton,  Cal.,  October  lo,  1891.  Palo  Alto  started  to 
beat  his  record  of  2:12^. 

Time,  1 

Palo  Alto,  2 

Time:     2:12|. 

Supervisors.  Officers  appointed  by  the  National  Trot- 
ting Association  to  visit  any  meeting  held  on  any  track  in  its 
membership,  to  learn  if  the  rules  are  properly  observed,  and 
take  the  time  of  horses  in  any  heat  or  race,  which  facts  may 
be  received  in  evidence  in  any  case  pending. 

Suppleness.  [Eq.]  The  perfect  harmony  of  all  the 
forces  of  the  horse  when  in  obedience  to  the  will  of  the  rider. 

Surcing'le.  A  girth  for  a  horse ;  a  girth  separate  from 
a  saddle  or  harness,  passing  around  the  body  of  the  horse, 
retaining  in  place  a  blanket  or  saddle-cloth. 

Suspension.  Period  of  suspension ;  the  time  during 
which  the  horse  is  completely  oif  the  ground  at  any  particular 
pace  in  motion,  or  when  jumping. 

Suspension.  A  penalty  imposed.  This  penalty  may 
be  imposed  upon  a  member,  horse,  owner  or  driver,  having  the 
force  of  disqualification  during  the  time  it  is  in  operation,  and 
making  a  conditional  withholding  of  all  their  rights  and 
privileges.  It  may  be  imposed  for  non-payment  of  dues,  fines 
or  entrance  fees ;  giving  a  false  pedigree  or  record  of  a 
horse ;  false  statement  of  name  or  residence ;  refusing  to  give 
information;  meddling  with  or  disguising  a  horse;  wrongfully 
entering  in  a  class ;  for  false  protest ;  refusing  to  ride  or  drive ; 
helping;  any  breach  of  decorum;  foul  driving,  or  other 
just  cause.  Suspension  is  usually  limited  to  the  season  in 
which  the  order  was  issued,  unless  more  explicitly  stated  in 
the  order. 

Suspensory  Lig^ament.  A  very  strong  band  or  cord 
of  nonelastic  fibrous  tissue,  lying  between  the  canon  bone  and 
the  back  tendon;  "one  of  the  most  wonderful  coutrivanees, '* 
says  Prof.  Stillman,  "in  the  whole  locomotive  machinery  of 
the  horse."  Its  obvious  mechanical  use  is  to  prevent  over- 
extension of  the  fetlock-joint ;  and  if  this  cord  is  ruptured  or 
stretched  the  animal  becomes  what  is  termed  "  broken  down," 
that  is,  the  fetlock-joint  sinks  down,  and  the  hoof  has  a 
tendency  to  tilt  forwards  and  upwards. 

Though  a  ligament  only,  with  its  action  beyond  the  control  of 
tlie  will,  it  is  no  less  an  active  organ  whose  function  is  indispens- 
able to  locomotion.  The  perfect  equilibrium  between  the  strength 
of  the  ligament  and  the  force  it  is  required  to  resist  is  of  the 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  257 


utmost  importance.  If  it  yields  too  miicli,  the  fetlock  is  liable  to 
strike  the  ki'ouikI  ;  if  it  is  too  ri}ii<l  and  it  does  not  yield  enough, 
there  will  be  stiffness  and  a  hobbling  gait. — The  Horse  in  Motion, 
J.D.  B.  Stillman. 

Swallow  the  Bridle.  A  horse  having  too  wide  a 
mouth  and  too  small  a  bit  is  said  to  "  swallow  the  bridle." 

Sweat  Flaps.  Pieces  of  leather  which  are  placed  under 
the  girth  straps  of  the  saddle,  on  each  side,  to  prevent  the 
sweat  of  the  horse  from  working  through. 

Sweat  Out;  Sweating  Out.  An  exercise  given  a 
horse  before  a  race  for  the  purpose  of  sweating  out  his  throat 
to  put  him  in  better  condition.  Such  an  exercise  is  usually 
about  three  miles  at  three-quarters  speed. 

Sweepstakes,  is  usually  construed  as  meaning  a  race 
over  all ;  a  free-for-all.  By  the  rules  of  the  Turf  Congress  it 
means  a  race  publicly  declared  open  to  all  complying  with  its 
conditions,  to  be  fulfilled,  wholly  or  in  part,  subsequent  to  its 
closing  or  in  handicaps  subsequent  to  the  acceptance  of  weight, 
and  in  which  stakes  are  to  be  made  for  each  horse. 

Switclied.  A  veterinary  term  meaning  a  glandered 
horse. 

Switclier.  A  horse  given  to  a  habit  of  constantly 
switching  the  tail  when  in  harness.     It  is  a  serious  fault. 

Symmetry.  Beauty  and  harmony  of  exterior  conforma- 
tion in  regard  to  size,  shape  and  arrangement  of  the  various 
parts  of  the  body  to  some  particular  type  of  the  useful  horse. 
It  possesses  a  different  standard  in  that  of  the  race  or  trotting 
horse  from  what  it  is  in  the  Clyde  or  Hackney,  but  is  present 
alike  in  each  according  to  its  own  type. 


17 


Table.  The  free  portion,  crown  or  surface  of  the  teeth 
which  becomes  worn  by  friction  with  the  hard  substances  the 
horse  takes  as  food,  and  by  the  constant  contact  with  the  teeth 
of  the  opposite  jaw.  There  are  five  well  defined  periods  in  this 
dental  table,  as  it  changes  from  use  in  successive  years :  1, 
The  surface  of  the  teeth  forming  the  dental  table  is  at  first  flat- 
tened from  front  to  rear ;  2,  this  table  becomes  oval ;  3,  it 
becomes  rounded  and  its  two  diameters  are  nearly  equal ;  4,  it 
becomes  triangular  with  three  borders,  one  anterior  and  two 
lateral;  5,  the  table  is  flattened  from  side  to  side  and  so 
remains  to  very  old  age. 

Tag's.  The  pendants,  usually  of  copper,  in  the  oval  plate 
in  the  center  of  the  bar  of  a  mouthing  bit.  They  lay  upon  the 
tongue,  and  by  playing  with  them  the  attention  of  the  horse 
is  diverted,  thus  rendering  him  more  easily  subdued  and 
managed. 

Tail  Male  Line.  A  term  used  in  a  thoroughbred  pedi- 
gree, by  which  is  meant  the  horses  tracing  in  direct  male  line 
to  Herod  on  the  side  of  the  sire.  For  instance :  Diomed, 
winner  of  the  inauguration  Derby  in  1780,  was  by  Florizel, 
son  of  Herod ;  young  Eclipse  winner  of  the  second  Derby  by 
O'Kelly's  Eclipse,  etc. 

Take  Care  of,  To.     A  term  expressive  of  a  favor  or 

advantage  which  a  driver  will  give  another  if  he  can  do  so 

fairly ;  and  also  implying  a  choice  for  a  horse  that  may  be  in 

the  field.     "If  I  can  take  care  of  you,  I  will,"  means  that  if  the 

opportunity  occurs  as  between  the  one  spoken  to  and  another, 

the  driver  will  look  out  and  give  him  the  advantage.     A  judge 

in  assigning  positions  to  horses  will  say  to  a  driver,  "Mr.  Blank, 

you  have  the  pole";  and  the  answer  may  be  given,  "thank  you 

for  the  favor,"  when,  in  fact,  it  was  no  favor  of  the  judges,  at 

all,  the  horse  got  the  pole  fairly  in  the  drawing.     The  term  is 

not  to  be  taken  as  expressive  of  collusion  or  any  understanding 

as  between  parties  in  a  race. 

The  starter  again  took  care  of  Manzanita  in  the  sixth  lieat,  and  gave  a 
start  that  can  only  be  explained  on  tlie  theory  that  he  was  so  nuich 
tnteresled  in  the  great  race  that  he  tailed  to  watch  the  held  closely. 
—Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

258 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  259 

Take  the  Field.  To  stake  one's  money  against  the 
favorite,  thus  backing  all  the  rest  against  a  single  horse. 

Taking'-off.  The  act  of  leaving  the  ground  in  making 
a  leap  or  jump  on  horseback. 

Talent,  The.  The  ring;  those  who  have  inside  infor- 
mation concerning  the  race,  or  a  certain  horse  in  the  held ;  the 
knowing  ones.     The  term  originated  in  Australia. 

The  talent  came  down  to  Rigby  to  back  Charlie  B.,  bnt  went  home  with 
lean  jiocket-books.    The  little  gray  liorse  from  way-back  surprised 
everybody  by  the  way  he  won  the  race.— Port  land  I'less. 
Aiid  sinks  from  view  forever,  while  tiie  talent 
Declare  they  never  saw  a  sight  so  gallant. 

— New  South  Wales  paper. 

Tan  Gallop.  A  winter  exercise  ground  for  horses,  built 
at  Waterhall  Farm,  near  Newmarket,  Eng.,  in  1883.  Said  to 
be  the  finest  ground  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

Tandem.  A  word  meaning  at  length ;  one  after  another. 
Two  or  more  horses  harnessed  and  driven  one  before  the  other, 
instead  of  side  by  side,  as  in  a  span,  or  pair.  A  fashionable 
turn  out. 

Tap  the  Wire.  To  obtain  surreptitious  possession  of 
the  telegraph  and  extract  the  information  with  which  it  is 
charged,  concerning  a  race,  for  fraudulent  or  unlawful  purposes. 

Tarpan.     The  wild  horse  of  Tartary. 

Tarsus.     The  hock  joint. 

Tattersall's.  "The  high-change  of  horse  flesh."  A 
mart  for  the  sale  of  horses  established  by  Richard  Tattersall, 
near  Hyde  Park  Corner,  London,  in  1766.  The  lease  of  the 
site  having  expired,  the  new  premises  at  Brompton  were  erected 
and  opened  for  business,  April  10,  1865.  The  Tattersalls  Com- 
panies in  America  was  organized  in  1892,  for  the  sale  of  fine 
horses,  with  offices  at  New  York ;  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  Lexington, 
Ky.,  and  Chicago,  111. 

Teaming"  a  Race.  Driving  a  race.  The  expression  is 
very  often  heard  among  drivers,  "I  teamed  a  race,"  meaning 
that  they  drove  a  race ;  hence  to  team,  is  to  drive. 

Teeth,  The  horse  has  two  sets  of  teeth  :  The  milk 
teeth  w^iich  appear  at  or  soon  after  birth,  known  as  those  of 
the  first  dentition ;  and  the  permanent  teeth,  or  those  of  the 
second  dentition.  The  teeth  are  placed  in  each  jaw  in  such  a 
manner  that  they  make  the  form  of  an  arch — the  convex  part 
forward  and  the  open  part  back  toward  the  throat.  The  arch 
of  each  jaw  is  again  classed  by  veterinarians  into  three  sections 
— the  anterior,  or  front ;  the  intermediate,  or  middle,  and  the 
lateral,  or  back.     In  the  first  are  located  the  incisors ;  in  the 


260  HAKDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

second  the  tusks,  and  in  the  third  the  molars  or  grinders. 
The  first  are  used  to  grasp  and  cut  the  food ;  the  second  to 
separate  it,  and  the  third  to  still  finer  reduce  or  crush  it.  On 
each  side,  directly  behind  the  incisors,  is  a  section  of  the  jaw 
in  which  are  no  teeth,  known  in  the  lower  jaw,  as  the  bar  of 
the  jaw  or  mouth ;  while  back  of  this  are  the  molar  teeth.  In 
the  adult  animal  there  are  in  each  jaw  six  incisors,  two  tush 
teeth  and  twelve  molars,  making  a  total  of  forty  teeth  for  the 
horse.  The  tush  teeth  are  generally  absent  in  the  mare,  her 
total  number  being  thirty-six.  These  tush  teeth  do  not  exist 
in  the  young  animal,  but  in  the  place  where  they  will  appear 
when  the  horse  becomes  older,  are  sometimes  found  rudimentary 
teeth  with  no  well-defined  shape.  Occasionally  in  both  the 
young  and  adult  animal,  occur  rudimentary  premolar  teeth 
called  wolf  teeth,  which  are  four  in  number,  two  in  each  jaw, 
making  the  total  number  in  such  cases,  forty-four.  See  Age 
OF  THE  Horse. 

These  little  rudiments  of  teeth  are,  when  properly  understood,  of  great 
interest.  Tiieir  diminutive  size,  irregular  form  and  inconstant 
presence,  combined  with  their  history  in  the  extinct  horse-like 
"  animals,  show  them  to  be  teeth  which,  for  some  reason  to  us  at 
present  unknown,  have  become  superfluous,  have  been  very  grad- 
ually and  slowly  dispensed  with,  and  are  in  the  stage  to  which  the 
horse  h:is  now  arrived  in  its  evolution,  u])on  the  point  of  disappear- 
ance. The  presence  of  these  so-called  wolves'  teeth  alone  is  sufB.- 
cient,  if  we  had  no  other  proof ,  to  show  that  the  horse  is  not  an 
isolated  creation,  but  one  link  in  a  great  chain  of^organic  beings.— 
The  Horse,  William  Henry  Flower,  C.  B. 

The  natural  division  of  the  two  periods  of  age,  as  indicated  by  the  tem- 
porary and  the  permanent  teeth,  is  subdivided  as  follows :  1,  The 
period  of  eruption  of  the  incisors  or  the  first  dentition  ;  2,  the  level- 
ing of  these  teeth  and  their  progressive  use;  3,  the  period  of  the 
falling  out  of  the  deciduous  teeth  and  the  appearance  of  the  per- 
manent ones  ;  4,  the  leveling  of  these  latter;  5,  the  successive  forms 
which  their  tables  present  as  the  teeth  become  worn  away.  *  *  * 
A  thoroughbred  with  dense  bones  and  hard  teeth  will  wear  the  lat- 
ter away  nmch  more  slowly  than  a  coarse-boned,  lymphatic,  com- 
mon horse  with  softer  substances  in  the  teeth.  The  character  of 
food  to  which  a  colt  has  been  accustomed  will  stimulate  or  dimin- 
ish the  functional  activity  of  the  tooth,  and,  Avhile  hard  substances 
would  naturally  wear  a  tooth  faster  than  softer  food,  yet  the  ani- 
mal whicli  has  been  raised  on  the  former  will  often  have  harder 
teeth  than  one  which  has  not  had  to  use  them  so  severely.— Age  of 
the  Domestic  Animals,  Rush  Shippen  Huidekoper,  M.  D. 

Temples.  Those  portions  of  the  head,  on  each  side  of 
the  forehead,  between  the  ear  and  eye. 

Ten  Broeck.  King  of  the  running  turf.  Foaled  on 
the  farm  of  John  Harper,  Midway,  Ky.,  in  1872.  By  imported 
Phaeton ;  dam,  Fanny  Hulton,  by  Lexington.  He  was  a  most 
unpromising  colt,  and  at  two  years  of  age  was  a  sickly  looking 
animal  one  would  hardly  have  taken  as  a  gift.  But  at  four 
years  of  age  he  had  developed  into  a  remarkable  animal.  In 
that  year,  September  16,  1876,  carrying  104  pounds  he  lowered 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE    TURF.  201 

the  record  for  two  miles  and  five-eighths  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  to 
4:58^,  where  it  has  remained  ever  since.  Ten  days  after  tliis, 
viz:  On  September  27,  1876,  carrying  the  same  weight,  at 
Chm'chill  Downs,  Lexington,  Ky.,  he  ran  the  fastest  four  miles 
ever  known  and  never  equalled  or  surpassed  since — 7:15f.  As 
a  five-year-old  he  was  even  speedier,  and  in  a  contest  against 
time  at  Midway,  Ky.,  May  21,  1877,  lowered  the  record  for  one 
mile  to  l:39f,  which  stood  as  the  record  till  1890  ;  and  a  week 
later,  May  29,  1877,  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  he  ran  two  miles  in 
3:27|-,  carrying  110  pounds,  which  has  never  been  beaten  since. 
His  last  appearance  on  the  course  was  at  the  Louisville,  Ky., 
Jockey  Club  track,  July  4,  1878,  in  a  four  mile  heat  race 
against  the  California  mare,  ]\lollie  McCarthy,  which  up  to 
that  time  had  been  unbeaten.  The  race  w\as  for  $10,000  a 
side,  and  w^as  witnessed  by  the  largest  crowd  ever  seen  upon 
the  Louisville  course.  The  famous  California  mare  was  dis- 
tanced. After  this  race  he  was  retired  from  the  turf,  placed 
in  the  stud,  and  was  the  sire  of  some  of  the  best  runners  on 
the  turf.  He  was  valued  at  $100,000.  His  death  occurred  at 
the  stock  farm  of  T.  B.  Harper,  near  Midway,  Ky.,  June  28, 
1887. 

Terrets.  Metallic  eyes  which  screw  into  the  saddle-tree 
of  a  harness  through  which  the  reins  or  driving-lines  pass  from 
the  bit  to  the  hands  of  the  driver.  A  set  embraces  two  terrets 
and  one  w-ater-hook,  the  latter  holding  the  check  or  bearing 
rein  in  jjlace.  These  trimmings  for  a  harness  are  made  in  a 
great  variety  of  style  and  finish. 

The  Braid.  A  whip,  or  whip-lash.  To  aj)ply  the 
braid  is  to  flog  or  punish  a  horse ;  to  use  the  whip. 

The  Rest  Nowhere.  A  distanced  field.  A  term  in 
popular  use  at  race  tracks  the  world  over,  to  denote  the 
unplaced  horses.  Originated  from  the  expression  made  by 
the  famous  Colonel  O'Kelly,  at  Epsom,  Eng.,  May  3,  1769, 
when  called  upon  to  place  the  horses  on  occasion  of  the  first 
race  run  by  the  celebrated  horse,  Eclipse.  "Eclipse  first,  the 
rest  nowhere,"  was  Colonel  O'Kelly's  vigorous  description  of 
this  remarkable  race,  hence  the  term  now  used. 

Thick  Wind.  One  of  the  several  forms  o£  disease 
affecting  the  breathing  organs  of  the  horse,  allied  to  that  of 
roaring,  W'histling  and  heaves.  In  many  cases  it  is  the  fore- 
runner of  broken  wind,  or  heaves,  and  when  it  proceeds  from 
inflammation  it  is  an  unsoundness. 

Thig'h.  The  thigh  of  the  horse  is  bordered  by  the  stifle, 
flank,  croup,  buttock  and  gaskin,  from  which  it  is  separated 


262  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

by  a  horizontal  line  drawn  from  the  upper  end  of  the  straight 
line  made  by  the  hamstring,  which  proceeds  towards  the  thigh 
from  the  point  of  the  hock. 

Thoroug-hbretl.  The  natural  aristocrat  of  the  equine 
race.  It  means  that  a  horse's  pedigree  can  be  traced  for  gen- 
erations from  sires  and  dams  of  English  pure  blood,  or  from 
Arabs,  Barbs,  (Barbary  States),  or  Persians,  recorded  in  the 
stud-book.  While  this  is  the  former  well  understood  definition, 
its  meaning  has  become  somewhat  modified  in  recent  years. 
It  now  generally  means  a  horse  whose  pedigree  contains  the 
requisite  number  of  crosses  to  insure  freedom  from  any  consid- 
erable contamination  of  cold  blood.  One  possessing  five 
crosses  to  animals  of  pure  blood,  untainted  with  mongrel 
strains,  is  regarded  a  thoroughbred.  The  difference  between 
thoroughbred  and  standard  bred,  is  that  the  former  is  bred  to 
run  and  the  latter  to  trot, — hence  the  terms  running  bred  and 
trotting  bred,  frequently  used  in  referring  to  the  two  classes. 
Strictly  speaking,  however,  no  horse  is  thoroughbred  that  does 
not  trace,  without  contaminating  blood,  to  Oriental  origin. 
In  other  words,  the  horses  of  the  first  blood,  or  such  as  are 
nearest  possible  to  the  Eastern  stock,  are :  Those  immediately 
produced  from  an  Arabian  or  Barb ;  any  stallion  crossed  with 
an  English  mare,  which  has  already  been  crossed  with  a  Barb 
or  Arabian  stallion,  in  the  first  degree ;  or  that  which  has 
sprung  from  two  crosses  in  the  same  degree. 

The  term  thoroughbred  was  orij^iiially  used  exclusively  as  the  name 
by  wliicli  the  English  race-horse  was  designated.  Tlie  thorough- 
bred horse  is  peculiarly  a  British  procUiction.  *  *  *  The  term 
tlioroughbred,  as  applied  to  horses,  is  used  to  designate  the  run- 
ning liorse.  *  *  *  A  recent  cross  with  an  imported  Arab  or  Barb, 
while  it  does  not  vitiate  the  blood  nor  render  an  animal  ineligible 
as  a  tlioroughbred,  is  not  usually  regarded  as  desirable,  from  the 
fact  that  the  course  of  selection  which  has  been  practiced  by  the 
breeders  of  thoroughbred  horses  in  England  and  America  for  the 
last  one  hundred  years,  has  given  us  a  race  that  is  generally  coii- 
sitlered  to  be  far  superior  to  the  Oriental  horse  of  to-day  for  speed, 
size  and  stoutness.— Horse  Breeding,  J.  H.  Sanders. 

The  race-horse,  or,  rather,  the  tlioroughbred  liorse,  from  his  symmetry, 
power,  graceful  action,  light,  elastic  form,  speed  and  stamina,  is, 
beyond  question,  the  highest  type  of  the  equine  family.  He  pos- 
sesses more  of  the  beaut it-s  of  formaticm  than  any  animal  which 
approximates  to  him  in  size  and  shape;  he  excels  all  others  in  the 
intelligent  expression  of  his  countenance  and  shape  of  his  head; 
and  in  the  simplicity,  compactjiess  and  com|>leteness  of  his  digest- 
ive organs,  the  great  leverage  of  his  hocks  and  hind  quarters,  and 
the  wonderful  mechanism  (1is])layed  in  the  construction  of  his  legs 
and  feet.— The  Thorough l)red  Horse,  S.  D.  Bruce. 

The  advantages  of  thor(jughbreil  blood,  as  they  seem  to  me,  are  that  it 
gives  higher  finish,  better  quality  of  bone,*  better  joints  and  sui)e- 
rior  wind  and  lung  power.  I  do  not  base  my  claims  for  thorough- 
bred blood  on  gameness.  INIy  belief  is  that  gameness  comes,  in 
great  part,  from  pure,  frictionless  action.  It  is  practically  a  truth 
that  speed  makes  gameness.  Some  thoroughbreds  have  more  trot- 
ting action   than  others.     In  selecting   a  thoroughbred  mare  to 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  263 


breed  to  a  t^o^ting  stallion,  we  pay  great  attention  to  form,  action 
and  head.  Some  iliorouglibretis  are  more  brainy  and  level  headed 
than  others,  and  from  one  of  these  of  the  right  conformation  bred 
to  a  stallion  of  great  brain  and  action-controlling  jjower,  the 
chances  of  getting  a  high  class  trotter  are  good.  1  do  not  claim 
that  you  can  get  trotters  as  uniformly  this  way  as  by  breeding 
from  trotting  mares,  but  you  can,  with  the  propcily  mated  sire  and 
dam,  get  horses  of  high  class  by  this  line  of  breediaig  horses,  of 
great  linisli  and  hard,  fine  quality. — Training  the  Trotting  Horse, 
Charles  Marvin. 

Tlioroug-h-piii,  A  sprain  of  the  tendons  above  the 
knee  and  behind  the  bone  of  the  forearm ;  or  of  the  tendon 
which  pUiys  over  the  back  of  the  hock,  to  the  inner  side  of  the 
bony  process  which  forms  its  point.  When  so  hirge  as  to  ren- 
der it  likely  that  lameness  will  follow,  it  has  been  proven  an 
unsoundness. 

Three  in  Five.  A  race,  or  purse,  the  conditions  of 
which  are  that  three  out  of  five  heats  must  be  won  by  one 
horse,  in  order  to  entitle  him  to  the  race  and  purse,  or  stake. 

Three-quarter  Shoe.  A  shoe,  one  side  of  which  is 
shorter  than  the  other ;  so  that  when  on  the  foot,  the  wall  of 
the  short  side,  measuring  from  the  heel,  is  uncovered  for  a 
distance  of  two  inches,  or  a  little  more.  It  is  used  for  reliev- 
ing from  pressure  the  parts  of  the  foot  near  a  corn. 

Three-quarter  Speed.     A  gait  used  by  many  of  the 

best  trainers  in  working  the  trotting  horse  previous  to  a  race ; 

the  principle  being  never  to  work  a  horse  at  high  speed,  or, 

rather,  full  speed,  that  being  kept  in  reserve  for  the  actual 

test  of  the  race. 

Budd  Doble  taught  me  that  a  horse  could  be  put  in  condition  with  a 
great  deal  less  fast  work  than  I  had  at  that  time  supi^osed  possible. 
His  idea  Mas  to  give  tliem  plenty  of  what  we  call  three-quarter 
speed,  with  longer  worlv  from  a  mile  to  a  mile-;uid-a-half,  and  then 
two  mile  heats. — Life  with  the  Trotters.  John  Splan. 

Three-ride  Business.  [Eng.]  The  crack  way  of 
running  over  hurdles,  in  which  just  three  strides  are  taken 
mechanically  between  each  hurdle. 

Three  Straig-ht-aways.  A  term  applied  to  a  race 
won  in  three  straight  heats. 

Throat-latch.  That  part  of  the  crownpiece  of  the 
bridle  which  serves  to  prevent  it  from  slipping  over  the  horse's 
head  by  passing  under  his  throat. 

Thro'tv  a  Heat.  A  term  used  to  express  that  act  of  a 
driver  or  rider,  by  which  a  heat  is  lost  at  the  finish — evidently 
by  design ;  to  pull  up  and  let  an  opponent  dash  by  one  at  the 
close  of  a  heat ;  to  give  the  heat  away  when  it  might  have 
been  won ;  to  drop  anchor. 

Thrush.  An  inflammation  of  the  secreting  membrane 
of   the    frog,   with    foetid    discharge    from   the   cleft.      Where 


264  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF. 

it  is  the  result  of  contraction,  as  is  often  the  case,  it  is  an 
unsoundness. 

Tilting-  Table.  An  operating  table  used  by  veterinary- 
surgeons  in  casting  a  horse.  The  animal  is  placed  close  to  the 
table,  as  to  a  wall.  His  head,  body  and  legs  are  securely 
strapped  to  it,  and,  by  means  of  adjustable  levers  operated  by 
a  crank  and  cogs,  the  table  is  brought  down  to  a  horizontal 
position,  and  the  horse  is  lying  on  his  side  upon  it  ready  to  be 
operated  upon. 

Time.  This  word,  as  applied  to  races,  is  used  to  indi- 
cate the  duration  of  time  which  it  takes  a  horse  to  go  a  given 
distance,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  greatest  speed  attainable,  or 
the  greatest  distance  which  can  be  passed  over  in  a  given  time. 
All  races  in  this  country  are  timed  by  official  timers,  or  judges, 
the  time  is  recorded,  and  set  against  the  horse  making  the 
fastest  time  in  a  heat  or  race,  the  time  always  being  taken 
from  the  horse  first  to  pass  under  the  wire  at  the  finish.  On 
the  English  turf  there  is  no  official  record  of  time  made  at 
races.  To  what  a  degree  breeding  and  training  have  improved 
the  trotting  time  in  this  country  in  seventy  years,  is  shown  by 
the  following  outline  table :  In  1820,  the  best  mile  in  harness 
was  about  3:00;  in  1830,  the  best  mile  in  harness  was  2:40; 
in  1840,  the  best  time  under  saddle  was  by  Dutchman,  2:28 ; 
in  1850,  the  best  time  under  saddle  was  by  Lady  Suffolk, 
2:26^ ;  in  1860,  the  best  time  in  harness  was  by  Flora  Temple, 
2:19f ;  in  1870,  the  best  time  in  harness  w^as  by  Dexter,  2:17|; 
in  1880,  the  best  time  in  harness  was  by  Jay-Eye-See,  2:10; 
in  1890,  the  best  time  in  harness  was  by  Sunol,  2:08;^;  in 
1893,  the  best  time  in  harness  was  by  Directum,  2:05^. 

There  commonly  has  to  be  a  coiijvinction  of  favorable  circumstances, 
in  order  to  enable  a  horse  to  make  extraordinary  time.  Therefore, 
when  it  is  found  that  one  which  has  not  made  such  time,  can  beat 
those  which  have,  race  after  race,  all  of  Ihem  being  apparently  in 
good  condition,  a  reasonable  presumption  is  raised  that  the  trotter 
■  in  question  will,  at  no  distant  day,  beat  the  time  at  the  head  of  the 
record,  as  well  as  the  horses  which  made  it. — The  Trotting  Horse  of 
America,  Hiram  Woodruff. 

Timer.  A  chronograph;  a  split-second  watch  used  in 
taking  the  time  made  by  horses  in  a  race. 

Timer.  A  person  appointed  as  timing  judge,  to  take 
the  time  made  by  the  horses  in  each  heat.  The  National  rules 
require  that  two  official  timers  shall  take  the  time  of  the  horses 
in  races ;  the  American  rules  require  three,  and  the  rules  of 
the  Turf  Congress  say  there  shall  be  "one  or  more,  not  to 
exceed  three."  These  officials  are  appointed  by  the  president 
of  the  track  or  association,  or  they  may  be  appointed  by  the 
judges.     Id  announcing  the  time  made,  it  is  usual,  where  there 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  2G5 

is  a  disagreement  in  watches,  to  give  the  average  time  taken 
by  all  of  them. 

Time  Board.  The  score  board  upon  which  the  time  of 
the  heat  and  rank  of  the  horses,  at  the  close  of  each  heat,  is 
hung  out  in  front  of  the  judges'  stand. 

Time  Between  Heats.  The  time  allowed  drivers  and 
horses  by  the  trotting  rules,  between  heats,  is :  Mile  heats, 
twenty  minutes ;  mile  heats  in  a  three  in  five  race,  twenty-five 
minutes;  two  mile  heats,  thirty  minutes;  three  mile  heats, 
thirty-five  minutes ;  and  if  there  should  be  a  four  mile  race, 
forty  minutes.  The  racing  rules  are:  In  heats  of  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile,  and  of  one  mile,  twenty  minutes ;  in  heats 
of  two  miles,  twenty-five  minutes ;  in  heats  of  three  miles, 
thirty-five  minutes,  and  in  heats  of  four  miles,  forty  minutes. 

Time  ^Not  a  Bar.  By  the  trotting  rules  time  made 
under  the  saddle,  or  on  snow  or  ice,  as  well  as  time  made  when 
two  or  more  horses  are  harnessed  together,  shall  constitute  a 
bar  for  races  of  the  same  character,  but  shall  not  be  a  bar  for 
races  of  a  different  character ;  but  time  to  wagon  is  a  record  or 
a  bar,  as  the  case  may  be,  in  races  of  every  character. 

Time  Performance.  A  measure  of  speed  against  time. 
The  trotting  rules  and  rules  of  the  Trotting  Register  Associa- 
tion require  that  a  performance  against  time  must  be  made  at 
a  regular  meeting  of  a  track  or  society  in  National  or  Ameri- 
can membership ;  strictly  in  accordance  with  the  trotting  rules ; 
not  to  interfere  with,  or  take  place  pending  the  close  of  another 
race;  in  the  presence  of  three  judges  and  three  timers;  the 
meeting  must  be  duly  advertised ;  the  entries  properly  made, 
and  it  must  not  take  place  earlier  than  ten  o'clock  of  the  day 
set  for  the  performance.  Match  races  are  regarded  as  per- 
formances against  time. 

Time  Record.  In  all  public  races,  and  in  all  perform- 
ances against  time,  the  time  made  in  each  heat  must  be  accu- 
rately taken  and  placed  in  a  record  which  must  be  signed  by 
the  judges  at  the  close  of  the  heat,  as  well  as  by  the  timers 
and  the  clerk  of  the  course.  If  it  should  be  made  to  appear 
to  the  boards  of  review  or  appeals,  upon  investigation,  that 
any  record  had  been  fraudulently  obtained,  such  time  shall 
be  regarded  a  bar,  not  a  record. 

Time,  Suppression  of.  The  act  of  withholding  from 
the  public  the  actual  time  made  by  a  horse  in  a  heat.  The 
suppression  of  time  at  a  public  race  is  regarded  and  treated 
as  a  fraud  by  all  the  associations ;  and  such  acts  are  punishable 
by  heavy  fines  and  expulsions  from  the  courses  within  the 
membership  of  the  trotting  and  racing  congresses. 


266  HANDBOOK    OF    THE    TURF. 

Tin  Cup ;  Tin-Cupper ;  Tin  Cup  Record.  A  term 
of  derision;  a  record  against  time  as  distinguished  from  one 
made  in  a  race ;  a  horse  having  a  record  gained  at  a  private 
trial  against  the  watch.  About  1885  trials  of  young  horses 
against  time,  or  for  some  private  prize,  usually  a  silver  cup  or 
piece  of  plate,  became  very  popular.  Sueh  horses  were  being 
put  into  the  2:30  by  the  hundred,  starting  for  no  real  con- 
sideration, and  with  little  or  no  guaranty  that  such  time  had 
been  made  by  them  as  was  claimed.  The  matter  became  an 
abuse,  and  was  the  occasion  of  so  much  wrong  that  great 
reproach  came  to  be  attached  to  such  records.  The  American 
Sportsman  said:  "A  horse  with  a  tin  cup  record  cuts  no 
figure  and  is  a  drug  on  the  market ;  and  the  men  who  turn  out 
any  more  of  them  require  a  guardian."  Wallace's  ]\fonthly 
said :  "  If  regulations  cannot  be  devised  that  will  secure  some 
slight  test  of  a  colt's  racing  qualities  in  winning  his  record, 
then  we  are  in  favor  of  wiping  out  tin  cup  records,  standard 
stakes  records,  private  matches  and  all  that,  and  of  putting 
every  youngster  on  an  equality."  After  long  discussion  the 
matter  was  taken  in  hand  by  the  American,  and  later  by  the 
National  Trotting  Association,  whereby  judicious  regulations 
were  adopted  governing  all  time  performances,  which  are  now 
in  force  by  all  societies  and  tracks  in  membership  with  either 
association,  and  which  are  recognized  by  the  American  Trot- 
ting Register  Association.  See  Against  Time,  and  Time 
Performances. 

Time  performance  according  to  rule  is  just  as  potent  as  one  made  in  a 
race— both  are  measures  of  speed,  properly  designated.  Tlie  rules 
now  in  force  by  the  national  associations  throw  around  time  per- 
formances the  i^roper  restriction  desired  by  all  prominent  breeders. 
—Turf,  Field  and  Farm. 

Tip.  Private  information  or  advice  on  the  chances  of  a 
horse  winning.  "  A  straight  tip  "  is  information  which  comes 
direct  from  an  owner  or  trainer,  and  which  is  supposed  to  be 
trustworthy. 

No  matter  what  paper  or  tout  proclaims, 
Take  only  the  tip  from  Truthful  James; 
He  is  up  to  all  the  dodges  and  games, 
And  money's  not  wasted  by  Truthful  James. 

—The  Sporting  Times. 

Tip.  A  racing  tip  for  the  front  of  a  horse's  foot ;  a  half- 
shoe  ;  a  plate  extending  aroimd  the  toe  from  quarter  to  quarter. 
Youatt,  the  English  authority,  in  his  work  on  the  horse 
published  in  1831  said:  "Tips  are  short  shoes,  reaching  only 
half  round  the  foot,  and  worn  while  the  horse  is  at  grass,  in 
order  to  prevent  the  crust  being  torn  by  the  occasional  hard- 
ness of  the  ground,  or  the  pawing  of  the  animal."  As  re-in- 
vented by  Mr.  Joseph  Cairn  Simpson  of  California,  the  tip  was 


HAi^^DBOOK    OF  THE   TURF.  267 

placed  on  the  foot  like  a  shoe,  and  tapered  or  feathered  to  a 
point  to  keep  tlie  hoof  as  level  as  possible.  Subsequently  the 
tip  was  made  of  nearly  a  uniform  thickness,  having  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  of  metal  filed  square.  A  shoulder  was  cut  in  the 
wall,  and  so  much  of  the  sole  as  the  width  of  the  web  required, 
and  all  back  of  the  shoulder  was  left  full  and  rounded  with  a 
file  to  protect  the  edge. 

I  have  given  tips  a  vei*y  fair  trial,  and  have  found  that  at  least  on  our 
gravelly  soil  they  fail  to  sufficiently  i>roteet  the  feet  of  horses  in 
training.  On  a  suit,  soil  for  jogging,  "for  a  horse  not  in  hard  training 
or  for  a  horse  with  contracted  heels,  they  are  excellent,  but  are 
inadequate  protection  as  a  rule,  in  the  wear  and  tear  of  constant 
track-work. — Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

As  a  rule  a  liorse  that  is  short  in  the  pasterns  wears  away  the  toes  very 
quickly,  and  such  a  horse  can  wear  tips  successfully.  On  ihe  other 
hand  a  horse  long  in  the  pasterns  wears  the  heels  rapidly  and  on 
such  a  horse  tips  will  not  prove  of  service.— Scientific  Horseshoeing, 
William  Russell. 

I  believe  if  our  trotting  tracks  were  not  quite  so  hard  there  are  a  great 
many  horses  that  would  go  better  if  shod  in  tips.  I  have  watched 
tliis  matter  at  every  opportunity  which  i^resented  itself  to  me, 
have  tried  tips  on  a  number  of  horses,  and  am  satisfied  that  for  a 
horse  to  go  well  in  them  the  track  must  be  especially  prepared. — 
Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Tipster.     An  informer  on  a  race ;  a  tout. 

Tipsters  are  almost  all  swindlers.— The  Badminton  Library:  Racing, 
The  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire,  and  W.  G.  Craven. 

Tire.  The  hoop  or  rim  of  iron  used  to  bind  or  hold  the 
felloe  or  fellies  of  wheels  to  secure  them  from  wearing  or 
breaking — referring  particularly  to  the  old  style  high-wheel 
sulky,  or  carriage  wheel.  Sulky  tires,  formerly  invariably  of 
iron,  are  now  almost  invariably  of  rubber,  hence  the  tire  is  not 
used  to  hold  the  felloe  together,  as  the  felloe  is  made  of  steel  or 
wood  in  one  continuous  section.  These  rubber  tires  are  made 
in  various  patterns,  all  on  the  pneumatic  principle  differing 
much  in  details  of  construction.  Some  are  formed  in  a  single 
compound  tube ;  others  are  made  in  two  parts,  having  an  outer 
and  an  inner  tube,  the  latter  being  the  air  receptacle.  Some 
tires  are  laced ;  some  are  ribbed  or  corrugated,  lengthwise,  on 
the  outer  surface ;  some  formed  entirely  whole ;  some  are 
cemented  to  the  felloe,  others  are  attached  without  cement,  so 
as  to  be  easily  removed.  By  a  laced  tire  is  meant  that  the 
outer  tube  or  cover  is  laced  in  one  or  more  places,  very  simi- 
larly to  the  way  a  shoe  is  laced ;  the  cause  for  this  being  that 
it  leaves  an  opening  by  which  the  inner  tube  may  be  removed 
in  case  of  necessity  for  repairing  or  replacing  the  tube.  When 
a  pneumatic  tire  has  been  some  time  used  and  has  become  flat 
or  soft,  it  is  said  to  be  "deflated."  See  Rubber  Tire;  Pneu- 
matic Tire. 

To  Break  the  .Record.  When  a.  horse  makes  faster  or 
lower  time  in  a  class  than   that  which  has  been  made;  or 


268  HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF. 

reduces  the  record  for  a  certain  age,  or  way  of  going,  below 
where  it  has  stood,  is  to  break  or  cut  the  record. 

To  Draw  Rein.     To  stop ;  to  pull  up. 

To  Give  Kein.  To  let  a  horse  have  his  head;  to  let 
him  out  at  speed. 

To  Harness.  A  race  announced  to  be  trotted  to  harness, 
means  that  it  is  to  take  place  to  a  sulky. 

To  Horse.  A  term  meaning  that  one  is  mounted ;  that 
the  person  is  on  horseback. 

To  Lay  Over.  To  surpass;  to  excel;  to  have  more 
speed ;  to  lay  over  him  in  a  race,  means  that  one  has  a  faster 
horse  than  his  opponent. 

To  Make  the  Running.  To  make  the  pace  at  the 
beginning  of  a  race  by  causing  a  second-class  horse  to  set  off 
at  high  speed,  with  a  visw  of  giving  a  better  chance  to  a  stay- 
ing horse. 

To  Rein  Up.     To  bring  the  horse  to  a  halt ;  to  stop. 

To  Ride  tlie  G-reat  Horse.  An  historic  phrase  used  in 
old  times  in  England,  signifying  to  practice  horsemanship  in 
the  fashion  of  the  day. 

To  Ride  to  Hounds.  To  take  part  in  a  fox-hunt ;  to 
follow  the  ciiase. 

To  Take  Up  the  Running-,  is  to  go  off  at  full  speed 
from  a  slower  pace ;  to  take  the  lead  in  a  race. 

To  Wagon.  A  race  announced  to  be  trotted  to  wagon, 
means  to  a  four-wheeled  track  skeleton. 

Toe.     The  front  part  of  the  foot,  or  shoe. 

Toe-out ;  Toe-in.  Horses  that  are  pigeon  toed  or  splay- 
footed generally  toe-out  or  toe-in.  Such  are  structural  defects 
and  in  most  cases  are  beyond  the  scope  of  farriery  to  remedy. 

Toe-"weig"hts.     Small  metal  knobs  screwed  or  otherwise 

attached  to  the   hoofs  of  the  horse's  feet.     There  are  various 

patterns,  among  them:      Miles'  adjustable  stick-fast,  toe  and 

side;  Fenton's  security;  Chicago  welded  spur  weight,  resting 

on  a  spur  welded  to  the  front  of  the  shoe  and  projecting  up  in 

front  of  the  toe  of  the  hoof ;  side  weights ;  j\litchell  weight ; 

Dot   side    weight,    leather,    lead   filled;    Duplex   side  weight; 

Pocket   weight,   made    of   leather  and   filled  with  sheet  lead 

admitting  of  changes  in  weight;  Clark's  eclipse,  toe  and  side; 

Boss  toe  and  side,  2,  3,  4  and  6  ounces,  attached  to  the  boot  or 

scalper;  Boston,  2,  3,  4,  6  and  8  ounces. 

The  necessity  for  toe-weights  or  heavy  slioes  lies  in  some  defect  of  con- 
formation or  of  gait,  and  wlien  a  trotter  is  obliged  to  carry  a  heavy 


HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF.  269 


load  In  this  manner  his  feet  and  legs  suffer  .—Road,  Track  and  Sta- 
ble, H.  C.  Merwin. 
CoiiLimied  soundness  with  toe-weights  at  a  high  rate  of  speed,  is  a  nat- 
ural impossibility.  The  fastest  trotter,  for  a  spurt,  that  the  world 
has  produced,  has  been  compelled  to  wear  ti)e-weiglils,  and  after  a 
few  wonderful  dashes,  she  is  a  cripple.  Tliey  may  have  added 
many  to  the  list  of  fast  trotters,  but  have  added  just  as  many  to  the 
list  of  hopeless  cripples.  In  due  course  of  time  tlie  toe- weight  will 
be  remembered  only  as  a  <!ruel  appliance  to  overcome  antagonistic 
Instincts  in  the  trotter.— Wallace's  Monthly,  1881. 

Tong'S-Across-a-Wall.  [Eq.]  A  phrase  descriptive 
of  a  seat  in  riding  which  depends  for  its  balance  upon  the 
stirrup,  renouncing  all  contact  of  the  legs  with  the  horse's 
body. 

Topping-  the  Wall.  [Eng.]  An  act  by  which  the 
horse  strikes  the  wall  with  his  hind  feet  to  send  him  with 
renewed  effort  or  spring  beyond  some  object  on  the  opposite 
side  that  he  did  not  see  till  partially  over ;  and  to  do  which  he 
had  not  used  sufficient  power  in  his  s]3ring  when  he  rose.  It 
is  an  act  which  is  considered  evidence  of  very  superior  training. 

Toppy.  Stylish ;  showy.  A  term  used  to  describe  the 
general  appearance  and  carriage  of  a  horse,  as  in  the  expres- 
sions, "  a  toppy  bay  ;  "  "a  pair  of  toppy  grays." 

Tout.  A  horse  watcher  ;  an  agent  on  the  lookout  for  any 
information  or  circumstance  as  to  a  horse's  capabilities  or  con- 
dition, or  anything  pertaining  to  the  race.  Various  training 
quarters  are  regularly  "touted"  by  men  well  versed  in  their 
business,  and  the  information  obtained  is  given  to  tipsters  who 
give  it  to  the  public  either  through  the  columns  of  the  sporting- 
press,  or  by  means  of  letters  and  telegrams. 

Touts,  when  known,  shall  be  debarred  the  privileges  of  the  race  courses 
and  grounds.— Rules  of  the  American  Turf  Congress. 

Tottts  are  thieves  who  steal  stable  secrets,  either  by  spying  on  horses 
in  their  gallops  and  trials,  or  by  bribing  servants  to  betray  their 
masters,  and  to  betray  any  important  information  on  horses  how- 
ever acquired.— The  Badminton  Library:  Racing,  The  Earl  of  Suf- 
folk and  Berkshire,  and  W.  G.  Craven. 

Trace.  One  of  the  two  straps  belonging  to  a  harness,  by 
which  a  sulky  or  buggy  is  drawn  by  the  horse  harnessed  to  it ; 
a  tug. 

Track.  A  race  course.  Tracks  are  made  straight,  oval 
and  kite-shaped ;  and  also  in  some  cases,  of  other  and  peculiar 
shape  according  to  the  condition  of  the  land  upon  which  they 
are  built.  The  lengths  are  generally  one-half  mile,  and  one 
mile  respectively.  The  land  required  for  a  half  mile  track  is 
fourteen  acres ;  for  a  mile  track  forty-nine  acres,  where  the 
homestretch  is  sixty-five  feet,  and  the  backstretch  forty  feet 
wide ;  and  no  track  should  be  narrower  than  this,  many  are 
wider.     A  better  width  is  seventy  feet  for  the  homestretch  and 


270  HA.NDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

fifty  feet  for  the  backstretch ;  while  some  modern  built  tracks 
are  seventy-six  feet  for  the  former,  and  sixty  for  the  latter.  A 
half  mile  track  should  be  as  wide  as  a  mile  track.  The  area 
given  above  does  not  include  land  upon  which  to  set  buildings 
outside  the  track  circle,  but  simply  that  required  for  the  track 
surface.  A  natui-al  rather  than  an  artificial  soil  is  the  best  for 
a  track,  provided  it  is  of  the  right  kind ;  but  a  soil  that  is  nat- 
urally sandy  is  not  favorable,  as  it  is  light  and  cuppy.  If  such 
is  to  be  used  as  the  foundation,  it  must  be  covered  with  a  dres- 
sing of  seven  to  nine  inches  of  clay  loam,  in  order  to '  make  a 
good  surface.  The  best  soil  for  a  track  is  a  strong,  fertile, 
deep  loam ;  indeed  the  richer  and  tougher  the  soil  the  better, 
and  if  there  is  some  peat  or  crude  vegetable  matter  in  its  com- 
position it  is  better  still.  A  good  surface  for  a  track  is  made  of 
blocks  of  strong  loam,  twelve  inches  square,  set  like  paving 
blocks,  then  thoroughly  impacted  and  dressed.  Such  a  track 
has  a  springy  quality  and  will  retain  its  elasticity  for  years. 
If  kept  in  proper  condition  it  will  not  sore  up  a  horse.  It  is  as 
necessary  that  the  soil  of  a  track  be  rich,  as  it  is  that  of  a  field ; 
then  it  has  life,  will  not  become  dead,  and  will  last.  It  needs 
an  occasional  dressing  of  manure  plowed  into  the  surface  and 
finished  off.  Next  it  must  have  an  abundance  of  water — in  fact 
all  the  soil  will  retain  and  not  become  too  soft ;  this  renders  it 
always  moist,  makes  it  easy  and  yielding.  It  is  not  a  difficult 
matter  to  lay  out  a  half-mile  or  mile  track — any  ordinary  sur- 
veyor can  do  it  by  following  the  rules  given  below ;  but  to  lay 
out  a  kite  track  is  a  more  complicated  matter,  on  account  of 
the  angles  and  details  involved,  and  such  a  work  requires  the 
services  of  a  competent  engineer. 

To  Lay  Out  a  Half-mile  Track.  Draw  two  parallel  lines 
six  hundred  feet  long  and  four  hundred  and  fifty-two  feet,  five 
inches  apart.  Half-way  between  the  extreme  ends  of  the  two 
parallel  lines  drive  a  stake,  then  loop  a  wire  around  the  stake 
long  enough  to  reach  to  either  side.  Then  make  a  true  curve 
with  the  wire,  putting  down  a  stake  as  often  as  a  fence-post  is 
needed.  When  this  operation  is  finished  at  both  ends  of  the 
six  hundred  foot  parallel  lines  the  track  is  laid  out.  The 
inside  fence  will  rest  exactly  on  the  line  drawn,  but  the  track 
must  measure  a  half-mile  three  feet  from  the  fence.  The  track 
should  rise  one-fourth  inch  to  the  foot  from  the  pole  to  the  out- 
side on  straight  work.  The  turns  should  be  thrown  up  one 
foot  and  three  inches  in  every  ten  feet  of  width,  or  five  feet  on 
a  forty  foot  turn.  The  stretches  may  be  from  forty-five  to  sixty 
feet  long,  and  the  throwing  up  of  the  turns  should  be  com- 
menced on  both  stretches  for  both  tm-ns,  and  worked  toward 
the  apex  of  each. 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF.  271 

To  Lay  Out  a  Mile  Track.  Draw  a  line  through  an  oblong 
center  four  hundred  and  forty  yards  in  length,  setting  a  stake 
at  each  end.  Then  draw  a  line  on  either  side  of  the  hrst  line, 
exactly  parallel  with  and  four  hundred  and  seventeen  feet  and 
two  inches  from  it,  setting  stakes  at  either  end  of  them.  This 
will  give  an  oblong  square  four  hundred  and  forty  yards  long, 
and  eight  hundred  and  thirty-four  feet  and  four  inches  wide. 
At  each  end  of  these  three  lines  set  stakes.  Xext  fasten  a 
cord  or  wire  four  hundred  and  seventeen  feet  and  two  inches 
long,  to  the  center  stake  of  this  parallelogram,  and  tlien  describe 
a  half-circle,  driving  stakes  as  often  as  it  is  necessary  to  set  a 
fence  post.  When  the  circle  is  made  at  both  ends  of  this  par- 
allelogram there  will  be  two  straight  sides  and  two  circles 
which,  measured  three  feet  from  the  fence,  will  be  exactly  one 
mile.  The  turns  should  be  thrown  up  one  foot  in  ten  feet  of 
width,  from  the  pole  to  the  outside,  so  that  a  turn  forty  feet 
wide  would,  at  its  highest  point,  be  four  feet  higher  at  the  out- 
side than  at  the  pole.  Tracks  should  always  be  built  with  ref- 
erence to  attaining  the  highest  degree  of  speed.  What  is 
termed  a  regulation  track,  strictly  speaking,  is  one  on  which 
the  stretches  and  turns  are  each  eighty  rods  long,  (for  a  mile 
track);  and  forty  rods  long,  (for  a  haJf-mile  track).  These, 
however,  vary — as  on  some  mile  tracks  the  turns  are  ninety 
rods  long,  and  the  stretches  seventy  rods  long;  and  on  some 
half-mile  tracks  the  turns  are  forty-five,  and  the  stretches 
thirty-five  rods  long.  The  judges'  stand  should  be  placed 
back  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  from  the  commencement  of 
the  first  turn.  A  track  is  fast  or  slow  according  to  its  condi- 
tion. "To  the  texture  of  the  surface  and  the  thoroughness  of 
its  manipulation,  much  more  than  to  the  shape  and  grades  is 
attributable  the  wonderful  speed  records  that  have  been  made 
at  Terre  Haute."  When  the  track  becomes  loose,  first  use  a 
planer,  following  with  a  dressing  harrow,  finishing  with  a  float ; 
all  the  time  keeping  the  work  back  of  the  teams.  To  be  in 
the  best  condition  tracks  must  have  a  true,  hard  face,  finishing 
off  with  a  beautiful,  elastic  cushion.  Other  conditions  being 
equal  half-mile  courses  are  rated  from  three  to  five  seconds 
slower  than  mile  courses.  The  half-mile  course  is  altogether 
the  most  popular  for  spectators  as  they  are  enabled  to  keep  the 
horses  in  sight  with  comparative  ease  during  the  entire  race. 
In  1893  the  National  Trotting  Association  had  a  membership 
of  558 ;  and  the  American  Trotting  Association  of  806,  making 
a  total  of  1364  tracks  in  the  membership  of  these  associations. 
The  national  associations  have  never  adopted  any  special  shape 
for  a  regulation  track — all  that  is  necessary  is  that  it  must  be 


272  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

exactly  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  sixty  yards  in  length ; 

whether  straight  away,  kite,  oval  or  ring-shaped. 

The  great  point  in  track  building  is  to  get  a  perfect  cushion— one  that 
is  smooth,  springy  and  clean,  where  there  is  a  certain  amount  of 
yielding  when  the  foot  strikes,  bnt  yet  no  softness  of  surface.  The 
aim  is  to  have  Ihe  track  smooth  yet  springy,  to  have  it  clean  Avith- 
ont  being  hard,  and  elastic  without  being  clinging. — ^Training  the 
Trotting  Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

The  kite  trade  is  considered  to  be  about  two  seconds  faster  than  the 
ordinary  or  regulation  track,  because  it  consists  almost  entirely  of 
two  long  stretches;  but  it  is  of  course  very  unsatisfactory  to  tlie 
spectator,  who  is  able  to  see  in  any  real  sense,  only  the  beginning 
and  the  finish  of  the  race.  It  seems  unlikely  that  these  tracks  will 
long  be  tolerated. — Road,  Track  and  Stable,  H.  C.  Merwin. 

Track,  Covered.  The  only  covered  mile  track  in  the 
world  is  that  at  the  breeding  farm  of  Henry  C.  Jewett,  Jewett- 
ville,  (near  Buffalo),  N.  Y.  It  is  completely  covered,  shingled 
and  painted,  forming  an  enclosure  5286  feet  long.  The  build- 
ing is  lighted  by  twenty  thousand  panes  of  glass,  has  a  grand 
stand  that  will  seat  twenty-five  persons,  and  has  electric  bells 
at  each  quarter  post.  The  surface  of  the  track  is  made  in  a 
series  of  small  grades  the  highest  of  which  is  thirteen  feet  in 
one  hundred,  so  that  the  muscles  of  the  horse  are  changed  six 
times  in  going  one  mile. 

Track  Decorviin.  By  the  trotting  rules,  improper 
language  to  officers  or  judges,  or  to  drivers,  owners,  trainers, 
riders  or  attendants ;  loud  shouting ;  making  improper  use  of 
the  whip,  or  other  improper  conduct  is  strictly  forbidden  dur- 
ing the  pendency  of  a  heat,  and  is  punishable  by  fine,  suspen- 
sion or  expulsion. 

Track  Rules.  The  special  rules  relating  more  particu- 
larly to  tracks  are  :  That  the  track  shall  be  measured  by  a 
competent  civil  engineer,  and  its  exact  length  obtained  three 
feet  from  the  pole,  that  is,  from  the  inside  fence  or  ditch,  and 
his  certificate  of  measurement,  made  under  oath,  shall  be 
deposited  with  the  secretary  of  that  national  association  of 
w^hich  the  track  is  a  member;  that  horses  called  for  a  race 
have  the  exclusive  right  of  the  course,  all  other  horses  being 
obliged  to  leave  the  track  ;  that  horses  meeting  on  a  track  shall 
pass  to  the  left,  and  that  the  track  must  be  level.  Upon  this 
last  point  the  rule  of  the  American  Trotting  Register  Associa- 
tion is,  that  "the  registrar  is  instructed  not  to  accept  for  pur- 
poses of  registration  the  record  of  any  animal  not  made  on  a 
track  where  the  start  and  finish  are  not  on  the  same  level."  If 
a  track  is  not  in  membership  with  the  national  associations,  a 
person  winning  a  premium  or  purse  has  no  redress  for  non- 
payment of  the  same  ;  but  if  it  is  an  association  track  the  man- 
agement can  be  suspended  for  non-payment  of  premiums. 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  273 

Track-sick.  A  term  used  to  denote  that  almost  inde- 
scribable unwillingness  of  a  horse  to  respond  to  his  driver  when 
in  training.  It  does  not  always  result  from  being  out  of  con- 
dition, but  is  more  often  due  to  overwork  and  injudicious 
training,  being  esiDecially  common  wdth  young  colts.  As  a  rule- 
it  is  advisable  to  give  but  very  little  driving  on  a  circular  track 
before  the  age  of  three  years. 

There  can  be  nothing  but  harm  come  of  working  a  jaded,  failing,  track- 
siclv  and  spiritless  colt.— Training  the  Trotting  Horse,  Charles 
Marvin. 

Track-work.     Fitting  for  races. 

Trailing'.      When  a  driver  is   known   to   be   following 

around  the  course  during  a  heat,  close  to  the  leading  horse,  he 

is  said  to  be  ''trailing." 

In  tlie  third  heat  1  trailed  until  we  turned  into  tlie  homestretch,  at 
whicii  point  I  swung  tlie  Chief  well  to  tlie  outside,  and  when  I  gave 
him  liis  head  the  white-faced  fellow  made  short  work  of  the  others. 
—Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Trainer;  Training-.  One  whose  profession  it  is  to 
train  and  tit  horses  for  track  purposes ;  the  art  of  fitting  a 
horse  for  races.  The  trainer  was  formerly  a  person  w  ho  trained 
grooms  privately  for  gentlemen  who  kept  horses,  and  the  jock- 
eys and  drivers  grew  up  from  lads  who  lived  with  them.  With 
the  vast  increase  and  importance  of  the  turf  business  within 
the  past  twenty-five  years,  the  demand  has  been  great  for  a 
class  of  persons  of  peculiar  ability  and  having  characteristics 
specially  fitting  them  for  the  care,  training  and  driving  of  trot- 
ting and  race  horses.  This  demand  has  developed  in  America 
some  of  the  most  famous  drivers  the  world  has  ever  seen ;  and 
in  the  greatest  races  horses  have  been  driven  by  men  of  con- 
summate genius  and  ability.  While  in  many  cases  trainers 
have  come  up  from  stable  boys  having  a  natural  love  for  horses 
and  driving,  it  is  trae  that  the  most  successful  trainers  are 
those  who  are  well  educated,  know  something  of  the  anatomy 
of  the  horse,  understand  the  veterinary  art,  have  a  special  fond- 
ness for  horses,  and  are  good  judges  of  human  nature.  The 
art  of  training  a  horse  for  the  turf  is  one  of  the  highest  in  the 
whole  animal  economy.  No  specific  rules  can  be  given  for  it, 
so  much  depends  upon  the  breeding,  age,  constitution  and 
peculiar  characteristics  of  the  different  animals  which  the 
trainer  handles.  The  general  care,  feed,  shoeing,  amount  of 
work,  rubbing,  bandaging,  conditioning — all  vary  with  the 
individual,  and  must  become  a  special  study  with  the  trainer 
in  each  case.  Little  upon  these  points  can  come  from  books — 
most  must  be  based  on  repeated  experience. 

There  is  as  much  difference  between  training  a  2 :10  and  a  2 :20  horse,  as 
there  is  between  sharpening  a  razor  and  an  ordinary  jaclc-knife; 

18 


274  HANDBOOK   OP   THE   TURF. 

any  boy  can  sharpen  a  jack-knife,  but  it  takes  a  barber  to  keep  a 
razor  in  order.— Life  with  tlie  Trotters,  John  Splan. 
In  all  lliat  pertains  to  his  craft  the  trainer  must  be  an  expert,  studying 
and  knowing  ihe  constitutions,  tempers,  defects  and  capabilities  of 
lus  horses  as  though  they  were  his  children.  He  must  be  sober  and 
vigilant,  implicitly  trusting  no  man  but  himself ,  yet  appearing  to 
repose  the  frankest  conhdence  in  his  grooms,  while  he  exercises 
the  keenest  supervision  over  them. — The  Badminton  Library:  Rac- 
ing, The  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire,  and  W.  G.  Craven. 

Train-on.  Clever  at  training  in  the  line  or  habit 
desired.  To  "  train  on  well,"  is  to  act  kindly  under  training ; 
to  improve  in  speed  by  training  and  working. 

Trammel.  An  ancient  as  well  as  modern  instrument 
for  changing  the  gait  of  horses.  Gervase  Markham,  who  pub- 
lished his  "Clieape  and  Good  Hvsbandry,"  in  1G16,  in  that 
chapter  devoted  to  the  "ordering  of  the  great  horse,"  describes 
trammels  as  "leathers  so  fixed  that  the  horse  cannot  put  for- 
ward his  fore  legge,  but  he  must  perforce  hale  his  hinder  legge 
after  it."  Modern  trammels  are  of  leather,  fitted  to  the  horse's 
legs  to  regulate  his  motions,  and  are  often  used  in  teaching  a 
horse  to  amble. 

Trapezium.  The  real  definition  of  this  word  is,  a  quad- 
rilateral— no  two  sides  of  which  are  equal ;  but  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  exterior  parts  of  the  horse  it  refers  to  the  prom- 
inence on  the  posterior  surface,  or  back  part  of  the  knee. 

It  is  true  that  many  horses  are  cut  away  under  the  knee  to  that  extent 
that  the  leg  is  weakened,  and  will  not  stand  constant  hard  work; 
but  we  must  distinguish  between  the  horse  with  an  unusually  well 
developed  trapezium  bone  which  forms  the  prominence,  and  the 
one  which  is  illy  formed  by  being  too  much  cut  away  under  the 
joint.— E.  A.  A.  Grange,  V.  S.,  Michigan  State  College  Experiment 
Station. 

Traps  ;  Trappings.  An  outfit  for  a  track  horse ;  boots, 
bandages,  clothing  and  necessary  stable  equipments. 

Trappy.  A  short,  rapid,  snappy,  high-stepping  gait  is 
said  to  be  a  "  trappy  "  gait. 

Trappiness.  [Eng-]  A  term  applied  to  any  hedge, 
fence  or  obstacle  which  is  dangerous  to  take  or  pass,  from  a 
part  of  it  being  concealed,  like  a  brook  or  ditch  on  the  opposite 
side  of  a  fence  or  hedge,  not  seen  in  approaching  it.  "It  was 
not  the  size  of  this  fence,"  says  Mr.  Coventry,  in  Badminton, 
"but  its  trappiness  to  which  trainers  and  riders  objected." 

Travelling'-g'ear.  A  track  term  denoting  the  legs, 
muscles  and  locomotory  organs  of  the  horse.  Mr.  Marvin,  in 
describing  one  of  the  colts  which  he  trained,  says :  "Her  trav- 
elling-gear was  good  from  the  ground  up." 

Traversing*.  [Eq.]  The  motion  by  which  a  saddle 
horse  passes  to  the  right  and  left,  alternately,  by  the  bearing 
of  the  reins  or  the  leo;s  of  the  rider. 


HANDBOOK    OF  THE  TURF.  275 

Tray.  An  adjustable  box,  fitted  to  slip  into  place  under 
the  seat  of  a  road  cart  or  sulkyette,  for  carrying  packages, 
removable  when  not  wanted. 

Tread.     The  face  or  surface  of  a  pneumatic  tire. 

Tread.  A  tread  is  said  to  have  taken  place,  when  the 
inside  of  the  coronet  of  one  hind  foot  is  struck  by  the  calk  of 
the  shoe  on  the  other  foot,  inflicting  a  bruised  or  contused 
wound. 

Tree.     The  wood  and  iron  framework  of  the  saddle. 

Trey-team.  A  team  of  three  horses  harnessed  abreast. 
The  world's  record  for  best  speed  with  a  trey-team,  to  the  close 
of  1893,  is  that  made  by  Belle  Hamlin,  Globe  and  Justina,  at 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  July  31,  1891,  2:14. 

Trial  Record.  A  term  meaning  the  time  made  by  a 
horse  in  a  private  trial.  It  is  one,  however,  having  no  signif- 
icance as  to  the  value  of  a  horse,  as  no  trial  time  is  recognized 
by  any  competent  authority.  The  race  record  is  the  only  test 
of  speed  that  has  any  value. 

Trio,  The  Wonderful.  The  three  horses  that  have 
exercised  the  greatest  influence  upon  the  race  of  English  thor- 
oughbreds, viz :  The  Byerly  Turk ;  the  Darley  Arabian,  and 
the  Godolphin  Arabian. 

Trii>ping".  A  habit,  generally  the  result  of  bad  confor- 
mation, and  in  such  cases  cannot  be  called  a  vice.  If  due  to  ten- 
derness of  the  foot,  old  lameness,  a  groggy  gait,  or  habitual 
carelessness  and  idleness,  it  must  in  such  cases  accompany  a 
horse  hardly  worth  attempting  to  correct  of  the  fault. 

Trot.  A  natural  gait ;  the  medium  pace.  The  order  of 
movement  in  the  trot  is  left  fore  foot,  right  hind  foot,  right 
fore  foot,  left  hind  foot.  Thus  the  left  fore  and  right  hind 
foot  move  in  unison,  striking  the  ground  together;  then  in 
turn  the  right  fore  foot  and  left  hind  foot  complete  the  revolu- 
tion. Hence  the  trot  is  most  properly  termed  the  diagonal 
gait.  In  this  gait  there  are  two  feet  as  bases  of  support 
instead  of  one — the  complete  step,  therefore,  emits  two  beats. 
The  imprints  left  upon  the  ground  by  a  horse  at  trotting  speed 
show  these  characteristics  :  Sometimes  the  print  of  the  hind 
foot  remains  behind  that  of  the  fore  foot ;  sometimes  they  are 
both  made  in  the  exact  place ;  sometimes  the  hind  one  goes  in 
advance  of  that  of  the  front  one.  Hence  these  have  been 
termed  the  ordinary,  the  short  and  the  long  trotting  step. 
AVhen  the  velocity  of  the  trot  is  carried  to  its  extreme  limit, 
the  hind  foot  going  far  beyond  the  step  of  the  fore  foot,  the 
stride  reaches  its  highest  limit,  and  this  gait  is  termed  the 
broken  trot,  and  the  flying  trot. 


276  HANDBOOK   OF   THE  TURF. 


The  beauties  of  the  trot  consist  in  its  regularity,  gracefulness,  height 
and  speed— but  it  is  extremely  rare  to  find  all  these  combined  in 
tlie  same  horse.  Its  regularity  Is  indicated  by  the  synchronism  oC 
the  beats  and  the  unit'oimity  of  the  step.  Its  gracefulness  consists 
in  its  lightness,  ease  and  suppleness,  as  well  as  in  the  parallelism 
of  the  planes  of  oscillation  of  the  members  in  their  relation  to  the 
medium  plane.  Its  hei^iit  is  associated  with  the  energy  of  propul- 
sion and  the  length  of  the  projection.  The  speed  depends  upon  the 
length  of  the  projection.  The  speed  depends  tipon  the  length  of 
the  steps  and  the  freqtiency  of  their  repetition  in  a  given  time. 
*  *  *  All  horses  do  not  trot  in  the  same  manner.  There  are  some 
in  which  llie  extension  of  the  whole  anterior  is  carried  to  such  an 
extreme  that  the  contact  of  the  foot  with  the  ground,  after  a  short 
time  of  arrest,  seems  almost  to  be  effected  upcui  the  heels.  The 
movements  of  the  posterior  members  are  equally  very  extended, 
whence  an  energetic  effort  of  propulsion,  much  more  ae^/on,  as  we 
are  in  the  habit  of  saying.  Again  there  are  some  light  trotters 
which  emit  but  faint  beats  when  trotted  upon  a  hard  road  or  pave- 
ment; others  on  the  contrary  ejnit  heavy  sounds  under  these  cir- 
cumstances. Some  rock  themselves  from  the  fact  of  very  great 
corpulence  or  a  vicious  axis  of  the  members.  Some  raise  their  legs 
instifliciently  from  the  ground,  scrape  the  llocu-;  others  elevate 
them  excessively,  trot  from  the  knees  which  is  so  much  loss  of 
force.  Others  again  lack  harmony  between  the  movements  of  the 
fore,  and  those  of  the  hind  limbs,  or  have  some  anatomical  defect 
of  certain  regions  which  detracts  from  the  grace  and  ease  of  the 
gait,  and  even  exposes  them  to  many  accidents.  Some,  in  fact, 
even  show  their  shoes  from  excessive  flexion  of  the  pastern  upon  the 
fetlock.— The  Exterior  of  the  Horse,  Armand  Goubuux  and  Gustave 
Barrier. 

Trotter.  A  horse  kept  for  speed  ;  a  trotting  bred  horse ; 
a  fast  horse ;  the  noblest  equine  product  of  the  modern,  highly 
developed  American  civilization.  The  American  trotter  of 
to-day  usually  traces  to  one  or  more  of  the  following  ancestors ; 
Messenger,  True  Briton  and  Diomed,  all  thoroughbreds ;  Bell- 
founder,  a  Norfolk  trotter ;  Grand  T3ashaw,  a  Barb ;  Pilot,  a 
Canadian  pacer ;  Blue  Bull,  an  Ohio  pacer.  In  his  con- 
formation he  should  be  without  blemish,  harmonious  and  well 
constructed  in  body  and  limb.  If  the  loins  are  slightly  weak 
and  the  withers  rather  low  these  are  not  grave  defects  and  may 
be  overlooked;  but  he  must  have  a  powerful  croup,  thighs, 
buttocks,  legs  and  hocks ;  also,  long  neck,  shoulders  and  fore- 
arms; he  must  not  be  too  horizontal  in  the  croup;  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  superior  segments  of  the  legs  must  be  normal ;  he 
nmst  have  width,  height  and  depth  of  chest;  wide,  thick,  neat 
and  clean  joints ;  in  a  word  he  must  possess  all  the  character- 
istics of  a  beautiful  conformation.  It  is  when  in  motion  that 
a  trotter  can  be  best  judged.  By  the  action,  lengthened,  hug- 
ging the  ground  and  regular;  by  the  extent  and  complete 
projection  of  the  fore  legs,  and  by  the  energetic  action  of  the 
hind  legs,  he  will  show  to  the  best  advantage  his  spirit  and 
characteristics  as  a  trotter. 

Tlie  Amei-ican  trotter  is  now  practically  a  thoroughbred.— Prof.  Robert 

Wallace,  University  of  Edinburgh,  "Scotland. 
Tlie  truth  seems  to  be  that  great  trotters,  like  great  men,  inherit  from 

their  mothers  what  has  aptly  been  termed  the  subtle  ambition  to 

succeed.— Road,  Track  and  Stable,  H.  C.  Merwin. 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  277 

The  uniformity  with  Avhicli  the  trotting-bred  trotter  trots,  and  trots 
fust,  shows  how  completely  the  intelligent  and  scientitic  breeding 
of  the  past  ten  or  twenty  years  has  tended  to  eliminate  elements  of 
uncertainty  and  to  establish  a  breed  wliich  is  attracting  ])urc'hasers 
from  every  country  of  the  known  world  for  our  trotters.— The 
Horseman. 

Trotters.  There  were  in  the  United  States,  to  the  close 
of  the  year  18,93,  about  ten  thousand  trotters  in  the  2:80  list; 
one  thousand  and  eight  in  the  2:20  class ;  one  hundred  and 
eighty  with  records  of  2:15  or  better;  six  with  records  of  2:08 
or  better,  and  one  with  a  record  of  2:04. 

Trottiiig'-bred.  A  term  meaning  that  the  horse  so 
bred  has  a  trotting  inheritance,  not  a  running  inheritance.  It 
is  a  specific,  definite  term,  easily  understood,  legitimate^ 
expressive  and  appropriate. 

Trotting'  Equilibrium.  A  perfectly  balanced  action ; 
the  smooth,  even  gait  of  the  horse  when  in  rapid  motion. 

Trotting  Families.  There  are  six  well  defined,  repre- 
sentative families  of  American  trotters,  viz :  1,  Hambletonian ; 
2,  Mambrino ;  3,  Clay ;  4,  Morgan ;  5,  Bashaw ;  6,  Pilot. 
Hambletonian  was  by  Abdallah  by  INIambrino  by  imported 
Messenger.  Mambrino,  the  greatest  son  of  Messenger,  was  the 
founder  of  two  of  the  noblest  trotting  families  in  all  history, 
Mambrino  Chief  and  Hambletonian,  the  latter  standing  at  the 
head  as  the  greatest  of  all  trotting  prgenitors.  Henry  Clay 
was  by  Andrew  Jackson,  by  a  son  of  an  imported  Barb. 
Justin  Morgan  was  said  to  have  been  a  son  of  True  Briton,  by 
a  thoroughbred.  Traveller.  The  Bashaw  family  is  closely 
related  to  the  Clays,  having  had  a  common  ancestry  in  Young 
Bashaw,  the  sire  of  Andrew  Jackson.  The  originator  of  the 
Pilot  family  was  a  famous  black  pacing  horse.  Pilot,  from 
Canada,  of  unknown  blood,  a  horse  having  great  power  to 
produce  trotters  out  of  running  mares.  From  these  sources 
have  come  a  large  number  of  sub-families — some  of  which  are 
very  famous  and  almost  entitled  to  the  distinction  of  being 
called  families — which  have  become  widely  dispersed,  each 
embracing  many  celebrated  individuals.  From  the  first  we 
have  the  Volunteers,  Abdallahs,  Almonts,  Messenger  Durocs, 
Happy  Hediums,  Electioneers,  Wilkeses  and  Dictators.  From 
the  second  have  came  the  Woodford  Mambrinos,  Clark  Chiefs 
and  Mambrino  Patchens.  From  the  third  we  have  the  George 
M.  Patchens,  Moors,  Sultans  and  Cassius  INl.  Clays.  From  the 
fourth  we  have  the  Lamberts,  jNIorrills,  Fearnaughts,  Ethan 
Aliens,  Knoxes  and  Golddusts.  From  the  fifth  have  descended 
the  Long  Island  Black  Hawks,  Andrew  Jacksons,  IMohawks, 
and  Greens  Bashaws.  From  the  last  we  have  the  well  known 
families  of  pacing  origin — the  Copperbottoms,  Royal  Georges, 


278  HANDBOOK   OP   THE   lUKF. 

Hiatogas,  Blue  Bulls,  Columbuses  and  Young  Bashaws — which 
cannot  be  omitted  from  any  list  of  the  original  trotting  fami- 
lies of  America.  It  is  the  province  of  the  trotting  and  pacing 
registers  and  year  books  to  record  the  pedigrees  and  perform- 
ances of  the  progeny  of  these  famous  sires. 

Trotting  for  Blood.  When  a  horse  is  trotting  hard 
and  square,  often  against  odds,  he  is  said  to  be  "  trotting  for 
blood ;  "  to  trot  on  merit. 

The  ringer  has,  in  a  few  instances,  by  giving  up  blood  money,  appar- 
ently escaped,  for  a  time,  the  vigilance  of  the  legal  authorities. — 
Wallace's  Monthly. 

Trotting-  Instinct.  By  animal  instinct  is  understood 
the  propensity  of  producing  effects  which  appear  to  be  those  of 
reason  and  knowledge,  because  they  apparently  transcend  the 
general  intelligence  or  experience  of  the  creature.  Hence  the 
term  trotting  instinct  is  held  to  mean  the  instinctive  propensity 
of  the  colt  to  trot ;  the  sum  of  all  inherited  qualities ;  the  trot- 
ting bred  colt  trots  because  he  represents  the  accumulated  trot- 
ting instinct  of  many  former  generations  of  trotters.  The  term 
was  first  used  in  American  turf  literature  in  lsS72. 

The  sedate  brvite  on  the  road  does  not  care  wliether  another  horse 
passes  him  or  not;  he  hears  a  carriage  behind  him— it  does  not 
disturb  him;  he  sees  it  pass  him — it  does  not  annoy  him.  Not  so 
Avith  the  racer,  or  the  roadster  ■which  may  share  his  blood.  He 
hears  another  wagon  beliind  him— he  is  immediately  interested: 
he  sees  it  turn  out  to  go  by— he  is  more  interested— lie  objects,  and 
says,  as  plainly  as  horse  can  say,  "No,  you  don't!"  His  ancestors 
have  been  bred  for  so  many  generations  to  get  ahead  and  keep 
ahead,  that  it  is  with  him  an  instinct,  an  innate  passion  born 
with  him.  an  inherited  part  of  his  constitution,  to  not  only  go 
fast,  but  to  go  faster  than  his  competitor.— rrof.  W.  H,  Brewer, 
Yale  University. 

Trueing  the  Gait.  The  art  of  training  the  trotter  in 
order  to  overcome  any  erratic  gait  or  unbalanced  action;  to 
teach  a  horse  to  trot  true  and  square. 

Trustee.      The  first   horse  in   America  to  trot  twenty 

miles  inside  of  one  hour.     "  The  incomparable  Trustee,"  says 

Henry    William    Herbert    in    his    "Horse    of    America."      By 

imported  Trustee,  (imported  into  the  United  States  in  1835), 

by  Catton  ;  dam,  Fanny  Pullen,  foaled   about   1835,  bred  by 

Sullivan  Pullen,  Augusta,  Maine ;  by  Winthrop  Messenger,  by 

imported  Messenger.     His  celebrated  race  took  place  over  the 

famous  old  Union  Course,  L.  I.,  N.  Y.,  Friday,  October  20, 

1848.     In  this  race  he  hauled  a  driver  weighing  145  pounds  in 

a  sulky  weighing  150  pounds.     Time:  59:35^. 

The  odds  at  starting  were  100  to  40.  Tl>e  word  "go"  was  given  so 
vehemently  tliat  the  liorse  broke,  but  he  caught  his  step  and  never 
broke  again  tlirouahout  the  whole  iierformance.  In  trotting  the 
ninth  and  tenth  miles,  the  liorse  tell  off  a  few  seconds,  and  many 
persons  thought  tliat  he  was  tiring;  bnt  judges  remarked,  as  he 
passed  the  stand,  that  he  was  going  perfectly  at  ease  with  ears 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  279 


playing.  On  tlie  fifteentli  mile  the  odds  on  time  declined  a  little. 
On  the  seveiitet'iith  a  lit)rse  was  galloped  by  his  side  lo  encourage 
liim;  on  tlie  eighteenth  it  was  even  betting;  on  tlie  niiieteentli 
fifty  to  forty  was  t)lfered  on  tiie  horse.  On  eoninienciiig  tlie 
twentieth  mile  his  driver  let  the  liorse  ont,  and  he  came  in,  appar- 
ently as  fresh  as  when  he  started,  doing  Ins  twentieth  mile  the 
fastest  of  the  match  in  2:[Ak.  In  his  stal>le  an  honr  after  the  match 
he  exhibiteti  no  distress,  and  on  the  following  day  was  as  hue  as 
silk.— lU)rse  and  Horsemanship  of  the  United  JStates.  Henry  William 
Herbert. 

Truss.  A  frame  composed  of  two  pieces,  the  top  and 
bottom  cords  of  which  are  connected  by  means  of  braces  and 
stays,  so  that  it  shall  be  incapable  of  change  by  any  turning  of 
the  bars  or  joints.  Hence  truss-axle,  truss-shaft  and  truss- 
wheels  are  certain  forms  of  these  parts  of  the  sulky  in  the 
construction  of  which  the  principle  of  the  truss  is  applied. 

Tug" ;  Trace.  The  leather  straps  attached  to  the  breast- 
plate, which,  connecting  with  the  whippletree,  are  used  for 
drawing  the  sulky  or  buggy. 

Turf.  This  word  came  into  use  when  horse  racing  in 
England,  in  the  early  days  of  the  sport,  literally  took  place  on 
the  turf ;  that  is,  on  grass  fields,  sod  or  turf.  But  as  racing 
became  more  and  more  technical  they  began  to  have  definite 
tracks,  or  courses,  and  the  word  has  remained,  while  the  thing 
for  which  it  stood  has  become  obsolete.  Hence,  in  England, 
as  in  this  country,  the  word  turf  means  racing,  although  it 
applies  more  especially  to  the  running  races,  Mobile  the  dis- 
tinctive terms — running  turf  and  trotting  turf — are  now  gen- 
erally used. 

Turfite.  An  attendant  upon  races;  one  who  is  an 
authority  on  turf  matters;  a  person  familiar  with  horses, 
tracks,  racing,  records  made,  and  all  sports  of  the  turf. 

Turf  Circle.  The  in-field,  or  ground  within  the  circle 
of  the  course ;  persons  who  engage  in  racing — hence,  the  "  turf 
circle "  has  the  same  meaning,  applied  to  horsemen,  as  the 
term  "  court  circle "  or  "  legal  circle "  would,  applied  to  the 
members  of  the  legal  profession. 

Turf  Law.  A  term  which  includes  the  enforcement  of 
the  rules  of  the  trotting  and  running  congresses,  and  the  con- 
sideration of  all  cases  of  fine,  suspension  or  expulsion  of  mem- 
bers, horses  or  individuals,  which  may  come  before  the  boards 
of  appeals  or  review,  for  adjudication. 

Turf  law,  in  its  best  sense,  shonld  be  rigidly  enforced,  by  dispensing 
eqnal  and  exact  justice  to  all,  without  feai-,  favor  or  affection. — 
Kentucky  Stock  Farm. 

Turning"  a  Horse.  Every  horse  is  said  to  have  a  strong 
and  a  weak  side.  In  turning  a  horse,  restive  under  the  saddle, 
turn  him  on  his  weak  side. 


280  HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF. 

Turn-up.  A  sudden  i)iece  of  luck.  Bookmakers  are 
said  to  have  a  "  turn-up  "  when  an  unbacked  horse  wins. 

Turrets.  Circular  metallic  stays  placed  on  each  side  of 
the  saddle,  through  which  the  reins  pass.     See  Terrets. 

Tushes ;  Tusks.  The  four  canine  teeth  of  the  adult 
horse,  corresponding  exactly  with  the  tusks  of  the  boar,  and 
the  great  corner  teeth  of  the  lion  and  dog;  but  in  all  the 
Equidse  they  perform  a  very  subordinate  office,  not  being 
required  either  as  a  means  of  defence,  or  for  the  purpose  of 
seizing  prey.  There  are  no  temporary  tushes  in  the  horse,  and 
in  the  mare  they  are  either  entirely  absent  or  in  a  very  rudi- 
mentary form. 

Twenty-milers.  Horses  that  have  trotted  twenty 
miles  within  one  hour.  Only  six  horses  in  the  United  States 
have  ever  performed  this  feat,  viz:  1.  Trustee,  ch.  g.  by 
imported  Trustee;  dam,  Fanny  Pullen,  Union  Course,  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  October  20,  1848,  59:85f  2.  Lady  Fulton, 
b.  m.,  breeding  unknown,  Centreville,  Long  Island,  IST.  Y., 
July  12,  1855,  59:55.  3.  Captain  McGowan,  ro.  h.,  breeding 
unknown,  Boston,  Mass.,  October  31,  1865,  58:25.  4.  John 
Stewart,  b.  g.  by  Tom  Wonder,  pacer;  dam,  by  Hambletonian, 
(Harris'),  Oakland,  California,  April  4,  1868,  59:23.  5.  Mattie 
Howard,  ch.  m.,  breeding  unknown,  San  Francisco,  California, 
December  7,  1871,  59:30|-.  6.  Controller,  b.  g.,  by  Gen.  Tay- 
lor, by  the  Morse  Horse,  San  Francisco,  California,  April  20, 
1878,  (to  wagon),  58:57. 

Two-forty-eight,  and  one-half.  The  first  recorded 
time  of  a  mile  made  in  less  than  three  minutes,  in  this  country, 
was  by  the  Boston  horse,  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  August,  1870, 
in  2:48i. 

Two-in-three.  A  race  of  heats  best  two  in  three,  in 
which  a  horse  winning  two  heats,  or  distancing  the  field,  wins 
the  race. 

Two-pluck-one.  A  term  used  to  describe  a  jockey's 
or  driver's  trick,  by  which  one  horse  may  be  sent  ahead  to  set 
the  pace  and  tire  a  contending  horse  with  which  he  may  be 
quite  evenly  matched,  when,  at  the  right  time,  a  third  horse 
which  has  been  trailing  and  is  comparatively  fresh,  is  sent 
along  to  measure  strides  and  take  the  lead.  Thus,  in  nearly 
every  instance,  two  horses  can  tire  and  vanquish  a  third,  even 
though  he  may  have  several  seconds  the  advantage  in  speed 
and  endurance. 

Two-ten,  (2:10).  Twenty-three  trotters  have  trotted  in 
2:10,  or  better,  since  Maud  S.  was  first  to  enter  the  list  in 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  281 

1884,  when  she  got  a  record  of  2:09^;  and  since  1883,  when 
Johnston  was  the  first  to  enter  the  pacing  2:10  list,  it  has  a 
total  of  thirty-four  pacers  in  2:10,  or  better.  This  is  to  the 
close  of  189o. 

Two  Thousand  Guineas.  An  important  fixed  event 
of  the  English  turf,  inaugurated  in  1809,  and  run  annually 
since  that  date.  It  is  the  opening  three-year-old  event  of  the 
year,  and  is  open  to  both  colts  and  fillies.  Kun  over  the 
Rowley  mile  at  Newmarket,  a  distance  of  one  mile  and  eleven 
yards. 

Two-thirty,  (2:30).  All  performances  carrying  an 
animal  into  the  2:30  list  for  the  first  time,  must  be  made  at  a 
regular  meeting,  under  control  of  the  executive  officers  of  tracks 
which  are  members  of  the  National  or  American  trotting  asso- 
ciations, where  stakes,  purses  or  premiums  have  been  duly 
opened  and  advertised.  "  Regular  meeting  "  is  a  term  used  as 
opposite  to  that  of  a  sjDecial  meeting,  called  only  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  a  horse  a  record.  These  regulations  apply  to 
matches,  as  well  as  to  all  other  trotting  performances.  To  the 
close  of  1893  ten  thousand  trotters  and  two  thousand  pacers 
held  records  of  2:30,  or  better. 

Two-twenty,  (2:20).  To  the  close  of  1893  the  two- 
twenty  list  contained  a  total  of  one  thousand  and  eight  animals. 

T.  Y.   C.      [Eng.]      Letters    meaning   the    tw^o-year-old 

course.     It  is  a  short  course,  not  shorter  than  five-eighths,  nor 

longer  than  three-fourths  of  a  mile. 

As  chasers  many  of  tliem  that  have  been  looked  on  as  T.  Y.  C.  animals 
stay  with  ea'se  for  tliree  miles  or  more,  witli  a  turn  of  speed  for 
the  home  run.— Tlie  liadminton  Library :  Racing,  The  Earl  of  Suffolk 
and  Berkshire,  and  W.  G.  Craven. 

Tympany.     Acute  gastric  indigestion,  or  intestinal  colic. 


u 

Under  Saddle.  A  term  used  to  denote  a  running 
race ;  a  race  in  which  jockeys  ride  on  horseback. 

Ungual  Phalanx.  The  single  terminal  bone  of  the 
horse's  foot ;  the  last  joint  of  his  toe ;  the  hoof. 

Union  Course.  A  famous  race  course  on  Long  Island, 
New  York,  formed  in  1821,  and  discontinued  in  1888.  Here, 
in  1823,  the  celebrated  race  took  place  between  the  great 
Henry,  the  "pride  of  the  South,"  and  American  Eclipse,  in 
the  presence  of  fifty  thousand  people.  Henry  M'on  the  first, 
and  Eclipse  the  second  and  third  heats.  In  18J:2  the  Xew 
Jersey  mare,  Fashion,  beat  the  Virginia  horse,  Boston,  on  this 
course.  Dexter's  first  race  was  over  this  course.  Many  of 
Flora  Temple's  triumphs  were  achieved  here,  and  here  she 
twice  defeated  George  M.  Patchen.  Here  Ethan  Allen  ran  for 
stallion  honors ;  here  George  Wilkes'  first  victory  was  achieved, 
and  here  he  defeated  Lady  Thorne  and  American  Girl. 

Unit.  The  action  of  each  limb  of  the  horse  when  in 
motion  or  in  propulsion,  is  said  to  be  a  "  unit." 

Unknown.  A  term  used  in  a  pedigree  signifying  that 
the  particular  sire  or  dam  to  which  it  refers  w^as  of  unknown 
breeding;  an  element  of  uncertain  quality  in  a  horse's  pedi- 
gree. Each  animal  has  two  parents,  four  grandparents,  and, 
in  theory,  at  least,  eight,  sixteen,  thirty-two  ancestors,  each 
generation  of  ancestors  doubling.  Now,  in  plotting  a  pedigree, 
especially  of  any  of  the  older  thoroughbred  horses,  many  of 
the  diverging  branches  of  ancestry  will  end  in  "  unknown  " — 
oftener  in  regard  to  a  dam  than  a  sire.  As  an  instance,  it 
may  be  mentioned  that  in  the  pedigree  of  old  Eclipse  foaled 
in  1704,  and  M^ho  lived  till  near  the  end  of  the  century,  (doubt- 
less the  most  celebrated  horse  of  his  day),  if  one  traces  it  back 
he  will  soon  come  upon  twelve  unknoM^n  dams.  It  is  claimed 
by  many  expert  authorities  that  these  unknown  dams  are  a 
source  of  great  strength  and  vitality  to  a  pedigree. 

Unplaced.     Having  no  position;  a  horse  not  winning 

any  part  of  a  purse  is  said  to  be  "  unplaced." 

Pathfinder  ran  uni>laced  for  tlie  Derby  of  1840.  — Tlie  Badminton 
Library:  Racing,  The  Earl  of  Suffolk  aud  Berkshire,  and  W.  G. 
Craven. 

282 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  283 

Unsoundness.  Any  deviation  from  nature.  That 
horse  is  unsound  wliich  labors  under  disease,  or  tliat  has  some 
alteration  of  structure  which  does  interfere,  or  is  likely  to 
interfere,  with  his  natural  usefulness.  Unsoundness  is  classed 
under  three  heads:  1.  Absolute  unsoundness — those  cases 
wherein  there  can  be  no  question  either  from  a  veterinary  or 
legal  standpoint.  2.  Relative  unsoundness,  or  defects  which 
may  not  be  unsoundness,  according  to  circumstances,  such  as 
their  nature  and  position,  the  age  of  the  animal  and  the  nature 
of  the  work  demanded  of  it.  3.  Hereditary  unsoundness,  or 
those  cases  of  well-defined  transmission  to  offspring.  A  list  of 
diseases  and  other  alterations  of  structure  causing  unsoundness, 
is  given:  Asthma;  blindness;  bog  spavin;  bone  spavin; 
broken  wind ;  catarrh,  (nasal  gleet) ;  capped  hock ;  capped 
knee  ;  cough  ;  curb  ;  corns  ;  canker  ;  contracted  feet ;  cribbing ; 
cutting ;  eczema,  (mange)  ;  farcy ;  false  quarter ;  founder ; 
glanders  ;  grease  ;  groggy  gait ;  heaves,  (broken  wind)  ;  knees 
bent  forward ;  knuckling  with  the  pastern  joint,  or  joints ; 
laminitis,  (founder)  ;  navicular  disease  ;  ophthalmia  ;  paralysis ; 
poll  evil ;  pumice  sole  ;  quidding ;  quittor  ;  rheumatism ;  ring- 
bone, (if  near  the  heels  so  as  to  alter  the  flexibility  of  the  car- 
tilage) ;  roaring ;  sand  crack ;  stringhalt,  (when  due  to  dis- 
eased nerve)  ;  splint ;  swollen  knees  ;  shying,  (if  from  diseased 
eyes)  ;  strangles  ;  stumbling,  (occasioned  by  inflammation  of 
the  foot)  ;  thorough  pin ;  thick  wind ;  thrush ;  wind  galls ; 
wind  sucking,  (in  later  stages  when  it  affects  the  digestive 
organs);  whistling;  weakness  of  sinews;  wounds,  (till  cured). 
In  addition  to  this  list  the  following  notes  are  given :  When 
the  use  of  a  bar  or  round  shoe  is  constantly  required  for  corns, 
sand  crack  or  thrush,  its  use  is  an  evidence  of  unsoundness ; 
long  pasterns,  which  indicate  an  unnatural  elongation  of  the 
tendons,  are  evidence  of  unsoundness ;  a  wen  upon  the  w^ind- 
pipe,  or  upon  a  main  vein  or  artery,  is  an  unsoundness ;  if  the 
frog  is  so  altered  in  structure  as  to  be  perpetually  tender,  it  is 
an  unsoundness ;  soft  enlargements  upon  the  limbs,  during 
formation,  and  until  their  result  is  known,  are  an  unsoundness ; 
a  distended,  bulky,  unnaturally  large  stomach,  or  barrel,  is 
often  an  indication  of  dropsy,  and  in  such  cases  is  an  unsound- 
ness ;  in  case  medicine  is  required,  until  the  effects  of  the 
medicine  are  removed  it  constitutes  an  unsoundness ;  every 
species  of  lameness  and  tenderness  is  an  unsoundness,  until 
removed ;  a  horse  may  be  serviceable  without  being  absolutely 
sound. 

[Law.]  The  question  of  niisomidiiess  is  a  mixed  question  of  law  and 
fact.— Massachusetts  Reports,  8  Gray,  1861,  p.  432. 

The  rule  of  unsoundness  is,  that  if,  at  the  tune  of  the  sale,  tlie  horse 
has  any  disease  whicli  actually  does  diminish  the  natural  usefnl- 
iiess  of  the  animal,  so  as  to  make  him  less  capable  of  work  of  any 


284  HANDBOOK    OF  THE   TURF. 

description,  or  which,  in  Its  ordinary  progress,  will  diminish  the 
natural  usefulness  of  the  animal;  or  if  the  horse  has,  either  from 
disease  or  accident,  undergone  any  alteration  of  structuie.  that 
either  does  at  the  time,  or  in  its  ordinary  effects  will  diminish  the 
natural  usefulness  of  the  horse,  such  horse  is  unsound. 

Unsteady.  Said  of  a  horse  that  is  good  and  solid 
against  time,  but  behaves  bad  in  company. 

Untried.  By  the  early  racing  rules  an  untried  stallion 
or  mare  was  one  whose  get  or  produce  had  never  run  in  public. 
The  Turf  Congress  rules  now  say  :  "  An  untried  horse  is  one 
that  has  not  produced  a  winner  before  and  up  to  any  certain 
specified  time." 

Up.  A  horse  is  said  to  be  "  up  "  in  a  heat  when  he  breaks ; 
the  word  is  also  used  to  denote  a  horse  that  is  beaten,  as,  "  it  is 
all  up  with  him;  he's  up,"  that  is,  he  is  done. 

Up  in  Your  Arms.  An  expression  used  by  drivers 
meaning  that  the  horse  of  which  it  is  said  is  prompt ;  alert ; 
always  responsive;  "up  and  dressed;"  ready;  "right  up  in 
your  arms." 

Up  to  Weig'lit,  means  that  a  driver  is  just  the  weight 
required  by  the  rules  of  the  trotting  turf,  viz :  One  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds. 

Used.  A  term  sjmonymous  with  aged,  and  indicates  the 
time  when  the  horse  has  become  prematurely  old. 


V 

Valve-stem.  A  small  metal  tube  inserted  through  the 
felloe  of  a  bicycle  sulky  wheel  through  which  to  pump  air  into 
the  pneumatic  tire  by  means  of  an  air  pump. 

Van.  A  large  covered,  or  enclosed  wagon.  The  first 
recorded  instance,  in  the  history  of  the  English  turf,  of  a  race 
horse  being  transported  to  the  course,  was  in  1836,  when  Elis, 
owned  by  Lord  Lichfield,  was  safely  conveyed  from  Danebury 
to  Doncaster  in  a  large  van  which  had  been  constructed  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  show  cattle,  the  wheels  of  which  were 
about  eighteen  inches  high.  It  was  drawn  by  four  fast  horses. 
The  horse  won  the  St.  Leger  the  odds  being  ten  thousand  to 
one.  In  1837  Crucifix  and  San-volatile  were  vanned  from 
Danebury  to  jSTewmarket.  About  1840  horses  first  began  to  be 
conveyed  by  rail  in  England. 

Vaniier.  [Eng.]  A  term  used  to  describe  the  van,  or 
express  horse  of  London  and  other  large  English  cities.  A 
horse  weighing  1,300  to  1,400  pounds,  and  standing  15.3  to  16 
hands  high,  strong  built,  with  good  flat  bones  and  sound  feet, 
having  bold,  free  action.  A  near  approach  to  the  standard 
van  horse  would  be  a  cross  between  a  Cleveland  Bay,  or  Coach 
stallion,  and  a  cross  bred,  or  grade  draft  mare.  The  vans  used 
in  London,  Liverpool  and  Glasgow  are  two-wheeled  spring 
wagons,  used  where  the  dray  is  regarded  as  too  slow  or  cum- 
bersome. Van  horses  take  a  load  of  a  ton  to  a  ton  and  a  half, 
trotting  with  it  at  a  fair  trot  most  of  the  time,  unless  the 
grade  is  very  heavy. 

Vault.  To  vault  into  the  saddle  is  a  feat  often  per- 
formed by  skillful  riders  who  have  long  practiced  it.  Stand- 
ing on  the  ground  facing  the  near  or  left  side  of  the  horse,  the 
left  hand  is  placed  on  the  pommel  of  the  saddle,  and  with  a 
single  leap  or  bound  the  rider  gains  his  seat  in  an  instant. 
See  Stirrup. 

Vehicle.  Any  carriage  moving  on  land  by  means  of 
horses,  either  on  wheels  or  runners. 

V.  S.  These  letters,  after  the  name  of  a  person,  mean 
that  the  man  whose  name  is  given  is  a  veterinary  surgeon, 

285 


386  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TUKF. 


entitled,  from  having  taken  a  diploma  at  a  veterinary  college, 
to  so  use  them. 

Vet.  A  term,  for  short,  given  to  an  unlearned  country- 
horse  doctor. 

Veterinary  ;  Veterinarian.  The  surgical  or  medical 
treatment  of  domestic  animals,  especially  the  horse ;  one  who 
practices  the  science  of  veterinary  medicine  and  surgery. 

Veterinary  Scliools.  The  first  veterinary  school  in 
the  world  was  established  at  La  Guillatiere,  near  Lyons,  France, 
by  Claude  Bourgelot,  in  1762  ;  and  by  a  royal  order  dated 
June  30,  1764,  King  Louis  XV.  gave  to  this  institution  the 
title  of  the  "Royal  Veterinary  School."  The  second  school  in 
France  w^s  established  at  Alfort  in  1765.  The  veterinary 
institute  at  Vienna,  Austria,  was  opened  in  1767.  The  Royal 
Veterinary  School  at  Brussels,  Belgium,  w^as  established  in 
1832.  Russia  has  three  veterinary  institutes,  one  each  at 
Kharkov,  Dorpot  and  Kazan,  all  maintained  and  regulated  by 
the  government.  The  Royal  Danish  A'eterinary  School  at 
Copenhagen  was  founded  in  1773.  The  first  veterinary  school 
in  Sweden  was  founded  at  Skara,  in  1726.  The  Royal  Veteri- 
nary School  at  Stuttgart,  Germany,  was  established  in  1796 ; 
and  there  are  also  veterinary  schools  at  Hanover  and  INIunich. 
The  Veterinary  Institute  at  Berlin  was  founded  in  1786.  The 
Royal  Veterinary  College,  London,  England,  was  founded  by 
St.  Bell,  a  Frenchman,  in  1792.  The  Ontario  Veterinary  Col- 
lege was  established  in  1862  ;  and  the  Montreal  Veterinary 
College  in  1866.  In  this  country  veterinary  colleges  have  been 
established  as  follows  :  American,  New  York,  1875  ;  Harvard 
University,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1882;  Chicago,  Illinois,  1883; 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1885;  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  Des 
Moines,  Iowa;  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  1892;  United  States, 
Washington,  D.  C. ;  McKillop,  Chicago,  111. ;  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  1894. 

Vice,  An  imperfection  in  a  horse ;  something  more  than 
a  fault  or  blemish ;  a  bad  trick.  A  horse  free  from  vice  is  one 
having  no  bad  habits  that  make  him  dangerous,  or  that  are 
injurious  to  his  health,  or  that  in  any  way  diminish  his  nat- 
ural usefulness. 

The  longer  I  live  the  more  fully  I  am  convinced  that  vice  in  a  horse  sig- 
nities  cruelty  on  the  part  of  man.  Vice  forms  no  part  of  a  horse's 
normal  condition. — Horse  and  Man,  Rev.  J.  G.  "Wood. 

A  vice  is  a  bad  habit,  and  a  habit  to  constitute  a  vice  must  either  be 
shown  by  the  temper  of  the  liorse  so  as  to  make  him  dangerous  or 
diminish  his  natural  usefulness,  or  it  must  be  a  habit  decidedly 
injurious  to  his  health. — American  and  English  Law  Encyclopaedia. 

List  of  vices  in  the  horse:  Aversion  to  special  objects;  backing  when 
harnessed  in  a  carriage ;  balking,  (when  so  fixed  as  to  become  a  bad 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF.  287 


habit);  bolting,  (when  caused  by  defective  sight  it  is  an  unsound- 
ness); biting;  boring;  buck-jumping;  cribbing,  crib-biting,  (where 
it  lias  not  yet  resulted  in  a  fixtnl  disease,  or  caused  a  change  of 
structure,  in  which  case  it  is  an  tinsoundness);  chucking  up  the 
head;  disagreeable  to  approach;  disagreeable  to  groom;  difficult 
to  harness;  difficuilt  to  mount;  difficult  Yo  shoe  ;  eating  the  bedding, 
(leading  to  impaired  health);  gibbiiig;  getting  loose  from  the  head- 
stall; hanging  back  in  the  halter;  halter-casting;  hard  moutli; 
inveterate  rolling;  kicking;  leaping  iiito  the  manger;  mischievous 
or  decidedly  capricious  temper;  pawing  in  the  stable;  i)ropping; 
rearing;  restiveness,  (uneasiness);  running  when  in  harness;  shy- 
ing from  nervousness,  (if  from  disease  in  the  eyes  it  is  an  unsound- 
ness); skittisliness;  striking  with  the  fore  feet;  stopping  suddenly  ; 
starting  or  jumping  when  harnessed  before  the  driver  is  ready; 
weaving;  wind-sucking. 

Vulcanized  Rubber.  The  substance  of  which  the 
pneumatic  tire  of  a  bicycle  sulky  is  made.  The  caoutchouc  is 
incorporated  with  sulphur  and  subjected  to  a  strong  heat 
whereby  it  combines  chemically  with  the  sulphur  and  assumes, 
on  cooling,  a  hard  consistency  much  resembling  that  of  horn. 


w 

W.  This  letter,  in  connection  with  the  names  of  horses 
in  summaries  of  races,  and  in  the  trotting  and  pacing  registers, 
indicates  that  the  race  was  to  wagon. 

Wagon,  in  turf  language,  always  refers  to  what  is 
known  as  a  skeleton. 

Wag-oii  Trotting".  World's  record  to  the  close  of  1893. 
One  mile :  Guy,  bl.  g.  by  Kentucky  Prince,  dam,  Flora  Gard- 
ner by  American  Star,  (14),  1893,  against  time,  2.13.  Two 
miles :  Dexter,  br.  g.  by  Hambletonian,  dam,  Clara,  by  Amer- 
ican Star,  1865,  against  time,  4:56^.  Three  miles:  Longfel- 
low, (pacer),  ch.  g.  by  Red  Bill,  dam  unknown,  1868,  (in  a 
race),  7:53.  Five  miles:  Longfellow,  (pacer),  ch.  g.  by  Red 
Bill,  dam  unknown,  (in  a  race),  1870,  14:15.  Ten  miles: 
Julia  Aldrich,  ch.  m.,  breeding  miknown,  (in  a  race),  1858, 
29:041. 

Waist.  The  narrowest  part  of  the  seat  of  a  saddle — 
about  midway  between  the  pommel  and  cantle. 

Waiting.  A  waiting  race ;  not  forcing  the  race  at  the 
start;  the  practice  of  running  slowly  at  the  start  of  a  race 
allowing  the  horses  to  lead,  to  see  how  the  other  horses  are 
going.  It  is  sometimes  a  good  rule  to  wait.  The  rider  can  see 
how  the  horses  are  going  and  then  can  remain  for  the  present 
w^here  he  is,  or  go  in  front.  Again  most  horses  go  better  and 
settle  down  in  their  gallop  sooner  with  a  lead  than  without  one. 

Waiting  in  Front.  A  term  used  in  running  races 
where  the  driver  is  obliged  to  wait  in  the  front  lead,  on  account 
of  having  a  horse  that  cannot  be  kept  behind  without  more 
being  taken  out  of  him  than  the  extra  speed  would  do  were  he 
allowed  to  go  freely.  This  is  to  be  understood  as  saying  that 
the  rider  should  merely  keep  in  front  without  forcing  the  run- 
ning on  his  own  account,  and  should  simply  conform  to  the 
pace  of  those  immediately  behind  him,  until  the  moment 
arrives  for  him  to  make  his  effort.  But  he  should  never  keep 
back  at  the  risk  of  fighting  for  the  finish. 

The  art  of  waiting  in  front  is  a  ereat  one  to  learn  ;  for  if  occasion  slionld 
arise,  it  may  often  be  practiced  with  tlie  utmost  advantage.— The 
Badminton  Library :  Racing,  The  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berkshire, 
and  W.  G.  Craven. 

288 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TURF.  289 


I  have  often  seen  men  in  ninning  and  trotting  races  both  make  a  very 
serious  mistake,  particularly  in  riding  or  driving  what  we  call  a 
waiting  race.  Always  remember  that  some  other  man  nuiy  have 
the  tools  to  do  just  as  well  with,  as  you  can.— Life  with  the  Trotters, 
John  Splan. 

Waive  Weight  and  Distance,  To  waive  weight  and 
distance  in  a  race  is  to  mutually  disregard  the  rules;  to  go  at 
catch  weight.  It  is  often  said  that  a  race  is  under  National 
rules  "  waiving  weight  and  distance."  But  no  race  under  the 
rules  can  be  so  made.  A  race  either  conforms  to  the  rules 
or  it  does  not ;  if  any  particular  rule  is  waived  no  one  can  be 
enforced. 

Walk.  The  slowest  pace  of  the  horse  ;  an  elementary  act 
of  progression  is  a  step,  a  series  of  steps  is  the  walk ;  that  pace 
in  which  one  foot  is  not  raised  until  its  fellow  is  upon  the 
ground,  and  in  which  the  horse  always  has  two  feet  upon  the 
ground  at  the  same  time,  (whereas  in  the  trot  there  is  always 
a  space  of  time,  of  greater  or  less  duration,  in  which  all  the 
feet  are  off  the  ground),  while  the  diagonal  ones  are  being 
advanced.  A  fast  walk  is  the  most  valuable  gait  a  horse  can 
acquire  for  general  business  purposes,  and  it  has  a  great  part 
to  perform  in  fitting  a  horse  for  rapid  locomotion.  Youatt 
relates,  in  his  work  on  the  horse,  that  in  1793  a  Hackney  mare 
named  Sloven,  travelled  at  a  walk  the  distance  of  twenty-two 
miles  in  three  hours  and  fifty-two  seconds. 

When  the  horse  quickens  his  Avalk  he  does  not  at  once  change  his  pace 
but  extends  his  strides  and  makes  them  more  uniform,  until  further 
extension  becomes  difficult  wlien  lie  will  break  into  a  trot  in  which 
there  are  never  more  than  two  feet  upon  the  ground  at  a  time.  — 
The  Horse  in  Motion,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman. 

Walk-over.  A  walk-over  is  a  race  in  which  all  the  con- 
testants but  one  fail  to  appear.  In  order  for  him  to  win  the 
race  it  is  necessary  for  him  to  go  the  whole  distance  prescribed ; 
but  as  there  is  nothing  to  compete  against  him  he  may  walk 
the  entire  distance  if  he  chooses.  By  the  racing  rules  a  walk- 
over by  any  horse  entitles  him  to  only  one  half  of  the  added 
money  in  stakes.  The  trotting  rules  award  no  purse  or  added 
money  for  a  walk-over;  but  in  a  stake  race  a  walk-over  is 
entitled  to  all  the  stake  money  and  forfeit,  unless  the  con- 
ditions provide  otherwise. 

Wall-eye.  A  horse  is  said  to  have  a  wall-eye  when  the 
iris,  (that  part  of  the  eye  by  which  the  light  admitted  to  the 
retina  is  regulated),  is  of  a  light  or  white  color. 

Wall  of  the  Foot.  That  portion  of  the  front  and 
sides  of  the  horse's  foot  extending  from  the  coronet,  (the 
border-line  where  the  skin  joins  the  hoof),  in  an  oblique  direc- 
tion, to  the  ground ;  the  crust ;  the  natural  bearing  part  of  the 

19 


290  HANDBOOK  OF   THE  TURF. 

foot.  It  is  upon  the  wall  that  the  shoe  rests,  and  through  it 
the  nails  confining  it  are  driven.  The  wall  is  deepest  in  front, 
and  diminishes  toward  the  quarters  and  heels,  becoming 
thinner;  while  at  its  angles  of  inflection,  (the  points  of  the 
heels),  it  is  strong.  The  wall  is  fibrous,  the  fibres  passing 
directly  parallel  to  each  other  from  the  coronet  to  the  ground, 
each  fibre  being  moulded  on,  as  fast  as  secreted,  by  one  of  the 
minute  tufts  of  blood  vessels  lodged  in  the  cavity  at  the 
coronet. 

Warming-up  Heat.  An  exercise  previous  to  a  race ; 
a  jogging  heat  between  a  real  heat ;  a  test  of  speed  to  bring 
a  horse  to  his  best  edge. 

Warranty.  [Law.]  A  general  or  express  warrant  is 
an  unconditional  undertaking  that  the  horse  is  really  what  the 
warrantor  professes  it  to  be.  In  the  United  States,  says  the 
American  and  English  Encyclopaedia  of  Law,  there  is  always 
an  implied  contract  that  the  vendor,  (seller),  has  a  right  to  dis- 
pose of  the  article  which  he  sells.  A  general  warrant  is  an 
unconditional  undertaking,  therefore,  that  a  horse  really  is 
what  the  warrantor  professes  it  to  be.  There  is  no  particular 
form  of  words  necessary  to  constitute  a  warranty.  A  warrant 
may  be  qualified — as  if  the  vendor  says,  "  I  never  warrant,  but 
he  is  sound  as  far  as  I  know."  In  this  case  an  action  for 
breach  can  be  maintained  if  it  can  be  proved  that  the  seller 
knew  the  horse  was  unsound.  A  warranty  may  be  limited  as 
to  time,  as,  for  instance,  "after  twenty-four  hours  I  do  not 
warrant."  The  seller  of  a  horse  in  making  warranty  may 
except  some  defect  of  which  he  knows,  or  he  may  expressly 
state  in  what  particulars  only,  he  warrants  the  animal.  A 
general  warranty  does  not  cover  obvious  defects  in  a  horse; 
being  such  they  are  plain  to  the  buyer  and  require  no  skill  to 
detect.  But  if  the  purchaser  suspects  a  defect  and  wishes  to 
examine  and  try  the  horse,  but  the  seller  objects  and  says,  "  I 
will  warrant  him,"  he  is  liable  for  the  defect.  Where,  how- 
ever, there  is  no  opportunity  of  inspecting,  caveat  emptor  does 
not  apply.  If  a  man  not  knowing  the  age  of  a  horse,  but 
having  a  written  pedigree  which  he  received  with  him,  sell  a 
horse  of  the  age  stated  in  the  pedigree,  at  the  same  time  stat- 
ing he  knows  nothing  of  him  but  what  he  learned  from  the 
pedigree,  he  is  not  liable  to  an  action  when  it  is  shown  that 
the  pedigree  is  false. 

Warrant;  Warranty.  To  make  good  a  statement  or 
bargain ;  a  certificate  that  a  horse  is  as  represented.  It  is  not 
requisite  that  a  warranty  should  be  in  writing,  even  though  a 
written  receipt  is  given  for  the  money.     In  Allen  vs.  Pink — a 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  291 


celebrated  English  case — the  receipt  did  not  include  any  terms 

of    sale,    and    the    buyer    proved    a    verbal    warranty.     The 

warranty  of  a  horse  does  not  go  forward,  but  back  from  the 

time  of  its  date.     The  following  is  a  good  form  of  warranty : 

Hammond's  Grove,  Me.,  April  30,  1894.  Received  lliis  day  of  George 
Cony,  five  hundred  dollars  for  a  bay  mare  called  Lida,*by  Cushnoc, 
dam  by  Gleiiarm.  warranted  six  years  old  and  untler  seven,  sound 
in  wind  and  limb,  free  from  vice,  and  quiet  to  drive.  Eugene 
H.  Smith. 

Wartles.  Sitfasts  resulting  from  saddle  galls  on  the 
back  of  a  horse. 

Wash-ball  Seat.  [Eq.]  A  seat  in  riding  disregarding 
all  balance. 

Washer.  An  iron  or  leather  collar  fitted  to  the  end  of 
an  axle-tree  against  which  the  wheel  wears  to  prevent  friction 
and  retain  the  oil. 

Washy.     A  horse  that  perspires  over-freely  after  slight 

exertion  or  little  exercise,  is  said  to  be  "washy,"  a  "washy 

horse."     In  some  cases  the  question  has  been  raised  that  a 

horse  habitually  washy  was  unsound,  but  it  has  not  been  so 

held. 

I  have  often  heard  people  say  that  Rarus  was  a  vrealc  and  washy  horse. 
I  don't  think  that  needs  any  denial,  as  his  perfoiniances  are  the 
strongest  arguments  against  it.— Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Water-liook.  A  metallic  hook  placed  in  the  center  of 
the  saddle  of  a  harness,  between  the  terrets,  for  the  purpose  of 
holding  the  check-rein  in  place. 

Water-jump.  [Eng.]  A  jump  over  a  brook  or  ditch 
in  the  steeplechase  course.  A  jump  very  safe  and  easy  if  the 
taking-off  and  landing  are  firm  and  sound;  but  difficult  and 
dangerous  if  level,  marshy,  soft  and  cut  up  by  cattle  drinking 
at  its  sides.  With  firm  turf  to  take-off  from  and  land  upon  a 
horse  has  repeatedly  cleared  thirty  feet ;  but  twelve  feet  of  a 
brimming  brook  will  stop  the  best  part  of  a  large  field. 

Weak  Foot.  Any  weakness  of  the  foot,  the  result  of 
disease  causing  a  change  of  structure,  is  an  unsoundness. 

Weak  Sinews.  When  sinews  at  the  back  of  the  fore 
legs  become  thickened,  between  the  knee  and  the  pastern  joint, 
producing  weakness  or  irritation,  it  is  an  unsoundness. 

Weaving".  A  continuous  motion  of  the  head,  neck  and 
body,  from  side  to  side,  like  the  shuttle  of  a  weaver  passing 
through  the  web — hence  the  name  given  to  this  peculiar, 
incessant  and  unpleasant  action  of  the  horse.  It  indicates  an 
impatient,  irritable  temper,  and  a  dislike  to  the  confinement  of 
the  stall.  A  horse  that  is  a  weaver  will  seldom  carry  flesh 
well,  and  is  unpleasant  to  ride  or  drive.  The  habit  is  a 
serious  vice. 


292  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TUEF. 

Web  of  a  Shoe.  The  main  bar  or  body  of  the  horse- 
shoe ;  the  entire  rim ;  that  part  which  rests  upon,  or  is  fitted  to 
the  wall  of  the  foot. 

"W  eeding-out  Sale.  A  sale  in  which  the  breeder,  wish- 
ing to  dispose  of  a  part  of  his  stud,  weeds  out  animals  that  are 
good  and  sound,  but  which,  for  one  reason  or  another  he  does 
not  wish  to  breed  from,  and  places  them  at  a  public  sale. 

"Weights.  By  the  rules  of  the  New  York  Trotting  Club, 
in  1841,  every  trotting  horse  that  started  in  a  race,  whether 
match,  purse  or  stake,  was  obliged  to  carry  145  pounds,  the 
weight  of  the  vehicle  not  to  be  considered.  In  1844  the  rules 
of  the  New  York  Jockey  Club  were :  Two  years  old,  a  feather ; 
three  years  old,  90  pounds;  fom-  years  old,  104  pounds;  five 
years  old,  114  pounds;  six  years  old,  121  pounds;  seven  years 
and  upwards,  126  pounds.  An  allowance  of  three  pounds  was 
made  to  mares,  fillies  and  geldings.  By  the  present  rules  of 
the  Turf  Congress,  a  feather  weight  is  75  pounds ;  and  in  all 
races,  except  steeplechases,  the  limit  may  be  said  to  be  130 
pounds.  But  in  all  races  exclusively  for  two-year  olds,  the 
weight  is  118  pounds;  and  in  races  exclusively  for  three-year 
olds,  the  weight  is  122  pounds.  In  trotting  races — National 
and  American  rules — to  wagon  or  in  harness,  the  weight  is 
150  pounds;  and  under  saddle,  (the  saddle  and  whip  only,  to 
be  weighed  with  the  rider),  145  pounds. 

Weig"hts.  Extra  attachments  to  the  shoe  or  foot  of  the 
horse  to  correct  the  action,  balance  the  gait,  or  overcome 
structural  defects  of  motion.  Weights  are  fastened  to  the  toe 
and  also  to  the  sides  of  the  hoof ;  while  more  frequently  the 
extra  weight  required  is  wrought  into  the  web  of  the  shoe  in 
the  particular  place  where  it  is  needed,  so  that  the  shoe 
becomes  the  extra  weight.  These  weights  vary  from  two  to 
eight  ounces,  and  frequently  are  as  heavy  as  twelve  ounces. 

Weight-hearers.  The  fore  legs  of  the  horse  as  distin- 
guished from  the  propellers,  or  hind  legs.  Dr.  William  Fearn- 
ley,  a  celebrated  English  veterinarian,  was  the  first  to  class  the 
fore  legs  as  the  Weight  bearers,  and  the  hind  legs  as  the  pro- 
pellers. He  fixed  the  coffin-joint  as  the  focus  of  weight  in  the 
foot,  and  decided  that  if  the  foot  be  either  too  high  or  too  low 
at  the  heel,  or  if  the  proper  angle  of  the  ground  surface  with 
the  line  of  the  coronet  be  changed,  the  focus  of  weight  will  be 
disturbed,  (or  in  other  words  will  be  thrown  too  far  backward 
or  forward),  hence  the  importance  of  Jfceeping  the  foot  properly 
leveled  was  apparent.  Mr.  Marvin  says  he  is  not  entirely  sure 
whether  in  the  trotting  horse  the  fore  leg  has  strictly  no  other 


HAIN^DBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  293 

function  than  weight-bearing ;  but  Prof.  Stillman  says  that  in 
both  actions,  that  of  weight  bearer  and  also  of  propeller,  the 
fore  leg  does  more  than  its  share.  M.  Baucher,  the  eminent 
French  savant,  is  also  authority  for  the  statement  that  the 
weight  borne  by  the  anterior  and  posterior  extremities,  as 
determined  by  placing  them  upon  different  weighing  machines, 
was  as  210  for  the  former  to  174  for  the  latter,  the  total  weight 
of  the  horse  being  850  pounds. 

Weig:ht-carrier ;  Weig-lit-puUer.  A  term  meaning, 
generally,  a  horse  capable  of  carrying  more  than  the  required 
weight  for  his  age  or  class,  and  yet  maintaining  the  extreme  of 
his  speed ;  one  pulling,  in  a  race,  a  driver  who  is  overweight ; 
a  horse  that  is  handicapped,  as,  "  Nelson  was  handicapped  by 
the  tw"eiity  pounds  overweight  of  his  owner,  who  drove  him." 
Mr.  Marvin  utters  a  self-evident  truth  when  he  says :  "  Other 
things  being  equal,  the  horse  that  carries  the  least  weight  will 
stay  better,  go  faster  and  remain  sounder  than  the  weight-car- 
riers." The  weight-carrying  power  of  the  race  horse  depends 
upon  these  particular  points  of  conformation:  1.  Length 
and  obliquity  of  shoulder  blade;  2,  strong  loin  muscles;  3, 
good  substance  and  fine  quality  of  bone ;  4,  pasterns  not  too 
sloping ;  5,  absence  of  undue  weight  of  body  beyond  that  which 
would  be  necessary  for  the  movements  of  the  limbs,  and  for  the 
performance  of  the  various  vital  functions. 

Weig-lit-cloths.  Loaded  saddle  cloths  used  in  racing. 
They  are  fitted  with  pockets,  and  made  to  carry  different 
weights,  with  the  amount  of  each  marked  on  the  inside,  from 
four  to  twenty-five  pounds.  It  is  said  that  Lord  George  Ben- 
tinck,  the  great  English  turfman,  had  a  large  number  of  saddle 
cloths  exactly  alike  excepting  in  weight,  by  means  of  which 
weights  from  four  to  sixty  pounds  could  be  carried.  The  sheet 
lead  forming  the  weights  should  be  covered  with  wash  leather ; 
and  the  weight-cloths  should  be  put  on  well  forward,  the  leads 
being  equally  distributed  on  each  side. 

Weig-ht  for  Ag^e.  The  standard  weight  apportioned 
to  horses  according  to  their  ages ;  a  standard  used  only  in  races 
where  the  different  ages  can  start,  special  weights  being  fixed 
for  races  in  which  only  horses  of  the  same  age  may  start. 
Weight  is  not  only  based  upon  age,  but  on  the  distance  to  be 
run,  and  as  the  year  passes  away  the  horses  grow  older  and  the 
weight  is  increased.  Thus,  as  an  example,  a  three-year-old 
w^hich  carries,  at  a  half  mile,  104  pounds  in  January,  would  be 
weighted  106  in  February;  107  in  March;  109  in  April;  110 
in  May;  111  in  June;  113  in  July;  115  in  August;  116  in 
September,  and  117  in  October,  November  and  December. 


294  HAIS-DBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Weight-pocket.  A  receptacle  in  a  horse's  boot  for 
receiving  weight  for  the  purpose  of  balancing  the  action. 
Used  instead  of  toe  or  side  weights  ujDon  the  foot,  or  a  weighted 
shoe.  The  material  used  for  weight  is  usually  sheet  lead,  or 
shot.     A  boot  so  fitted  is  called  a  weighted  or  leaded  boot. 

Weig'hing'  in,  and  Weighing"  Out,  is  required  of  all 
jockeys  and  drivers ;  weigihing  out  at  the  start,  weighing  in  at 
the  finish  of  the  heat  or  race.  ^  The  Turf  Congress  rules  require 
that  horses  must  bring  in  within  tw^o  j)ounds  of  the  weight 
taken  out.  It  is  said  that  drivers  will  very  often  shrink  from 
two  to  tw^o  and  a  half  or  three  pounds  in  driving  a  hard,  hotly 
contested  race. 

Well-bred.  A  term  often  used  in  describing  a  horse, 
but  one  having  no  real  significance  or  value;  nor  does  it 
increase  the  worth  of  the  animal.  An  attested  pedigree  is  the 
only  recognized  evidence  of  merit  in  the  breeding  of  a  horse 
that  possesses  added  value. 

Welcher.  A  race-course  sw^indler  who  makes  bets,  takes 
the  money  if  he  wins  and  absconds  if  he  loses.  Originated 
from  the  nursery  rhyme : 

"Taffy  was  a  Welshman,  Taffy  was  a  thief." 

Welter;    Welter    Weight.      To  lap  over.     A  welter 

weight  is  28  pounds  added  to  w^eight  for  age ;  and  a  "  heavy 

welter  "  is  40  pounds  added  to  weight  for  age.     It  is  understood 

that  this  weight  took  its  name  from  a  place  in  Ireland,  much 

frequented  during  the  earlier  history  of  the  English  turf. 

In  welters  we  impose  penalties  on  professional  jocks,  because  Ave  know 
tliat  they  have  been  trained  in  a  certain  school;  whereas  we  have 
no  standard  of  comparison  for  gentleman  riders.— Seats  and  Sad- 
dles, Francis  Dwyer. 

Wen.  A  w^en  on  the  upper  part  of  the  windpipe,  or  upon 
a  main  artery  or  vein,  is  an  unsoundness ;  but  on  other  parts 
as  on  the  top  of  the  hock,  (capped  hock),  elbow,  or  place  of 
little  consequence,  it  is  a  blemish. 

Went  to  Pieces.  Said  of  a  horse  that  breaks,  is 
unsteady  and  unmanageable  in  a  race;  as,  "in  the  third  heat 
Hector,  driven  by  Vet  Witham,  went  to  pieces  in  bad  shape." 

Wheels.  With  the  use  of  the  pneumatic  tire  for  sulkys 
a  specialty  at  once  came  into  track  vehicle  manufacture — that 
of  the  making  of  wheels  to  be  attached  to  the  high  sulky,  to 
convert  it  into  a  "bike."  These  w^heels  are  constructed  of 
both  steel  and  w^ood,  are  from  26  to  28  inches  in  height,  weigh 
from  14  to  16  pounds  per  pair,  and  are  made  in  a  variety  of 
patterns.  The  rims  are  of  steel,  cold  rolled,  or  of  wood ;  the 
hubs  are  of  steel;  the  spokes  are  of  both  wood  and  steel;  the 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURF.  295 


ball  or  roller  bearings  are  inclosed  in  recesses  or  cones  in  each 
end  of  the  hub,  and  adjusted  by  means  of  a  spanner  wrench, 
these  cones  being  dust  and  water  proof;  the  pneumatic  tire 
being  fitted  securely  to  the  rim. 

Whims  of  the  horse  are  bad  or  vicious  habits;  faults. 
They  are :  Lolling  the  tongue,  doubling  it  up,  or  constantly 
protruding  it  from  the  mouth ;  striking  the  lower  lip  against 
the  upper  one ;  rubbing  the  lower  extremity  of  the  head 
against  the  manger ;  rubbing  the  tail  against  surrounding 
objects ;  shaking  the  head  up  and  down,  or  jerking  the  reins, 
when  being  driven ;  grasping  the  branches  of  the  bit  with  the 
lower  lip;  tearing  the  blanket  w'ith  the  teeth;  resting  one 
hind  foot  upon  the  other ;  lying  down  cow-fashion ;  stripping 
the  halter  ;  pawing  in  the  stable. 

Wliip.  A  name  applied  to  a  noted  driver  or  reinsman ; 
as  "  Mr.  Thayer  was  a  great  whip  in  his  day." 

Whip.  A  light  hand  implement  used  in  driving,  riding, 
correcting  or  educating  horses.  The  trotting  rules  prescribe 
the  following  lengths  to  be  used  in  races :  For  saddle  horses, 
2  ft.  10  in. ;  sulkies,  4  ft.  8  in.;  wagons,  5  ft.  10  in. ;  double 
teams,  8  ft.  6  in. ;  tandems  and  four-in-hands,  unlimited.  A 
snapper  not  longer  than  three  inches  is  allowed  in  addition  to 
the  above  mentioned  lengths.  The  running  rules  limit  the 
weight  of  a  whip  at  one  pound,  but  do  not  regulate  its  length. 

The  whip  and  spur,  injudiciously  used,  have  lost  many  races.— How  to 
Train  the  Race-liorse,  Lieut.  Col.  Warburton. 

The  wliip  is  to  be  Icept  very  mucli  in  tlie  background  while  you  are  cul- 
tivating confidence  in  your  liorse.  It  is  more  likely  to  prove  an 
obstacle  than  an  aid. — The  Trotting  Horse  of  America,  Hiram 
Woodruff. 

The  whip  should  never  be  picked  up  before  the  last  thirty  or  forty 
yards,  nor  should  moi-e  than  two  or  three  cuts  be  given.  When  a 
jockey  begins  to  tlog  two  or  three  hundred  yards  from  home,  we 
need  not  be  surprised  at  seeing  his  horse,  after  answering  the  call 
for  ten  or  a  dozen  strides,  go  slower  and  slower  as  he  nears  the 
judge's  box.  Daring  a  race,  hold  the  whip  with  the  lash  down,  and 
the  jockey  should  strike  his  horse  nowhere  except  just  behind  the 
girth. 

Whip-hand.     [Eq.]     The  right  hand. 

Whip-spur.  A  spur  attached  to  the  thumb-button  on 
the  stock  of  a  sulky  whip,  to  be  used  in  urging  the  horse,  if 
necessary,  at  the  finish  of  a  race.  It  is  adjustable  and  may  be 
removed  should  the  driver  desire. 

Whip  Training.  The  method  of  some  horse  trainers 
of  driving  a  horse  without  bit,  line  or  reins,  simply  by  the 
motions  of  the  whip.  It  illustrates  the  beauty  and  simplicity 
of  man's  power  over  this  magnificent  animal,  and  the  high 
degree  of  intelligence  which  he  possesses.  The  method  is 
acquired  by  the  horse  in  from  f oui*  to  six  weeks'  practice. 


296  HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 

Whipping  his  Boot.  A  trick  of  the  jockey  for  the 
purpose  of  dehiding  his  opponent.  It  is  tried  by  the  rider  of 
the  speedier  horse  in  the  hope  of  inducing  the  rider  of  a  stayer 
to  slacken  speed  from  the  idea  that  he  has  the  race  in  hand,  and 
that  there  is  no  use  in  hurrying. 

Whippletree.  The  bar  to  which  the  traces,  or  tugs  of 
a  harness  are  fastened,  and  by  which  the  sulky  or  buggy  is 
drawn. 

Whirlbone;  round-bone;  trochanter.  The  hip 
joint.  Relied  upon  by  all  experts  as  a  standard  point  for 
measurement  of  the  exterior  conformation  of  the  horse. 

Whisperer,  The.  The  name  by  which  Con  Sullivan, 
of  County  Cork,  Ireland,  was  known  aU  over  Great  Britain. 
He  was  a  most  extraordinary  person,  who  possessed  great 
power  over  vicious  horses,  subduing  them  by  whispering  in 
their  ear.  He  tamed  the  vicious  horse,  Rainbow,  owned  by 
Col.  Westenra,  and  Mr.  Wholey's  horse.  King  Pippin,  in  1804, 
the  latter  a  terribly  savage  beast.  With  the  latter  horse  The 
Whisperer  was  shut  up  in  his  stable  all  night,  but  in  the 
morning  the  horse  would  follow  him  like  a  dog,  obeying  every 
word  instantly,  allowing  persons  to  put  their  hand  in  his 
mouth,  and  standing  as  gentle  as  a  lamb.  How  he  obtained 
this  wonderful  command  over  the  horse  has  never  been  known. 

Wliistler.      A  horse  th-at  breathes  hard.     Whistling  is 

one  of  the  variations  of  sound  emitted  by  a  horse  known  as  a 

roarer.     It  is  legal  unsoundness. 

He  therefore  excited  plenty  of  bidding  when  put  np  for  sale  after- 
wards, and  although  a  "  whistler,"  is  worth  the  five  hundred  and 
twenty  guineas  at  which  he  was  knocked  down.— London  Field. 

White,  as  a  color  in  horses,  is  popularly  indicative  of 
weakness,  and  horses  of  this  color  are  also  believed  to  be  slow, 
lymphatic,  and  deficient  in  energy  and  vital  courage.  They 
are  easily  soiled,  difficult  to  keep  clean,  and  are  said  to  be 
more  liable  to  pink-eye  and  similar  diseases  than  horses  of 
solid  color. 

White-boned.  A  family  of  pure,  milk  white  horses  in 
Germany.  They  are  foaled  pure  white,  and  most  of  them  are 
wall-eyed,  or  glass  eyed.  They  are  of  good  size,  uniform  in 
color,  and  have  been  in-bred  for  a  long  series  of  years. 

White  Horse  of  Berkshire,  Scouring  of  the. 
The  "  vale  of  the  white  horse "  is  located  between  Abingdon 
and  Uffington,  in  the  county  of  Berks,  England.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  massive  figure  of  a  galloping  horse  rudely  chis- 
eled on  the  side  of  a  steep  chalk  hill,  893  feet  high.  The  fig- 
ure is  about  374  feet  in  length,  and  can  be  seen  at  a  distance 


HANDBOOK    OF    THE   TURF.  297 

of  ten  or  twelve  miles  in  a  fair  day  when  the  sun  is  shining 
upon  it.  Tradition  attributes  its  cutting  to  King  Alfred,  and 
regards  it  as  a  monument  of  the  victory  won  by  him  over  the 
Danes  in  the  great  battle  of  Ashdown  in  871.  He  is  said  to 
have  carved  a  horse,  rather  than  any  other  object,  because  that 
was  tne  device  borne  on  the  Saxon  standard.  As,  in  the 
course  of  time,  the  trench  which  forms  the  figure  of  the  horse 
would  naturally  become  grown  over,  the  people  living  in  the 
vicinity  have  a  custom  of  meeting,  each  year,  on  a  certain  day, 
for  the  purpose  of  "scouring,"  or  cleaning  it  This  day  is 
made  the  occasion  of  a  festival,  at  which  manly  games  and 
sports  are  indulged  in  for  prizes.  Hence  the  term,  "  scouring 
of  the  white  horse,"  which  has  become  classic  through  the 
story  of  Mr.  Thomas  Hughes,  the  English  novelist. 

Whoa.  A  word  which  is  the  only  safeguard  in  many 
cases  of  accident.  It  should  never  be  used  in  the  education  or 
handling  of  horses,  excepting  when  the  horse  is  in  motion, 
and  you  wish  him  to  stop.  Do  not  use  it  generally,  and  on 
every  occasion — as  on  entering  the  horse's  stall  and  you  wish 
him  to  stand  over,  or  when  harnessing  him  and  he  is  restive. 
For  all  these  instances  have  other  and  significant  words ;  but 
have  the  horse  so  educated  that  when  you  are  driving,  in  case 
the  rein,  or  bit,  or  breeching  strap  should  break,  or  anything 
else  be  out  of  place,  he  would  instantly  stop  at  the  word 
"whoa."  It  is  not  difficult  to  so  teach  him,  and  when  under 
complete  discipline  in  this  respect  his  value  is  increased  ten- 
fold for  all  road,  driving  or  speed  purposes.  In  the  old  days' 
of  racing  some  drivers  taught  their  horses  to  increase  their 
speed  at  the  loud  shouting  of  the  words  "whoa,  whoa!"  (for 
the  purpose  of  breaking  up  other  horses  on  the  back  stretch), 
but  the  days  of  such  methods  in  driving  have,  happily,  passed 
away  forever. 

Win  in  a  Canter.  An  easy  finish  in  a  running  race. 
To  "  win  in  a  canter  "  is  to  so  far  distance  the  other  horses  in 
the  field,  that  urging  at  the  end  of  the  race  is  needless,  and 
one  can  come  home  at  an  easy  jog. 

Winners'  Handicap.  Weights  for  a  race  of  winning 
horses.  Thus,  the  winning  horses  of  previous  races  being 
pitted  together  in  a  race  royal,  are  first  handicapped  according 
to  their  respective  merits ;  the  horse  that  has  won  three  races 
has  to  carry  a  greater  weight  than  the  horse  that  has  won 
only  two;  and  this  latter  more  than  its  competitor,  who  is 
winner  of  a  single  race  only. 

Winning  a  Heat.  In  heats  of  one,  two,  three  or  four 
miles,  a  horse  not  winning  one  heat  in  three  cannot  start 


HANDBOOK    OF   THE   TURF. 


for  a  fourth,  unless  he  has  made  a  dead  heat.  In  heats  best 
three  in  five^  a  horse  not  winning  a  heat  in  the  first  five  is  not 
entitled  to  start  for  a  sixth,  unless  he  has  made  a  dead  heat — 
but  these  horses  thus  ruled  out  have  a  right  to  a  share  of  the 
premium,  or  purse,  according  to  their  rank  at  the  close  of 
their  last  heat. 

Winning"  Horse.  A  horse  must  win  a  majority  of  the 
heats  which  are  required  by  the  conditions  of  a  race,  to  be 
entitled  to  the  stake  or  purse;  but  if  he  distances  all  compet- 
itors in  one  heat,  the  race  is  terminated  and  he  receives  the 
entire  purse  or  stakes  contended  for,  unless  the  special  condi- 
tions of  the  race  provide  otherwise. 

Winning  Sires.  Stallions,  the  producers  of  horses 
that  have  been  great  winners  in  the  races  of  the  year ;  or 
which  have  put  the  largest  number  of  sons  and  daughters 
within  the  low-record  lists. 

Winnings.  The  sums  of  money  in  stakes,  purses  and 
premiums  won  by  a  horse  in  races  during  a  year  or  a  series  of 
years.  Thus :  The  winnings  of  Eclipse  during  his  life-time 
are  said  to  have  amounted  to  $125,000 ;  King  Herod  is  said  to 
have  won  a  total  of  over  £200,000 ;  Ormonde  won  for  his 
owner,  the  Duke  of  Westminster,  nearly  $145,000 ;  Domino 
won  as  a  two-year-old,  in  a  single  year,  $176,730. 

Winchester.  The  famous  war-horse  of  Gen.  P.  H. 
Sheridan.  He  was  foaled  in  1858  near  Grand  Rapids,  Mich- 
igan. He  came  into  Gen.  Sheridan's  possession  in  1862,  and 
went  through  the  Mississippi  campaign,  and  was  afterwards 
transferred  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  going  through  numer- 
ous engagements.  In  1863  he  carried  his  master  in  the  cele- 
brated ride  from  Winchester  to  Cedar  Creek,  Va.,  a  distance 
of  twenty  miles,  keeping  in  advance  of  the  General's  staff  and 
escort  the  whole  distance.  Winchester  w^ent  through  between 
eighty-five  and  ninety  battles,  and  was  wounded  three  times. 
He  died  at  Chicago,  111.,  October  2,  1878. 

Wind.  The  breath  of  a  horse.  "  Sound  of  wind,"  in  a 
warranty,  means  that  the  horse  warranted  has  no  disease  or 
imperfection  in  his  windpipe,  larynx  or  bronchi,  (air  passages), 
like  grunting,  high-blowing,  thick  wind  or  whistling. 

Windage.  The  resistance  to  the  air  of  any  body  pass- 
ing through  it  at  a  rapid  rate.  A  term  much  used  in  connec- 
tion with  the  description  and  testing  of  different  kinds  of 
sulky  wheels. 

Wind-galls ;  Wind-puffs.  The  name  given  to  soft, 
puffy  bunches  the  size  of  a   hickory  nut,  which  frequently 


HANDBOOK   OF   THE   TURP.  299 

occur  on  the  fore  leg  at  the  upper  part  of  the  fetlock  joint, 
between  the  tendon  and  the  shin  bone.  They  occasionally 
develop  on  the  hind  leg.  The  joints  and  tendons  at  these 
parts  are  furnished  with  sacs  filled  with  a  lubricating  substance 
known  as  synovia,  and  when  these  sacs  become  over-distended 
with  this  fluid  it  produces  wind-puffs,  or  wind-galls.  Hunters, 
hurdle  racers  and  trotters  with  excessive  knee  action,  are  all 
predisposed  to  this  form  of  injury.  Complete  rest  will  genei- 
ally  effect  a  cure. 

Wind-split.     Broken  wind. 

Wind-sucker.  A  term  applied  to  a  horse  having  the 
heaves.     Wind-sucking  renders  the  horse  unsound. 

Wing's.  The  projecting  ends  at  the  heel  of  a  shoe,  bent 
forward  and  inward,  to  rest  on  the  bars  of  the  foot. 

Winkers.     The  side  pieces  of  a  blind  bridle. 

Wire-edge.  When  a  horse  is  in  high  fettle,  is  rank 
for  a  race  and  in  the  highest  condition  to  do  his  best  at  speed, 
he  is  said  to  be  "  wire-edged." 

If  yoni-  horse  is  particularly  rank,  work  him  alone  nntil  you  get  the 
wire-edge  off  him,  then  take  your  prompter  and  show  him  that  lie 
is  not  f»X)in4?  to  be  hurt.— Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Wire,   The.     Home;    the  score;    a, goal  in  a  trotting 

race ;  to  "come  under  the  wire  first,"  is  to  win  the  heat. 

Wire  Snaffle.     Explained  by  the  quotation : 

A  fancy  bit,  worthy  of  only  a  junk-shop.— The  Bridle  Bits,  Col.  J.  C. 
Battersby. 

Wiring"-in.  A  peculiar  form  of  contraction  affecting 
the  fore  feet,  and  occasionally  the  hind  feet  of  horses.  In 
most  cases  it  is  the  inside  heel  which  contracts,  and  when  this 
occurs  the  horse  is  said  to  "  wire  in." 

Withers.  The  bony  ridge  which  is  the  forward  contin- 
uation of  the  back.  Its  posterior  limit  runs  into  that  of  the 
back  in  a  gradual  manner ;  its  anterior  termination  ends 
abruptly  at  the  crest ;  at  its  sides  the  shoulders  meet. 

W.  O.  Following  the  name  of  a  horse  in  the  trotting 
and  pacing  records,  means  a  walk-over. 

Wobble.  An  unsteady  gait;  the  warning  of  a  break. 
Mr.  Splan,  in  describing  one  of  his  races  with  Rams,  says : 
"  He  went  steadily  true  all  the  way  to  the  head  of  the  stretch, 
and  there  he  made  a  wobble,  as  though  he  was  going  to 
break."  Mr.  Marvin  describes  a  race  between  Rarus  and 
Goldsmith  ]\Iaid,  in  which  Budd  Doble  had  said  that  the  mare 
was  "wobbling  throughout  the  entire  heat,"  and  Mr.  Splan 
replied,  "  Well,  she  has  wobbled  as  good  a  mile  as  ever  she 


300  HANDBOOK   OF  THE   TURF. 

did  in  het  life."  This  instance  is  believed  to  be  the  only  one 
in  trotting  annals  in  which  a  horse  "wobbled"  during  the 
entire  heat. 

Woodruff,  Hiram  Washing-ton.  Born  at  Birming- 
ham, N.  J.,  February  22,  1817  ;  died  at  Jamaica  Plains,  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  March  15,  1867.  He  trained  and  drove  Flora 
Temple,  Dutchman,  Topgallant,  Paul  Pry,  Lady  Suffolk,  Ajax, 
Hector  and  Dexter.  Author  of  a  treatise  on  training  and 
driving,  entitled  "  The  Trotting  Horse  of  America."  "  He 
carried  the  American  trotting  horse  triumphantly  over  the 
gap  which  lies  between  2:40  and  2:18." 

Word,  The.  The  magic  word  "  go,"  given  to  the  field 
by  the  starter.  Drivers  "  get  the  word ; "  the  starting  judge 
<'  gives  the  word." 

Work ;  Work-out.  Training ;  the  art  of  putting  a 
horse  in  condition  for  a  race ;  more  or  less  exercise  for  the 
purpose  of  fitting  the  horse  to  go  to  the  extreme  point  of  his 
speed  capacity.  The  amount  of  work  must  invariably  be  reg- 
ulated by  the  age,  condition  and  peculiar  characteristics  of  the 
horse,  and  for  this  no  fixed  rules  can  be  given;  individual 
experience  must  be  the  only  guide. 

In  training,  the  trouble  yon  will  find  it  very  hard  to  fight  against  will 
be  the  tendency  to  give  too  much  work.  You  w^ill  like  to  see  your 
colt  go  another  brush,  and  when  he  is  going  fast  and  true  you  will 
hate  to  stop  liim.  Development  ceases  when  you  get  out  the  last 
link.  The  brush  should  never  extend  beyond  tlie  point  where  you 
do  not  believe  he  can  be  improved  witli  the  next  step.  AVlien  a 
horse  tires  he  loses  control  of  his  legs  and  feet,  in  a  great  measure, 
and  if  weighted  the  trouble  is  aggravated.  He  breaks,  he  falters  in 
his  gait,  strikes  himself,  goes  to  hitching,  hobbling— anytliing  to 
rest  himself — and,  as  a  natural  consequence  of  this  work,  goes  back 
in  Ids  speed,  and  loses  precision  in  action.— Training  the  Trotting 
Horse,  Charles  Marvin. 

I  worked  my  horse  out  about  three  days  before  the  race,  and  then  and 
there  decided  to  back  him  and  try  to  beat  Goldsmith  Maid.  *  *  * 
The  first  tiling  to  do,  in  working  a  horse,  is  to  teach  him  to  score. 
*  *  *  Instead  of  driving  him  one  mile  in  2:30,  drive  him  a  two 
mile  heat  in  5:20;  that  would  be  each  mile  in  2:40,  whicli  would 
condition  his  body  and  help  to  strengthen  his  weak  legs.  I  think  a 
day's  work  like  this  given  him  once  a  week,  with  moderate  jogging 
the  balance  of  the  time  and  a  little  opening-out  the  day  before  you 
want  to  work  him  again,  will  be  all  that  will  be  necessary  for  liim 
to  have.  The  nearer  you  get  to  your  race,  the  shorter  work  the 
horse  should  iiave;  that  is,  instead  of  giving  him  four  or  five  heats, 
give  him  two  or  Ihree,  with  oc(!asional  brushes  at  nearly  the  top  of 
his  speed.— Life  with  the  Trotters,  John  Splan. 

Working  Gait.  Half  speed.  "  The  tendency,  in  most 
training,  is  to  overwork,"  says  Mr.  Splan,  "  but  if  trainers  con- 
fine themselves  to  a  working  gait  it  will  be  almost  impossible 
to  overwork  a  horse."  What  would  be  a  working  gait  for  one 
horse,  however,  would  not  for  another;  as  a  2:10  horse  could 
be  worked  at  a  much  faster  gait  than  a  2:30  horse.  It  is 
entirely  a  matter  of  individuality  on  the  part  of  the  horse,  and 
one  in  which  the  driver  must  be  governed  largely  by  experience. 


HANDBOOK   OF  THE  TUEF.  301 

"Working  Track.  A  private  track  in  connection  with 
breeding  establishments,  usually  of  one-half  or  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  ;  not  a  public  track. 

Wounds  of  every  description,  however  slight  they  may 
be,  since  there  is  no  certainty  as  to  how  they  may  terminate, 
stamp  a  horse  as  unsound. 

Wry  Tail,  or  an  oblique  tail,  is  caused  by  the  contrac- 
tion of  the  muscles  of  the  tail  on  one  side.  It  is  a  serious 
blemish. 


Yankee.  The  first  horse  to  trot  a  mile  inside  of  three 
minutes,  in  America,  so  far  as  the  records  show,  was  "the 
horse,  Yankee,  from  New  Haven,  Conn.,"  which  trotted  a  mile 
on  the  Harlem,  N.  Y.,  course,  in  June,  1806,  in  2:59. 

Year  Books.  The  recognized  authoritative  publication 
for  all  trotting  and  pacing  records  of  the  American  turf,  is 
Wallace's  Year  Book,  issued  annually,  of  which  nine  volumes 
have  been  published  up  to  1894.  For  the  racing  turf  the 
authority  is  Goodwin's  [formerly  Kirke's]  Official  Turf  Guide, 
published  annually. 

Yeomanry  Races.  [Eng.]  In  the  yeomanry  races 
those  who  enter  are  obliged  to  deliver  despatches  to  an  officer 
known  to  be  posted  at  a  certain  spot  a  given  number  of  miles 
away,  across  country.  Each  man  carries  his  despatch,  and  the 
first  to  place  it  in  the  hands  of  the  officer,  wins  the  race. 

Yielding".  Responding.  The  act  by  which  the  horse 
gives  up  resistance  to  the  bit  and  reins,  when  the  latter  are 
brought  into  tension  to  place  the  horse  under  control. 

Yoke.  A  metal  attachment  connected  to  the  shaft  of  a 
sulky  by  means  of  a  clip  and  a  forged  beveled  bolt,  milled  and 
threaded  to  receive  a  nut,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the  upper 
ends  of  the  braces  used  to  support  the  pneumatic  wheel,  when 
attached  to  the  high  sulky. 


302 


Zone.  A  slender,  intermediate  band  of  soft,  light-col- 
ored horn,  situated  between  the  horny  sole  of  the  foot  and  the 
inner  face  of  the  lower  margin  of  the  wall,  which  unites  the 
two  in  a  solid  and  perfect  manner.  This  is  often  called  by 
farriers,  (horseshoers),  the  "  white  line." 


303 


SENT    kree^  on     Application. 


DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE 


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Mushrooms :    How  to  Grow  Theiii. 

Any  one  who  has  an  ordinary  house  cellar,  ■woodshed  or  barn,  can 
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A  Handbook  for  Farmers  on  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Drain- 
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tions that  may  arise  in  crop  growing,  aside  from  the  special  sub- 
jects of  drainage  of  which  it  treats.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.00 

Allen's  New  American  Farm  Book. 

The  very  best  work  on  the  subject;  comprising  all  that  can  be  con- 
densed into  an  available  vokime.  Originally  by  Richard  L.  Allen. 
Revised  and  greatly  enlarged  by  Lewis  F.  Allen.    Cloth,  12mo.    2.50 

Henderson's  Gardening:  for  Profit. 

By  Peter  Henderson.  The  standard  work  on  Market  and  Family 
Gardening.  The  successful  experience  of  the  author  for  naore  than 
thirty  years,  and  his  willingness  to  tell,  as  he  does  in  this  work,  the 
secret  of  his  success  for  the  benefit  of  others,  enables  him  to  give 
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Cloth,  12mo.  2.00 

Henderson's  Gardening:  for  Pleasure. 

A  guide  to  the  amateur  in  the  fruit,  vegetable  and  flower  garden, 
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Cloth,  12mo.  2.00 

Johnson's  How  Crops  Grow. 

New  Edition.  A  Treatise  on  the  Chemical  Composition,  Structure 
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STANDAKD  BOOKS.  5 

Johnson's  How  Crops  Feed. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Atmosphere  and  the  Soil,  as  related  in  the 
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Market  Gardening:  and  Farm  Notes. 

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Forest  Planting:. 

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Sweet  Potato  Culture. 

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Heinrich's  Window  Flower  Garden. 

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Greenhouse  Construction. 

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The  Propa§:ation  of  Plants. 

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multipUed,   Clotb,  12mo,  1J» 


STAIirDARD   BOOKS. 


Parsons  on  the  Rose. 

By  Samuel  B.  Tarsons.  A  treatise  on  the  propagation,  culture  and 
history  of  tlie  rose.  New  and  revised  edition.  In  liis  worlc  upon 
tlie  rose,  Mr.  Barsons  lias  gathered  up  the  curious  legends  concern- 
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held  in  former  times.  A  simple  garden  classilicatiou  has  been 
adopted,  and  the  leading  varieties  under  each  class  enumerated 
and  briefly  describeil.  The  cliapters  on  multiplication,  cultivation 
and  training  Jire  very  full,  and  the  work  is  altogether  one  of  the 
most  comjilete  before  the  public.    Illustrated.    Cloth,  12n)o.         1.00 

Henderson's  Handbook  of  Plants. 

This  new  edition  comprises  about  fifty  per  cent,  more  genera  than 
the  former  one,  and  embraces  the  botanical  name,  derivation, 
natural  order,  etc.,  together  with  a  short  history  of  the  different 
genera,  concise  instructions  for  their  propagation  and  culture,  and 
all  the  leading  local  or  common  English  names,  together  witii  a 
comprehensive  glossary  of  Botanical  and  Technical  terms.  Plain 
instructions  are  also  given  for  the  cultivation  of  the  principal  veg- 
etables, fruits  and  flowers.    Cloth,  large  8vo.  4.00 

Barry's  Fruit  Garden. 

By  P.  Barry.  A  standard  work  on  Fruit  and  Fruit  Trees ;  the  author 
having  had  over  thirty  years' practical  experience  at  the  head  of 
one  of  the  largest  nurseries  in  this  country.  New  edition  revised 
up  to  date.  Invaluable  to  all  fruit  growers.  Illustrated.  Cloth, 
12mo.  2.00 

Fulton's  Peach  Culture. 

This  is  the  only  practical  guide  to  Peach  Culture  on  the  Delaware 
Peninsula,  and  is  the  best  work  upon  the  subject  of  peach  growing 
for  those  who  would  be  successful  in  that  culture  in  any  part  of 
the  country.  It  has  been  thoroughly  revised  and  a  large  portion  of 
it  rewitten,  by  Hon.  J.  Alexander  Fulton,  the  author,  bringing  it 
down  to  date.    Cloth,  12mo.  1-50 

Strawberry  Culturist. 

By  Andrew  S.  Fuller.  Containing  the  Histor^^  Sexuality,  Field  and 
Garden  Culture  of  Strawberries,  forcing  or  pot  culture,  how  to 
grow  from  seed,  hybridizing,  and  all  information  necessary  to  en- 
able everybody  to  raise  their  own  strawberries,  together  with  a 
description  of  new  varieties  and  a  list  of  the  best  of  the  old  sorts. 
Fully  illustrated.    Flexible  cloth,  12mo.  .25 

Fuller's  Small  Fruit  Culturist. 

By  Andrew  S.  Fuller.  Bewritten,  enlarged,  and  broxight  fully  tip  to 
the  present  time.  The  book  covers  the  whole  ground  of  propagating 
Small  Fruits,  their  culture,  varieties,  packing  for  market,  etc.  It  is 
very  finely  and  thoroughly  illustrated,  and  makes  an  admirable 
companion  to  "The  Grape  Cultiurist,"  by  the  same  well  known 
tbuthor*  ^"^ 


STANDARD  BOOKS. 


Fuller's  Grape  Culturist. 

By  A.  S.  Fuller.  This  is  one  of  the  very  best  of  -works  on  the  Ciil- 
ture  of  the  Hardy  Grapes,  with  full  directions  for  all  departments 
of  propagation,  culture,  etc.,  -with  150  excellent  engravings,  illus- 
trating planting,  training,  grafting,  etc.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.50 


Quinn's  Pear  Culture  for  Profit. 


Teaching  How  to  Raise  Pears  intelligently,  and  with  the  best  re- 
sults, how  to  find  out  the  character  of  the  soil,  the  best  metliods  of 
preparing  it,  the  best  varieties  to  select  under  existing  conditions, 
the  best  modes  of  planting,  pruning,  fertilizing,  gi-afting,  and  utiliz- 
ing the  ground  before  the  trees  come  into  bearing,  and  finally  of 
gathering  and  packing  for  market.  Illustrated.  By  P.  T.  Quinn, 
practical  horticulturist.    Cloth,  12mo  1.00 

Husmann's  American  Grape  Growing;  and  Wine-Making:. 

By  George  Husmann  of  Talcoa  vineyards,  Napa,  California.  New 
and  enlarged  edition.  "With  contributions  from  well  know  gi'ape- 
growers,  giving  a  wide  range  of  experience.  The  author  of  this 
book  is  a  recognized  authority  on  the  subject.    Cloth,  12mo.         1.50 

White's  Cranberry  Culture. 

Contents: — Natural  History.— History  of  Cultivation.— Choice  of 
Location. — Preparing  the  Ground.^Planting  the  Vines. — Manage- 
ment of  Meadows. — Flooding. — Enemies  and  Difficulties  Overcome. 
— ^Picking. — Keeping. — Profit  and  Loss. — Letters  from  Practical 
Growers. — Insects  Injurious  to  the  Cranberry.  By  Joseph  J.  White, 
a  practical  grower.  Illustrated.  Cloth,  12mo.  New  and  revised 
edition.  1.25 

Fuller's  Practical  Forestey. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Propagation,  Planting  and  Cultivation,  with  a 
description  and  the  botanical  and  proper  names  of  all  the  indigen- 
ous trees  of  the  United  States,  both  Evergreen  and  Deciduous,  with 
Notes  on  a  large  number  of  the  most  valuable  Exotic  Species.  By 
Andrew  S.  Fuller,  author  of  "Grape  Culturist,"  "Small  Fruit  Cul- 
turist," etc.  1.50 

Stewart's  Irri§:ation  for  the  Farm,  Garden  and  Orchard. 

This  Avork  is  offered  to  those  American  Farmers  and  other  cultiva- 
tors of  the  soil  who,  from  painful  experience,  can  readily  appre- 
ciate the  losses  which  result  from  the  scarcity  of  water  at  critical 
periods.    By  Henry  Stewart.    Fully  illustrated.    Cloth,  l2mo.      1.50 

Quinn's  Money  in  the  Garden. 

By  P.  T.  Quinn.  The  author  gives  in  a  plain,  practical  style,  in- 
structions on  three  distinct,  although  closely  connected  branches 
of  gardening— the  kitchen  garden,  market  garden,  and  field  culture, 
from  successful  practical  experience  for  a  term  of  years.  Illustra- 
ted.   Cloth,  12mo.  1-50 


STANDARD  BOOKS,  7 

Roe's  Play  and  Profit  in  My  Garden. 

By  E.  P.  Roe.  The  author  takes  us  to  his  garden  on  the  rocky  hill- 
sides in  the  vicinity  of  West  Point,  and  shows  us  liow  out  of  it, 
after  four  years'  experience,  lie  evoketl  a  proiit  of  $l,(tOO,  and  this 
Willie  carrying  on  pastoral  and  literary  labor.  It  is  very  rarely 
that  so  much  literary  taste  and  skill  are  mated  to  so  much  agri- 
ctiltural  experience  and  good  sense.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.50 

The  New  Onion  Culture. 

By  T.  Greiner.  This  new  work  is  written  by  one  of  onr  most  suc- 
cessful agriculturists,  and  is  full  of  new,  original,  and  highly  valu- 
able matter  of  material  interest  to  every  one  who  raises  onions  in 
the  family  garden,  or  by  the  acre  for  market.  By  the  process  here 
described  a  crop  of  2000  bushels  per  acre  can  be  as  easily  raised  as 
500  or  GOO  bushels  in  the  old  way.    Paper,  12mo.  .50 

The  Dairyman's  Manual. 

By  Henry  Stewart,  anthor  of  "The  Shepherd's  Manual,"  "Irriga- 
tion," etc.  A  useful  and  practical  work,  by  a  writer  who  is  well 
known  as  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  subject  of  which  he  writes. 
Cloth,  12mo.  2.00 

Allen's  American  Cattle. 

Their  History,  Breeding  and  Management.  By  Lewis  F.  Allen. 
This  book  will  be  considered  indispensable  by  every  breeder  of 
livestock.  The  large  experience  of  the  author  in  improving  the 
chai'acter  of  American  herds  adds  to  the  weight  of  his  observations 
and  has  enabled  him  to  produce  a  work  wliiclr  will  at  once  make 
good  his  claims  as  a  standard  autliority  on  the  subject.  New  and 
revised  edition.    Illustrated.    Cloth,  12mo.  2.50 

Profits  in  Poultry. 

Useful  and  ornamental  Breeds  and  their  Profitable  Management. 
This  excellent  work  contains  the  combined  experience  of  a  num- 
ber of  practical  men  in  all  departments  of  poultry  raising.  It  is 
profusely  illustrated  and  forms  a  unique  and  important  addition 
to  our  poultry  literature.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.00 

The  American  Standard  of  Perfection. 

The  recognized  standard  work  on  Poultry  in  this  country,  adopted 
by  the  American  Poultry  Association.  It  contains  a  complete  de- 
scrijitionof  all  the  recognized  varieties  of  fowls,  including  turkeys, 
ducks  and  geese;  gives  instructions  to  judges;  glossary  of  technical 
terms  and  nomenclature.  It  contains  244  pages,  handsomely 
bound  in  cloth,  embellished  with  title  in  gold  on  front  cover.    $1.00 

Stoddard's  An  Bgg  Farm. 

By  H,  H.  Stoddard.  The  management  of  poultry  in  large  numbers, 
being  a  series  of  articles  written  for  the  AMERICAN  AGBICDLTUK- 
IST.    Ulustrated.    Cloth,  12mo.  .60 


8  STANDARD  BOOKS. 

Stewart's  Shepherd's  Manual. 

A  Valuable  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Sheep  for  American  fanners 
and  slleep  growers.  It  is  so  plain  that  a  farmer  or  a  farmer's  son 
who  has  never  kept  a  sheep,  may  learn  from  its  pages  how  to 
manage  a  fioclc  successfully,  and  yet  so  complete  that  even  the  ex- 
perienced shepherd  may  gather  many  suggestions  from  it.  Tlie 
results  of  personal  experience  of  some  years  with  the  characters 
of  the  various  modern  breeds  of  sheep,  and  the  sheep  raising  capa- 
bilities of  many  portions  of  our  extensive  territory  and  that  of 
Canada— and  the  careful  study  of  the  diseases  to  which  our  sheep 
are  chiefly  subject,  witli  tliose  by  which  they  may  eventually  be 
afflicted  througli  unforseen  accidents — as  well  as  the  methods  of 
management  called  for  under  our  circumstances,  are  carefully 
described.    By  Henry  Stewart.    Illustrated.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.50 

Wrigfht's  Practical  Poultry-Keeper. 

By  L.  Wright.  A  complete  and  standard  guide  to  the  management 
of  poultry,  for  domestic  use,  the  markets  or  exhibition.  It  suits  at 
once  the  plain  poulterer,  who  must  make  the  business  pay,  and  the 
chicken  fancier  whose  taste  is  for  gay  plimiage  and  strange,  bright 
birds.    Illustrated.    Cloth,  12mo.  §2.00 

Harris  on  the  Pi§:. 

New  Edition.  Revised  and  enlarged  by  the  atithor.  Tlie  points  of 
tlie  various  English  and  American  breedsaretlioroughly  discussed, 
and  the  great  advantage  of  using  thoroughbred  males  clearly 
shown.  The  work  is  equally  valuable  to  the  farmer  who  keeps  but 
few  pigs,  and  to  the  breeder  on  an  extensive  scale.  By  Joseph 
Harris.    Illustrated.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.50 

The  Farmer's  Veterinary  Adviser. 

A  guide  to  the  Prevention  and  Treatment  of  Disease  in  Domestic 
Animals.  This  is  one  of  the  best  works  on  this  subject,  and  is  es- 
pecially designed  to  supply  the  need  of  the  busy  American  Farm- 
er, wiio  can  rarely  avail  himself  of  the  advice  of  a  Scientific  Veter- 
inarian. It  is  brouglit  up  to  date  and  treats  of  the  Prevention  of 
Disease  as  Avell  as  of  the  Remedies.  By  Prof.  Jas.  Law.  Cloth. 
Crown,  8vo.  3.00 

Dadd's  American  Cattle  Doctor. 

By  George  H.  Dadd,  M.  D.,  Veterinary  Practitioner.  To  help  every 
man  to  be  his  own  cattle-doctor;  giving  tlie  necessary  information 
for  preserving  the  health  and  curing  the  diseases  of  oxen,  cows, 
sheep  and  swine,  with  a  great  variety  of  original  recipes,  and  val- 
uable information  on  farm  and  dairy  management.  Cloth,  12mo.  1.50 

Cattle  Breeding:. 

By  Wm.  Warfield.  This  work  is  by  common  consent  the  most 
valuable  and  pre-eminently  practical  treatise  on  cattle-breeding 
ever  published  in  America,  being  the  actual  experience  and.  ob- 
servance of  a  practical  man.    Cloth,  12mo.  2.00 


STANDARD  BOOKS,  9 

Dadd's  American  Cattle  Doctor. 

A  complete  work  on  all  tlie  Diseases  of  Cattle,  Sheep  and  Swine,  In- 
cluding every  Disease  peculiar  to  America,  and  embracing  all  the 
latest  information  on  the  Cattle  Plague  and  Trichina;  <;ontaining 
also  a  guide  to  symptoms,  a  table  of  Weights  and  Measures,  and  a 
list  of  Valuable  Medicines.  l?y  George  H.  Dadd,  V.  S.,  twenty-five 
years  a  leading  Veterinary  Surgeon  in  England  and  the  United 
States,  and  author  of  the  "American  Reformed  Horse  Book."  Cloth, 
octavo.    Illustrated.  2.50 

Cattle  and  Their  Diseases. 

By  A.  J.  Mui-ray,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S.  Breeding  and  Management  of  Cat- 
tle. This  is  one  of  the  very  few  works  devoted  exclusively  to 
cattle  diseases,  and  will  be  particularly  valuable  to  cattlemen 
for  that  reason.  It  is  written  in  plain,  simple  language,  easily  un- 
derstood by  any  farmer,  while  it  is  learned  and  technical  enough 
to  satisfy  any  veterinary  surgeon.    Cloth,  12mo.  2.00 

Silos,  Ensila§:e,  and  Silag:e. 

A  practical  Treatise  on  the  Ensilage  of  Fodder  Corn,  containing 
the  most  recent  and  authentic  information  on  this  important  sub- 
ject, by  Manly  Miles,  M.  D.  F.  R.  M.  S.  Illustrated.    Cloth,  12mo.  .50 

Manures. 

How  to  Make  and  How  to  Use  them.  By  Frank  W.  Sempers.  The 
author  has  made  a  concise,  practical  handbook  containing  the  lat- 
est researches  in  agriculture  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  reports 
of  the  agricultural  experiment  stations  have  furnished  many  val- 
uable suggestions.  Both  commercial  and  home-made  manures 
are  fully  described,  and  many  formulas  for  special  crops  and  soils 
are  given.    Price  postpaid,  paper  50  cents,  cloth,  1.00 

Potato  Pests. 

No  farmer  can  afford  to  be  without  this  little  book.  It  gives  the 
most  complete  account  of  the  Colorado  Beetle  anywhere  to  be 
found,  and  includes  all  the  latest  discoveries  as  to  the  habits  of  the 
insect  and  the  various  means  for  its  destruction.  It  is  well  illustra- 
ted, and  exhibits  in  a  maj)  the  spread  of  the  insect  since  it  left  its 
native  home.    By  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley,    Paper,  .50 

Your  Plants. 

Plain  and  Practical  Directions  for  the  Treatment  of  Tender  and 
Hardy  Plants  in  the  House  and  in  the  Garden.  By  James  Sheehan. 
The  work  meets  the  wants  of  the  amateur  who  grows  a  few  plants 
in  the  window,  or  has  a  small  flower  garden.    Paper  covers,  .40 

Pedder's  Land-Measurer  for  Farmers. 

A  convenient  Pocket  Companion,  showing  at  once  the  contents  of 
any  piece  of  land,  when  its  length  and  width  are  unknown,  up  to 
1500  feet  either  way,  witk  various  other  useful  farm  tables.  Cloth, 
ISmo.  -60 


10  STA.NDAKD  BOOKS, 

Hop  Culture. 

Plain  directions  given  by  ten  experienced  cultivators.  Revised, 
enlarged  and  edited  by  A.  S.  Fuller.    Forty  engravings.  .30 

Wheat  Culture. 

How  to  double  the  yield  and  increase  the  profits.  By  D.  S.  Ciirtiss, 
Washington,  D.  C.  Importance  of  the  AVheat  Crop.  Varieties  Most 
Grown  in  the  United  States.  Examples  of  Successful  Wheat  Cul- 
ture.   Illustrated.    Paper  covers.  .50 

Starr's  Farm  Echoes. 

By  F.  Ptatchford  Starr,  Echo  Farm,  Litchfield,  Ct.     This  handsome 
little  book  tells  how  the  author  turned  from  a  successful  business 
career  to  agricultural  pursuits,  and  has  achieved  health,  happiness 
and  prosperity  upon  his  broad  acres  near  Litchfield.    Cloth,  12mo. 
Illustrated.  .50 

The  American  Merino.    For  Wool  or  for  Mutton. 

A  practical  and  most  valuable  work  on  the  selection,  care,  breeding 
and  diseases  of  the  Merino  slieep,  in  all  sections  of  the  United 
States.  It  is  a  full  and  exhaustive  treatise  upon  this  one  breed  of 
sheep.    By  Stephen  Powers.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.50 

Cohurn's  Swine  Husbandry. 

New,  revised  and  enlarged  edition.  Tlie  Breeding,  Rearing,  and 
Management  of  Swine,  and  the  Prevention  and  Treatment  of  their 
Diseases.  It  is  the  fullest  and  freshest  compendium  relating  to 
Swine  Breeding  yet  offered.    By  F.  D.  Coburn.    Cloth,  12mo.         1.75 

Tobacco  Culture:  Full  Practical  Details. 

This  useful  and  valuable  work  contains  fulldetailsof  every  process 
from  the  Selection  and  Propagation  of  the  Seed  and  Soil  to  the 
Harvesting,  Curing  and  Marketing  the  Crop,  with  illustrative  en- 
gravings of  the  operations.  The  work  was  prepared  by  Fourteen 
Experienced  Tobacco  Growers,  residing  in  different  parts  of  the 
country.  It  also  contains  notes  on  the  Tobacco  Worm,  with  Illus- 
trations.   8vo.  .25 

Keeping:  One  Cow. 

A  collection  of  prize  Essays  and  Selections  from  a  number  of  other 
Essays,  with  editorial  notes,  suggestions,  etc.  This  book  gives  tlie 
latest  information,  and  in  a  clear  and  condensed  form,  upon  the 
management  of  a  single  Milcli  Cow.  Illustrated  witli  full  page  en- 
gravings of  the  most  famous  dairy  cows.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.00 

Guenon's  Treatise  on  Milch  Cows. 

A  treatise  on  the  Bovine  Species  in  General.  An  entirely  new- 
translation  of  the  last  edition  of  this  popular  and  instructive  book. 
By  Thomas  J.  Hand,  Secretary  of  the  American  Jersey  Cattle  Club. 
With  over  100  mustrations,  especially  engraved  for  this  work. 
Cloth,  12mo.  1-00 


STANDARD   BOOKS.  11 

Sander's  Horse  Breeding;. 

Being  the  general  principles  of  Heredity  applied  to  the  Business  of 
Breeding  Horses  and  tlie  IManagenient  of  Stallions,  Brood  Mares 
and  Foals.  The  book  embraces  all  that  the  breeder  wishes  to  know 
in  regard  to  the  seleclion  of  stock,  management  of  the  stallion, 
brood  mare,  and  foal,  and  treatment  of  diseases  peculiar  to  breed- 
ing animals.    By  J.  H.  Sanders.    Cloth,  12nio.  2.00 

Herbert's  Hints  to  Horse  Keepers. 

This  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  poiiular  works  on  the  horse  pre- 
pared in  this  country.  A  complete  manual  for  horsemen,  embrac- 
ing: How  to  Breed  a  Horse;  How  to  Buy  a  Horse;  How  to  Break  a 
Horse ;  How  to  Use  a  Horse ;  How  to  Feed  a  Horse ;  How  to  Physic  a 
Horse  (Allopathy  or  Homoeopathy);  How  to  Groom  a  Horse;  How 
to  Drive  a  Horse;  How  to  Ride  a  Horse,  etc.  By  the  late  Henry 
William  Herbert,  (Frank  Forester).  Beautifully  Illustrated.  Cloth, 
12mo.  1.75 

Warin§:ton's  Chemistry  of  the  Farm. 

Treating  with  the  utmost  clearness  and  conciseness,  and  in  the 
most  popular  manner  possible,  of  the  relations  of  Chemistry  to 
Agriculture,  and  providing  a  welcome  manual  for  those  who, 
while  not  having  time  to  systematically  study  Chemistry,  will 
gladly  have  such  an  idea  as  tliis  gives  them  of  its  relation  to  oper- 
ations  on  the  farm.    By  R.  Warington,  F.  C.  S.    Cloth,  12mo.        1.00 

Farm  Appliances. 

Describing  numerous  Useful  and  Labor-Saving  appliances,  and 
will  be  found  of  great  value  in  every  department  of  Farm  work. 
With  nearly  250  Illustrations.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.00 

Fences,  Gates  and  Bridgfes. 

A  much-needed  and  valuable  work.  The  descriptions  are  abundantly 
illustrated.  The  book  also  contains  a  synopsis  of  the  Fence  Laws 
of  the  different  States.    Over  100  engravings.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.00 

Farm  Conveniences. 

A  Manual  of  what  to  do,  and  how  to  do  it.  Describing  all  manner 
of  Homemade  Aids  to  Farm  Work.  Made  up  of  the  best  ideas  from 
the  experience  of  many  practical  men.  With  over  two  hundred 
engravings.  1.50 

Waringf's  Braining:  for  Profit  and  Draining:  for  Health. 

This  book  is  a  very  complete  and  practial  treatise,  the  directions 
in  which  are  plain  and  easily  followed.  The  subject  of  thorough 
farm  drainage  is  discussed  in  all  its  bearings,  and  also  that  more 
extensive  land  drainage  by  which  the  sanitary  condition  of  any 
district  may  be  greatly  improved,  even  to  the  banishment  of  fever 
and  ague,  typhoid  and  malarial  fever.  By  Geo.  E.  Waring,  Jr. 
mustrated.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.50 


12  8TANDAED   BOOKS. 

The  Dogfs  Of  Great  Britain,  America  and  Other  Countries. 

New,  enlarged  and  revised  edition.  Their  Breeding,  training  and 
management,  in  liealth  and  disease ;  com j)rising  all  the  essential 
parts  of  the  two  standard  worlcs  on  tlie  dog,  by  "Stonehenge."  It 
describes  tlie  Best  Game  and  Hunting  Grounds  in  America. 
Contains  over  One  Hundred  Beautiful  Engravings,  embracing 
most  noted  Dogs  in  both  continents,  making,  together  with  Chap- 
ters by  American  Writers,  the  most  complete  Dog  Book  ever  x>ub- 
lished.    Cloth,  12mo.  2.00 

American  Bird  Fancier. 

Or  how  to  Breed,  Rear  and  Care  for  Song  and  Domestic  Birds.  This 
valuable  and  important  little  work  for  all  who  are  interested  in 
the  keeping  of  Song  Birds,  has  been  revised  and  enlarged,  and  is 
now  a  complete  manual  upon  the  subject.  All  who  own  valuable 
birds,  or  wish  to  do  so,  will  find  the  new  Fancier  indispensable. 
New,  revised  and  enlarged  edition.  [By  D.  J.  Browne  and  Dr. 
Fuller  Walker.    Illustrated,  paper.  .50 

Gardening:  for  Young:  and  Old. 

By  Joseph  Harris.  A  work  intended  to  interest  farmers'  boys  in 
Farm  Gardening,  which  means  a  better  and  more  profitable  form 
of  agriculture.  The  teachings  are  given  in  the  familiar  manner  so 
well  known  in  the  author's  "Walks  and  Talks  on  the  Farm."  Illus- 
trated.   Cloth,  12mo.  1.25 

Onions ;  How  to  Raise  Them  Profitably. 

Being  the  Practical  Details,  from  Selection  of  Seed  and  Preparation 
of  Ground  to  Harvesting  and  Marketing  the  Crop,  given  very 
plainly  by  Seventeen  Practical  Onion  Growers  of  long  experience 
residing  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  No  more  valuable  work 
of  its  size  was  ever  issued.    Paper,  8vo.  .20 

Tomato  Culture. 

By  J.  W.  Day,  D.  Cummins,  and  A.  I.  Root.  In  three  parts.  Part 
First — Tomato  Culture  in  the  South.  Part  Second — Tomato  Cul- 
ture, especially  for  Canning  Factories.  Part  Third — Plant  Growing 
for  Market  and  High  Pressure.  Gardening  in  general.  A  Practical 
Book  for  those  who  work  under  either  Glass  or  Cloth  as  a  Protec- 
tion from  Frost.    135  pages,  illustrated.    Paper,  16mo.  .35 

How  to  Handle  and  Educate  Vicious  Horses. 

By  Oscar  R.  Gleason.  Directions  for  Handling  Yicious  Horses, 
Breaking  Colts,  Teaching  Horses  Tricks,  etc.  Illustrated.  Cloth, 
12mo.  .50 

The  Family  Horse. 

Its  stabling,  Care  and  Feeding.  By  Geo.  A.  Martin.  A  Practical 
Manual,  full  of  the  most  useful  information.  Illustrated.  Cloth 
12mo.  1.00 


STANDARD   BOOKS.  13 

Dadd's  Modern  Horse  Doctor. 

Containing  Practical  Observations  on  the  Causes,  Nature  and 
Treatment  of  Diseases  and  Lameness  of  Horses — embracing  recent 
and  Improved  Metliods,  according  to  an  enliglitened  system  of 
Veterinary  Tractice,  for  Preservation  and  Restoration  of  Healtli. 
Illustrated.    By  Geo.  H.  Dadd,  M.  D.  V.  S.    Clotli,  12mo.  1.50 

Howden's  the  Horse ;  How  to  Buy  and  Sell. 

Giving  the  points  Avluch  distinguish  a  Sound  from  an  Unsound, 
Horse.  By  Peter  Ilowden.  Tliis  volume  abounds  in  General  Infor- 
mation, stated  in  so  clear  and  simple  a  manner  as  to  enable  every- 
one to  intelligently  buy  and  sell  a  Horse.  It  explains  the  meaning 
of  Horse  "Warranty,  and  its  use,  and  shows  the  value  of  knowledge 
on  this  subject.    Extra  cloth,  12mo.  1.00 

Youatt  and  Spooner  on  the  Horse. 

The  Structure  and  Diseases  of  the  Horse,  Remedies,  Rules  to  Buy- 
ers, Breakers,  Shoers,  etc.  Youatt's  work  somewhat  simplified 
and  brought  down  by  ^Y.  C.  Spooner,  M.  R.  C.  V.  S. ;  to  which  is  pre- 
fixed an  account  of  the  Breeds  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
By  Hon.  Henry  S.  Randall.  Illustrated  by  numerous  engravings. 
12ino.  1.50 

Harris's  Insects  Injurious  to  Vegetation. 

By  the  late  Thaddeus  William  Harris,  M.  D.  Octavo,  640  pages.  En- 
larged and  improved,  with  additions  from  the  autlior's  manuscripts 
and  original  notes.  Illustrated  by  engravings  drawn  from  }iature 
under  the  supervision  of  Professor  Agassiz ;  edited  by  Cliarles  L. 
Flint,  late  Secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture. The  work  is  fully  ilhistrated  with  two  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-eight fine  woodcuts,  and  eight  beautiful  steel  plates,  full  page 
size,  containing  ninety-five  figures,  8vo.  Cloth,  plain,  4.00.  Col- 
ored, 6.50 

Dadd's  American  Reformed  Horse-Book. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Causes,  Symptoms,  and  Cure  of  every  Disease  in- 
cident to  the  Horse,  including  all  Diseases  peculiar  to  America, 
and  which  are  not  treated  of  in  the  works  based  upon  the  English 
works  of  Youatt,  Mason,  and  others.  Embracing  also  full  details 
of  Breeding,  Rearing  and  Management  on  the  Reformed  System  of 
Practice.  By  Prof.  Geo.  H.  Dadd,  Veterinary  Surgeon.  Author  of 
"Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the  Horse,"  in  the  Veterinary  Insti- 
tute of  Chicago,  and  for  over  25  years  a  Regular  Practicing  Veteri- 
narian.   Cloth,  8vo.  2.50 

Insects  and  Insecticides. 

A  practical  manual  concerning  Noxious  Insects  and  Methods  of 
Preventing  their  Injuries.  By  Clarence  M.  Weed,  D.  Sc,  Prof,  of 
Entomology  and  Zoology,  New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts,  etc.,  etc.  281  pages,  with  many  illustrations. 
Cloth,  8vo.  1.25 


14  STANDARD   BOOKS. 

Batty's  Practical  Taxidermy  and  Home  Decoration. 

By  Joseph  H.  Batty,  taxidermist  for  the  government  surveys  and 
many  colleges  and  museums  in  the  United  States.  An  entirely 
new  and  complete  as  well  as  authentic  work  on  taxidermy— giving 
in  detail  full  directions  for  collecting  and  mounting  animals,  birds, 
reptiles,  fish,  insects,  and  general  objects  of  natural  history.  125 
illustrations.    Cloth,  12mo.  1.50 

Treat's  Injurious  Insects  of  tlie  Farm  and  Garden.    By 
Mrs.  Mary  Treat. 

An  original  investigator  who  has  added  much  to  our  knowledge  of 
both  Plants  and  Insects,  and  those  who  are  familiar  with  Dar- 
win's works  are  aware  that  he  gives  her  credit  for  important  ob- 
servation and  discoveries.  New  and  Enlarged  Edition.  With  an 
illustrated  chapter  on  Beneficial  Insects.  Fully  illustrated.  Cloth, 
12mo.  2.00 

Tlie  Practical  Rabbit-Keeper. 

By  Cuniculus.  Illustrated.  A  comprehensive  work  on  keeping 
and  raising  Rabbits  for  pleasure  as  well  as  for  profit.  Tliis  book  is 
abundantly  illustrated  with  all  the  various  Courts,  Warrens, 
Hutches,  Fencing,  etc.,  and  also  with  excellent  portraits  of  the 
most  important  species  of  rabbits  throughout  the  world.  12mo.    1.50 

Hunter  and  Trapper. 

The  best  modes  of  Hunting  and  Trapping  are  fully  explained,  and 
Foxes,  Deer,  Bears,  etc.,  fall  into  his  traps  readily  by  following  his 
directions.  By  Halsey  Thrasher,  an  old  and  experienced  sports- 
man.   Cloth,  12mo.  .75 

The  Ice  Crop. 

How  to  Harvest,  Ship  and  Use  Ice.  By  Theron  L.  Hiles.  A  Com- 
plete, Practical  Treatise  for  Farmers,  Drirymen,  Ice  Dealers,  Pro- 
duce Shippers,  Meat  Packers,  Cold  Storers,  and  all  interested  in 
Ice  Houses,  Cold  Storage,  and  the  Handling  or  Use  of  Ice  in  amy 
way,  including  many  receipes  for  Iced  Dishes  and  Beverages.  The 
book  is  illustrated  by  cuts  of  the  tools  and  machinery  vised  in  cut- 
ting and  storing  ice,  and  different  forms  of  ice  houses  and  cold 
storage  buildings.    122  pp.,  ill.    Cloth,  16mo.  1.00 

How  to  Co-operate. 

A  Manual  for  Co-operators.  By  Herbert  Myrick.  This  book  des- 
•  cribes  the  how  rather  than  the  wherefore  of  co-operation.  In  other 
words  it  tells  how  to  manage  a  co-operative  store,  farm  or  factory, 
co-operative  dairying,  banking  and  fire  insurance,  and  co-operative 
farmers'  and  women's  exchanges  for  both  buying  and  selling.  The 
directions  given  are  based  on  the  actual  experience  of  successful 
co-operative  enterprises  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  The 
character  and  usefulness  of  the  book  commend  it  to  the  attention 
of  all  men  and  women  who  desire  to  better  their  condition.  Cloth, 
12mo.,  1.00.    Paper,  .60 


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